我国引进深海水下机器人“海狮”号

广州海洋地质调查局日前成功引进一套4000m级深海遥控水下机器人（ROV）,这是目前我国引进的最大深度的高技术海底运载作业设备,将大幅提高我国4000m级深海科学勘察能力。据介绍,这套深海遥控水下机器人（ROV）现已命名为“海狮”号,整套系统由甲板控制台、甲板供电单元、     

遥控水下机器人（ROV）结构综述——以hysub130—4000ROV系统为例

本文以HYSUB130—4000ROV系统为例介绍了遥控水下机器人的系统结构原理和功能,具体包括甲板控制台、甲板供电单元、提升系统、脐带缆、ROV本体、机械手及工具等各部分结构特点。     

小型水下机器人ROV应用研究

文章首先介绍了小型ROV的基本构造和国内外的最新研究成果,在此基础上,完成了一款小型ROV的选型与配置,根据实际需求选择了加拿大Sharkmarine公司的Stealth2型ROV,并配备了高性能的光学和声学成像系统以及高精度的惯性导航定位系统;然后从海洋环境观测、海底管道探测和水下目标物探测3个方面对水下机器人的应用进行了分析;最后在小型ROV的选型、配置和应用等方面给出了相关建议。     

波浪能直接驱动机动浮标的推进机构设计

移动观测平台是海洋环境立体观测系统的重要组成部分。遥控水下机器人(ROV)、自治水下机器人(AUV)等移动平台由于需要支持船只和能源供给的限制,影响了它们长时间和大范围使用。本文利用波浪垂荡运动设计一种新型波浪能驱动的机动浮标,该系统由水上浮体和水下推进机构两部分组成,利用波浪垂荡运动,推动水下推进机构叶片的摆动,引起水下推进机构在水平方向向前的升力,使水下推进机构以及水上浮体实现无外在能源供给的自主运动。本文设计制造了波浪驱动机动浮标的实验样机,并进行了海试。实验表明,在中等海况条件下可以实现机动浮标的无动力前进。该设计为海洋环境调查、海洋生态监测和溢油跟踪等提供了一种有效的移动监测平台。     

一种八推进器水下机器人动力学分析

随着对水下机器人研究的逐步深入,其运动能力已由早期单纯的平动逐步强化为有多个自由度的空间运动,对其进行动力学研究是进行其它方面能力研究的基础。为研究多自由度水下机器人的运动,对某型八推进器水下机器人进行了动力学方程建模,得出了其在6个自由度上的运动方程,在此基础上,对其进行了运动仿真及性能分析,得到了该型水下机器人在6个自由度上的运动性能。通过仿真计算的结果,可以直观地了解其运动能力。     

“海龙III”号ROV系统深海试验与应用研究

深海水下机器人主要用于深远海地质、矿物资源和生物调查研究,以及海洋石油工程服务等水下综合作业,能够实现深海近底高精度、长时间的定点取样作业及其他精细化调查。本文结合国内外深海ROV装备和技术发展现状,以新研发的6000米级“海龙III”号ROV搭载“大洋一号”船执行的2018年南海综合海试和48航次为例,从深海试验流程和方法、浅水区功能测试、深水区功能测试、深海观测及取样功能测试等方面,详细阐述了ROV海上试验和应用作业过程,对作业水深、功率配置、水下运动能力、搭载能力等关键性能指标进行了试验验证。经过海上功能测试和试验性应用结果表明,“海龙III”ROV各项性能指标满足设计要求,验证了系统在不同深度、不同地形条件下的观测取样作业能力,创新了深水ROV作业方法手段,分析得出此类装备目前在国内发展存在的不足之处,并结合实际应用提出后期改进计划,以期为深海ROV的海试应用提供技术参考。     

