GNSS电离层监测研究进展与展望

电离层作为近地空间环境的重要组成部分,对电波通信、卫星导航定位等都有重要影响。监测电离层形态结构有助于对电离层时空演化特征的理解及其建模和预测。随着全球导航卫星系统(global navigation satellite system,GNSS)的快速发展,GNSS电离层监测已成为重要的研究和应用方向。系统介绍了GNSS多维电离层监测及其应用的研究现状和进展,主要包括空基/地基GNSS联合反演电离层特征参数、层析技术反演电离层三维结构、电离层延迟建模、电离层异常扰动监测及机理认知等内容。     

基于混合罚函数法的多尺度电离层层析确权方法

在利用GNSS进行像素基电离层层析时,多尺度层析方法利用权重因子将反演区域不同像素层析模型结合在一起,最终得到电离层电子密度反演结果,可以有效地解决电离层层析过程中不适应问题和最终的电离层电子密度失真现象。在多尺度电离层层析中,不同像素尺度层析模型之间权重是影响最终的电离层电子密度精度的重要因素。为了获得高精度电离层层析模型,考虑到权重因子存在着等式和不等式限制条件,采用解决最优化问题的罚函数法确定不同像素尺度电离层层析模型之间的权重。通过采用实测GNSS观测数据进行电离层多尺度电离层层析,对比了多尺度层析模型的各个子模型建模精度并进行分析,同时将罚函数法获得的模型精度与其他确权方法进行了对比,该方法可以有效地应用于多尺电离层度层析,且最终的层析模型精度优于其他确权方法,更优于单尺度电离层层析模型精度。     

Evaluating the effect of the global ionospheric map on aiding retrieval of radio occultation electron density profiles

Radio occultation (RO) has been proven to be a powerful technique for ionospheric electron density profile (EDP) retrieval. The Abel inversion currently used in RO EDP retrieval has degraded performance in regions with large horizontal gradients because of an assumption of spherical symmetry as indicated by many studies. Some alternative methods have been proposed in the past; the global ionospheric map (GIM)-aided Abel inversion is most frequently studied. Since the number of RO observations will likely increase rapidly in the near future, it is worthwhile to continue to improve retrieval method. In this study, both the simulations and the real data test have been done to evaluate the GIM-aided Abel inversion method. It is found that the GIM-aided Abel inversion can significantly improve upon the standard Abel inversion in either the F or the E region if an accurate GIM is available. However, the current IGS GIM does not appear accurate enough to improve retrieval results significantly, because of the spherical symmetry assumption and sparse global navigation satellite system (GNSS) stations used in its creation. Generating accurate GIM based on dense GNSS network to aid the Abel inversion might be an alternative method.     

Ionospheric tomography using GNSS: multiplicative algebraic reconstruction technique applied to the area of Brazil

Experimental analysis was performed using multiplicative algebraic reconstruction technique (MART) to map the ionosphere over Brazil. Code and phase observations from the global navigation satellite system (GNSS) together with the international reference ionosphere (IRI) enabled the estimation of ionospheric profiles and total electron content (TEC) over the entire region. Twenty-four days of data collected from existing ground-based GNSS receivers during the recent solar maximum period were used to analyze the performance of the MART algorithm. The results were compared with four ionosondes. It was demonstrated that MART estimated the electron density peak with the same degree of accuracy as the IRI model in regions with appropriate geometrical coverage by GNSS receivers for tomographic reconstruction. In addition, the slant TEC, as estimated with MART, presented lower root-mean-square error than the TEC calculated by ionospheric maps available from the International GNSS Service (IGS). Furthermore, the daily variations of the ionosphere were better represented with the algebraic techniques, compared to the IRI model and IGS maps, enabling a correlation of the elevation of the ionosphere at higher altitudes with the equatorial ionization anomaly intensification. The tomographic representations also enabled the detection of high vertical gradients at the same instants in which ionospheric irregularities were evident.     

一种改进的电离层层析投影矩阵生成算法

<正>确建立投影矩阵是电离层层析的必要条件。由于反演区域较大且观测数据繁多,同时考虑到离散后格网的复杂性,传统的投影矩阵的计算算法中存在大量的重复计算,严重影响计算效率。文中对传统算法流程进行调整,在不改变计算结果的情况下,消除冗余计算,大大提高了计算效率。     

Ionospheric correction using NTCM driven by GPS Klobuchar coefficients for GNSS applications

Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) require mitigation of ionospheric propagation errors because the ionospheric range errors might be larger than tens of meters at the zenith direction. Taking advantage of the frequency-dispersive property of ionospheric refractivity, the ionospheric range errors can be mitigated in dual-frequency applications to a great extent by a linear combination of carrier phases or pseudoranges. However, single-frequency GNSS operations require additional ionospheric information to apply signal delay or range error corrections. To aid single-frequency operations, the global positioning system (GPS) broadcasts 8 coefficients as part of the navigation message to drive the ionospheric correction algorithm (ICA) also known as Klobuchar model. We presented here an ionospheric correction algorithm called Neustrelitz TEC model (NTCM) which can be used as complementary to the GPS ICA. Our investigation shows that the NTCM can be driven by Klobuchar model parameters to achieve a significantly better performance than obtained by the mother ICA algorithm. Our research, using post-processed reference total electron content (TEC) data from more than one solar cycle, shows that on average the RMS modeled TEC errors are up to 40% less for the proposed NTCM model compared to the Klobuchar model during high solar activity period, and about 10% less during low solar activity period. Such an approach does not require major technology changes for GPS users rather requires only introducing the NTCM approach a complement to the existing ICA algorithm while maintaining the simplicity of ionospheric range error mitigation with an improved model performance.     

A new two-step algorithm for ionospheric tomography solution

Ionospheric tomography inverse algorithms are usually an ill-conditioned problem because the geometric distribution of continuously operating reference GPS stations is not ideal for this task. In order to cope with such ill-conditioning, a new tomographic algorithm, termed two-step algorithm (TSA), is presented. The electron density is estimated in two steps: Phillips smoothing method (PSM) is first used to resolve the ill-conditioned problem in the ionospheric tomography system, and then, the PSM solution is input as an initial value to the multiplicative algebraic reconstruction technique (MART) and iteratively improved. Numerical simulations using the International Reference Ionosphere 2007 model demonstrate that the TSA is applicable to GPS-based ionospheric tomography reconstruction and is superior to PSM and MART when these techniques are used alone. The new algorithm is applied to reconstruct the ionospheric electron density distribution over China using GPS observations, and a comparison with ionosonde observations is made.     

Tridimensional reconstruction of the Co-Seismic Ionospheric Disturbance around the time of 2015 Nepal earthquake

The Co-Seismic Ionospheric Disturbance of the 2015 Nepal earthquake is analyzed in this paper. GNSS data are used to obtain the Satellite-Station TEC sequences. After removing the de-trended TEC variation, a clear ionospheric disturbance was observed 10 min after the earthquake, while the geomagnetic conditions, solar activity, and weather condition remained calm according to the Kp, Dst, F10.7 indices and meteorological records during the period of interest. Computerized ionosphere tomography (CIT) is then used to present the tridimensional ionosphere variation with a 10-min time resolution. The CIT results indicate that (1) the disturbance of the ionospheric electron density above the epicenter during the 2015 Nepal earthquake is confined at a relatively low altitude (approximately 150–300 km); (2) the ionospheric disturbances on the west side and east sides of the epicenter are precisely opposite. A newly established electric field penetration model of the lithosphere–atmosphere–ionosphere coupling is used to investigate the potential physical mechanism.     

GNSS垂直位移反演区域地表质量变化的模拟分析

连续密集的全球导航卫星系统(global navigation satellite system,GNSS)地表形变监测为反演精细的区域地表质量变化提供了有效技术手段.针对格林函数方法反演区域地表质量变化的病态问题,给出了一种改进的正则化拉普拉斯约束矩阵,讨论了广义交叉检验(generalized cross-vali...     

Three-dimensional ionospheric tomography by an improved algebraic reconstruction technique

An improved algebraic reconstruction technique (IART) is presented for the tomographic reconstruction of ionospheric electron density (IED). This method applies the total electron content (TEC) measurements to invert the spatial distribution of the IED from a set of apriori IED distributions. In this new method, a data-driven adjustment of the relaxation parameter is performed to improve the computation efficiency and image quality of the classical algebraic reconstruction technique (ART). In addition, the new algorithm is also combined with ionospheric space discretization technique to simplify the inversion of IED, and it applies CHAMP occultation data to improve the vertical resolution. A numerical simulation experiment is carried out to validate the reliability of the new method. It is then applied to the inversion of IED from real GPS data. Inverted results show that the IART algorithm has better accuracy and efficiency than the conventional ART algorithm. The reliability of the IART algorithm is also validated by ionosonde data recorded at Wuhan station.     

层析模型在GNSS探测电离层中的研究进展

在利用全球导航卫星系统GNSS(GPS、GLONASS、Galileo等卫星定位系统)进行精密定位和导航时,电离层延迟误差是影响其精度和准确度的主要误差源之一,故对电离层模型研究至关重要。本文介绍了传统电离层模型的缺点,重点阐述了不同的电离层层析方法,同时分析了现在电离层层析方法所存在的主要问题,最后介绍了目前全世界电离层层析模型的研究展望。     

基于原始观测值的单频精密单点定位算法

研究了一种基于GPS原始观测值的单频PPP算法。该算法通过增加电离层延迟先验信息、空间和时间约束的虚拟观测方程,将电离层延迟当作未知参数与其他定位参数一并进行估计来高效修正电离层延迟误差。通过使用全球178个IGS站1d的实测数据对本算法的收敛速度、定位精度和电离层VTEC的精度进行检验与分析。结果表明,该算法的收敛速度和稳定性均得到了改善,其静态单频单天PPP解的精度可达2~3cm、模拟动态单频单天PPP解的精度可达2~3dm,并且单频PPP与双频PPP提取的电离层总电子含量平均偏差小于5个TECU,可作为一种附属定位产品使用。     

