强震远场前兆异常在地震预报中的应用

强震不仅有近场前兆异常，而且也有远场前兆异常，后者在地震预报中可以起到三个方面的作用：（１）远场前兆异常多在震前的短临阶段准同步地出现，为短临预报提供了较丰富的信息，有助于作出短临预报；（２）远场前兆异常一般具有双重或多重前兆的性质，它们是比较可靠的前兆异常，可为预报地震提供依据；（３）远场前兆异常显示明显的地区，是应力积累较高的地区，往往是后继地震发生地方，即指出了地震可能发生的地域。因此，对远     

地下流体的源兆,场兆,远兆及其在地震预报中的意义

我国地震地下流体监测网中，发现强震前有３种不同的前兆异常，即来自震源的源兆异常、与地震有关的区域活动关联的场兆异常及远距离强震前出现的远兆异常，它们在成因、特征与地震预报实践中的意义不同。从数量上看，场兆是大量的，源兆是少量的，而远兆也是不可忽略的。因此，地震预报实践中，必须正确地区别这３种前兆，全力寻找源兆，积极地开发场兆的预报功能，承认远兆并揭示其科学意义。     

1976年唐山7.8级地震前各类地震前兆异常信息熵的场,源兆特征

利用“专家系统”的思想对每一地震前兆异常事件进行了综合评估，以每一异常的最可能发震时间计算发震概率，利用各类地震前兆异常群体信息熵研究了系统熵值与地震场，源兆的关系，分析了１９７６年唐山７．８级地震前各类地震前兆异常的时空分布特征，然后以唐山为中心在空间上划分三个区，近区，中间区和远区，分别计算了三个区各类地震前兆异常信息熵的时间演化值，分析了震前这种信息熵的场，源兆特征，震中近区的信息熵值要比中     

地震前兆与短临预报探索

针对地震短临预报面临的科学问题,分析研究了地震前兆(近场前兆、远场前兆和大尺度动态前兆)预报地震的物理基础;总结了地震短临前兆时空演化特征和同步耦合现象。高空技术在地震前兆观测中的应用将有利于短临预报实践与探索。     

短期前兆动态变化与地震关系的研究

应用地震前周、月会商中各前兆手段提出了短期兆异常动态变化，研究了地震短临异常的某些特征和综合预报指标，其最大的特点是应用在不知未来是否有地震的情况下提供的短期异常，总结了地震预报的经验，所以，是从一个新的角度研究的，而不同于以往的震例总结，因此，该经验更接近于日常实际的预报，可能更具有实用性。     

地下流体中强震源兆场兆及强震(群)远场兆特征的研究——以新疆乌鲁木齐10号泉为例

分析了新疆乌鲁木齐 10号泉中强震源兆、场兆及强震 (群 )远场兆的特征 ,认为中强震源兆的表现是震前 1a～ 2 a,绝大多数主测项出现同步高值异常 ,临震前有转折或反向 ,震后异常由强到弱 ,直至消失 ;中强震场兆的表现是仅有少数测项出现场兆异常变化 ,异常以脉冲式短临突跳为主。强震 (群 )场兆的表现是少数映震效能较好的测项出现趋势性前兆异常。     

昆仑山口西8.1级地震前青海省形变及地温前兆特征分析

通过对青海省地倾斜、地应力、深井地温3种前兆手段在昆仑山口西8．1级地震前异常的分析与研究，得出了强地震远场前兆的一些初步特征，并与近场前兆异常特征做了比较，这对该省今后强震短期预报将是有益的。     

关于地震预报探索中某些问题的思考

笔者根据十几年地震监测预报的实践体会，尤其是根据１９９６年华北北部地区震情跟踪研究中发现的某些问题，重新提出要大力加强前兆异常的落实工作，建议把以源兆为基础的预报思路为以场兆为基础的预报，要大力加强活动构造研究与地震前兆研究相结合，从而进一步提高我国未来强震发生的时间与地点预报的水平。     

1989年大同——阳高地震及其前兆特征

１９８９年１０月１８～２３日在大同—阳高地区发生了一组中强地震，最大震级为Ｍｓ６．１。这次地震是在华北地区１９６６～１９７６年强震活动高潮之后，在连续１０ａ无６级以上地震活动的平静背景上发生的。由于本区观测台网较为密集，因而在震前观测到较为丰富的前兆现象。通过对这些前兆特点及其发展过程的研究，发现在大同—阳原盆地加速下降后（震前２～３ａ），在前兆中长期—中期阶段，前兆异常由震源区向远区扩展（１３５→３３０ｋｍ），在前兆异常的短期阶段，大部分异常从远场逐渐向孕震区收缩。有限元模拟计算结果表明，大同—阳高地震的孕育是一个长期的过程，由于大同—阳高孕震区地壳内存在断层面的障碍体或硬包体，它们具有较强的抵抗变形的能力，从而使得该区的应力随时间不断积累，在此过程中，周围地震的发生对其应力场具有不同程度的影响，有的使其增加，如渤海地震，有的使其减小，如邢台地震，到１９８５年前后，大同—阳高地震的孕育基本成熟     

1993年10月26日甘,青交界托来牧场Ms6.0地震前兆异常特征的研究

１９９３年１０月２６日托来６．０级地震发生在甘肃河西前兆台网控制范围之外，本文在研究河西中西部地区前兆台网综合监测能力及总结震例的基础上指出，前兆台项少，持续时间短，空间分散是托来地震前兆异常时空分布的显著特征，并对形成的原因进行了探讨。     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration Aims And Scope

正This journal is established by the Institute of Engineering Mechanics(IEM),China Earthquake Administration,to promote scientific exchange between Chinese and foreign scientists and engineers so as to improve the theory and practice of earthquake hazards mitigation,preparedness,and recovery.To accomplish this purpose,the journal aims to attract a balanced number of papers between Chinese and     

Foreword

Destructive earthquakes have caused great damage in China and the United States and collapsing buildings havecaused many deaths and injuries. The field of earthquake engineering studies earthquake hazards, the occurrence ofearthquakes of various magnitudes, the nature of the ground shaking during an earthquake, the vibration of structuresduring earthquakes, the strengthening of existing structures and the design of new structures to be earthquake resistant,and finally, how to cope with earthquake damage and restore a city to normal functioning. Such efforts are in progressin both countries, but unfortunately, the language barrier interferes with the free flow of information between China andthe Untied States. It would be mutually beneficial if some means could be developed to promote the exchangeof information across the Pacific Ocean. This new journal has been established for this purpose and its success willbe an important step in promoting earthquake engineering in China and the United States.     

WORLD ASSOCIATION FOR SEDIMENTATION AND EROSION RESEARCH(WASER)

正President:Giampaolo Di Silvio,Italy Vice Presidents:Ulrich C.E.Zanke,Germany Zhao-yin Wang,China The World Association for Sedimentation and Erosion Research(WASER),inaugurated on Oct.19,2004,is an independent non-governmental,non-profit organization.The mission of WASER is to promote international co-operation on the study     

Enhancing remote sensing research on global change to improve our understanding on Earth system processes

正Global Change includes climate change and other environmental changes caused by the joint interaction among various layers of Earth. From the positive side, global change provides new opportunities to human and other living forms on Earth. In the meantime, it creates tremendous challenges and negative impact. At present, the negative impacts have reached all primary processes of the global ecosystem and every aspect of human society, especially causing degradation of the ecosystem. For instance, intensive deforestation causes decline of biodiversity; global warming causes sea level rise and increases     

SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 57(2014)

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