“海龙Ⅲ”号ROV系统深海试验与应用研究

深海水下机器人主要用于深远海地质、矿物资源和生物调查研究,以及海洋石油工程服务等水下综合作业,能够实现深海近底高精度、长时间的定点取样作业及其他精细化调查。结合国内外深海ROV装备和技术发展现状,以新研发的6 000 m级"海龙Ⅲ"号ROV搭载"大洋一号"船执行的2018年南海综合海试和48航次为例,从深海试验流程和方法、浅水区功能测试、深水区功能测试、深海观测及取样功能测试等方面,详细阐述了ROV海上试验和应用作业过程,对作业水深、功率配置、水下运动能力、搭载能力等关键性能指标进行了试验验证。海上功能测试和试验性应用结果表明,"海龙Ⅲ"ROV各项性能指标满足设计要求,验证了系统在不同深度、不同地形条件下的观测取样作业能力,创新了深水ROV作业方法手段,分析得出此类装备目前在国内发展存在的不足之处,并结合实际应用提出后期改进计划,以期为深海ROV的海试应用提供技术参考。     

微型缆控水下观测机器人推进动力分析

文中针对一款配置4个螺旋桨且五自由度运动可控的微型缆控水下观测机器人进行了推进动力性能分析,采用流体力学方法计算了螺旋桨推力和扭矩,以及机器人的总体运动阻力和运动效率等关键动力参数。该水下机器人利用水平配置的螺旋桨推进器可实现前后移动和横向转弯,利用两个V型配置螺旋桨推进器可完成垂向、横向和横滚运动。文章首先对单个螺旋桨转速分别为3 000 rpm,4 000 rpm,5 000 rpm时进行了水动力学分析,计算了不同转速下对应的前向推力和阻力扭矩,拟合了转速-推力和转速-扭矩曲线;其次,对水下机器人整体模型在前向、横向和垂向三个方向上进行了水动力学计算,分析了机器人的整体运动阻力,拟合了机器人的速度-阻力曲线;然后,对应比较螺旋桨的转速-推力曲线和机器人的速度-阻力曲线,大致得出不同螺旋桨转速下机器人的推进速度,明确螺旋桨转速与机器人运动速度的对应关系,为螺旋桨水动力分析确定入口速度;最终,根据螺旋桨入口速度,重新计算螺旋桨水动力,绘制了转速-推力和转速-扭矩曲线,并确定机器人的推进效率,得出了螺旋桨转动和水下机器人整体运动的关键动力参数。     

增强现实技术在水下定位测量中的应用

增强现实（AR）技术是应用领域非常广泛的新技术，涉及社会生活的多个领域，如医学、军事、交通、教育、娱乐、工业机械、景观规划、文物保护等，目前也已应用到水下工程中。本研究中AR技术首次成功应用到国内海洋工程水下定位测量作业中，以遥控水下机器人（ROV）为载体，搭载3D水下摄像机并配备相关水下传感器，通过专用AR软件将结构物三维模型、虚拟标识物、虚拟测量工具叠加到从水下传到水面的视频画面中，实现了水面操作人员与水下真实环境的实时交互，从而实时监测水下结构物的位置和姿态。将AR技术应用于水下定位测量，突破了传统的作业模式，具有高精度、高效率、低成本、无接触式和实时测量的优势特点，ROV不用紧贴结构物，软件操作便捷、测量数据精度可靠且实时显示，有效降低ROV的作业风险，提高作业时效。     

一种基于视觉的水下机器人动力定位方法

以7 000 m载人潜水器的工程需求为背景,以水下单目摄像机为视觉传感器,进行了水下机器人动力定位方法研究。该动力定位方法利用视觉系统测量得到水下机器人与被观察目标之间的三维位姿关系,通过路径规划、位置控制和姿态控制分解,逐步使机器人由初始位姿逼近期望位姿并最终定位于期望位姿,从而实现了机器人的4自由度动力定位。通过水池实验验证了提出的动力定位方法,并且机器人能够抵抗恒定水流干扰和人工位置扰动。同时,该动力定位方法还可以实现机器人对被观察目标的自动跟踪。     

The Hawaii-2 Observatory

A permanent deep ocean scientific research facility-the Hawaii-2 Observatory (H2O)-was installed on the retired HAW-2 commercial submarine telephone cable in September 1998. H2O consists of a seafloor submarine cable termination and junction box in 5000 m of water located halfway between Hawaii and California. The H2O infrastructure was installed from a large research vessel using the Jason ROV and standard over-the-side gear. The junction box provides two-way digital communication at variable data rates of up to 80 kbit/s using the RS-422 protocol and a total of 400 W of power for both junction box systems and user equipment. Instruments may be connected by an ROV to the junction box at 8 wet-mateable connectors. The H2O junction box is a "smart" design, which incorporates redundancy to protect against failure and allows full control of instrument functionality from shore. Initial instrumentation at the H2O site includes broad-band seismometer and hydrophone packages     

Modeling, identification, and analysis of limit-cycling pitch and heave dynamics in an ROV

The topic of this paper is the modeling, parameter identification, and analysis of the heave and pitch dynamics in a remote operated vehicle (ROV). The work presented here is motivated by an unusual dynamic behavior experienced on the Gaymarine Pluto-Gigas ROV: if the depth is regulated using a proportional controller, the ROV exhibits permanent oscillations at high forward speed. The purpose of this paper is to gain insight into ROV dynamics, so as to explain the reason for the oscillations. To this end, a dynamic gray-box model is developed and its uncertain parameters are identified from real data. The analysis of such a model shows that the nonlinear dynamics of the ROV contains a limit cycle. This discovery explains the observed oscillatory behavior. An interesting aspect of this limit-cycling behavior is that it is not due (as usual) to saturation effects of the actuators, but is intrinsic in the ROV dynamics.     

海底管道在位状态调查实践

根据调查设备搭载器的不同,将海底管道在位状态调查方法归为船载、自治水下机器人搭载(AUV 搭载)和无人遥控潜水器搭载(ROV搭载)三类;在浅水段采用船载调查,在深水段采用AUV搭载调查,在此基础上进行重点关注区域筛选,开展ROV调查,最后进行整体评价和分析对比,这种^“(船载/AUV)+ROV^”组合模式很好地实现了多种调查方法的优势互补。实际上,采用AUV搭载进行海底管道在位状态调查在国内业界尚属首次。调查所取得的管道位置、埋深、周边障碍物的分布以及管道人工处理情况等成果,为后期开展管道维护工作提供了重要的基础数据。此次成功实践可为以后从浅水到深水的管道在位状态调查提供经验和借鉴。     

Design of a high performance variable structure position control ofROVs

An adaptive control scheme for dynamic positioning (DP) of remotely operated underwater vehicles (ROV) is proposed based on a recently developed output feedback variable structure control (VSC) algorithm named VS-MRAC. Only position measurement is required. Precise modeling of the ROV is not needed and unmodeled perturbations can be effectively rejected. A simple method for discretizing the original continuous-time VS-MRAC is proposed based on dead-beat response. Other important practical implementation issues are considered. The performance is evaluated by simulation with a realistic ROV model and by full-scale experimental pool tests with an actual ROV     

基于长基线系统深海采矿ROV精确定位

对于深海采矿集矿机ROV的定位,采用传统的长基线水声定位系统通常存在较大误差。对此提出了一种新的算法模型,首先通过比较集矿机测量位置与前一次修正位置的几何关系,对当前集矿机的位置进行修正,然后利用新的集矿机位置修正声速的数值,并得出重新修正后的集矿机测量位置。这样反复的多重迭代使得在某一时刻集矿机ROV的测量位置逐步趋近其理想位置,实现长基线系统的水声精确的三维立体定位。通过数值仿真分析,结果显示与传统的长基线水声定位方法相比,通过该方法获得的集矿机行驶轨迹能更好地趋近其理想行驶曲线,表明该算法的有效性。     

开架式水下机器人运动的模糊非线性PD控制方法

由于水下机器人系统的非线性动力学特性和工作环境的复杂性和不确定性,如何更好地设计水下机器人作业时的运动控制器一直是其实用化过程中没能得到很好解决的问题。结合模糊逻辑和S面控制,利用T—S推理结构,设计了一种兼具局部和全局调整功能的模糊非线性PD(m)控制器,仿真结果表明,其控制效果要优于采用单一控制参数的S面控制器。     

Vision-based tracking with projective mapping for parameter identification of remotely operated vehicles

Parameter identification of a remotely operated vehicle (ROV) is often based on the dynamic responses collected by its onboard sensors. However, for commercial ROVs, the required data for identification may not be available due to the absence of suitable sensors or limitations in accessing onboard sensor data. Therefore, this study proposes a vision-based tracking system to measure the dynamic response of an ROV. The tracking system is independent of the ROV, and is able to localize an ROV to a high degree of precision by means of projective mapping. The validity of the proposed tracking system is demonstrated through identification of a commercial ROV. A simplified nonlinear ROV dynamic model with six degrees of freedom (DOF) is used for identification. Uncoupled motions, including surge, sway, and yaw, are obtained from the ROV dynamic model, and the corresponding experiments are carried out for each DOF. Hydrodynamic parameters are then estimated with numerical optimizations by comparing the measured ROV responses with the output of the mathematical model. The experimental results show that the vision-based tracking system can accurately measure the transient and steady-state responses of an ROV. Additionally, the simulations of the ROV dynamic model, with the optimal parameter estimates, give results in agreement with the measured data.     

CTD传感器在ROV系统中的扩展及其应用

CTD可以获取海洋物理学环境参数,为海洋物理学的研究提供重要的基础性数据,而ROV作为重要的海洋探测工具和科学研究平台已经在世界各国主要的海洋研究机构中得到广泛应用。根据＂海狮号＂ROV系统的体系结构特点,对其通讯、控制和电源等接口进行扩展,实现了CTD传感器在ROV上的应用,并在海洋区域地质调查的ROV测站作业时进行了CTD数据的采集,数据质量满足了海洋区域地质调查的要求。     

Robust ROV path following considering disturbance and measurement error using data fusion

ROV accurate path following is challenging due to system unmodeled dynamics, disturbances and navigation sensors error. The model uncertainty and disturbances are commonly treated using robust methods such as the sliding mode controller where by incorporating an integral action in the zero tracking error is also guaranteed. Practically, the ROV position data is often computed using low cost inertial measurement unit (IMU) with outputs contaminated with bias and noise. Failure of mission is an immediate consequence of employing such biased sensors. However, the problem can be circumvented using the concept of redundant measurements and data fusion. In this respect, a set of 12 measurements from IMU, magnetometer and Doppler velocity log (DVL) are employed where the last two are aided sensors. The set up is shown to be capable of providing ROV path following with zero (in average) steady state tracking error irrespective of its dynamic parameters, environmental disturbances and erroneous data; as if it enjoys the exact values of the position of the ROV. It means that the combined DVL and magnetometer are sufficient for filtering the IMU biased measurements. Various simulations conducted confirm the results.     

Research on hydrodynamics model test for deepsea open-framed remotely operated vehicle

This paper presents the features of newly designed hydrodynamics test for the scaled model of 4500 m deepsea open-framed remotely operated vehicle(ROV),which is being researched and developed by Shanghai Jiao Tong University.Accurate hydrodynamics coefficients measurement and spatial modeling of ROV are significant for the maneuverability and control algorithm.The scaled model of ROV was constructed by 1:1.6.Hydrodynamics coefficients were measured through VPMM and LAHPMM towing test.And dynamics model was derived as a set of equations, describing nonlinear and coupled 5-DOF spatial motions.Rotation control motion was simulated to verify spatial model proposed.Research and application of hydrodynamics coefficients are expected to enable ROV to overcome uncertainty and disturbances of deepsea environment,and accomplish some more challengeable and practical missions.