GNSS/MODIS信号紧耦合水汽层析算法

GNSS水汽层析技术凭借高精度、高时空分辨率及全天候监测等优点,已成为探测大气水汽最具潜力的技术之一.目前,融合多源大气遥感数据逐步成为弥补传统层析模型GNSS信号几何缺陷的研究热点.本文利用Terra卫星上的中分辨率成像光谱仪(moderate resolution maging spectrorad ometer,...     

An all-pass filter for compensation of ionospheric dispersion effects on wideband GNSS signals

Compared with the traditional GPS L1 C/A BPSK-R(1) signal, wideband global navigation satellite system (GNSS) signals suffer more severe distortion due to ionospheric dispersion. Ionospheric dispersion inevitably introduces additional errors in pseudorange and carrier phase observations that cannot be readily eliminated by traditional methods. Researchers have reported power losses, waveform ripples, correlation peak asymmetries, and carrier phase shifts caused by ionospheric dispersion. We analyze the code tracking bias induced by ionospheric dispersion and propose an efficient all-pass filter to compensate the corresponding nonlinear group delay over the signal bandwidth. The filter is constructed in a cascaded biquad form based on the estimated total electron content (TEC). The effects of TEC accuracy, filter order, and fraction parameter on the filter fitting error are explored. Taking the AltBOC(15,10) signal as an example, we compare the time domain signal waveforms, correlation peaks, code tracking biases, and carrier phase biases with and without this all-pass filter and demonstrate that the proposed delay-equalization all-pass filter is a potential solution to ionospheric dispersion compensation and mitigation of observation biases for wideband GNSS signals.     

联合GNSS/LEO卫星观测数据的区域电离层建模与精度评估

高精度的电离层模型对于提高导航卫星系统的定位精度具有重要意义.低轨卫星的快速发展为建立高精度的电离层模型提供了新的契机.基于仿真数据模拟获得2017年1月1日-30日LEO (low earth orbit)和GNSS(global navigation satellite system)卫星观测数据,星座类型包括60...     

单站区域电离层TEC建模及精度分析

为了分析单站区域电离层总电子含量(total electron content,TEC)模型的适用范围和精度,基于2～15阶次球谐函数,分别建立了欧洲区域16个单站区域电离层TEC模型,生成了区域格网TEC,并与欧洲定轨中心(Center for Orbit Determination in Europe,CODE)、...     

一种融合测高仪与地面GPS数据的单站电离层反演方法

电离层层析成像技术非常适用于检测电离层电子密度的大尺度空间分布及其扰动。利用地面单站的GPSTEC值和另一站的数字测高仪观测数据,结合国际参考电离层（IRI）,利用MART算法反演得到测站上空电子密度的垂直分布。利用白天和夜间的实测数据进行了CIT反演,结果表明了该方法的可靠性。     

磁暴期全球电离层电子含量变化分析研究

电离层电子含量(TEC)受太阳活动影响较大,磁暴发生时,TEC变化在全球范围内变化不一,研究该时期的TEC扰动变化情况对电离层的研究至关重要．本文以2015年3月特大磁暴为研究对象,利用包括北斗系统在内的全球卫星导航系统（GNSS）TEC数据和中国区域的电离层测高仪f _oF2数据,对此次电离层磁暴的扰动特性进行研究并讨论其可能的物理机制．      

GNSS空间环境学研究进展和展望

对流层和电离层是地球近地空间环境中两个重要的组成部分,是靠近地球表面且与人类生活联系最密切的大气圈层。全球导航卫星系统技术的快速发展,为GNSS空间环境学的研究提供了良好的契机。本文介绍了现有GNSS空间环境学中在对流层和电离层方面的研究现状和进展。在GNSS对流层研究方面,主要集中于GNSS对流层关键参数建模和水汽反演两部分;在GNSS电离层研究方面,主要包括GNSS二维/三维电离层建模和区域/全球电离层监测。     

The ionosphere: effects,GPS modeling and the benefits for space geodetic techniques

The main goal of this paper is to provide a summary of our current knowledge of the ionosphere as it relates to space geodetic techniques, especially the most informative technology, global navigation satellite systems (GNSS), specifically the fully deployed and operational global positioning system (GPS). As such, the main relevant modeling points are discussed, and the corresponding results of ionospheric monitoring are related, which were mostly computed using GPS data and based on the direct experience of the authors. We address various phenomena such as horizontal and vertical ionospheric morphology in quiet conditions, traveling ionospheric disturbances, solar flares, ionospheric storms and scintillation. Finally, we also tackle the question of how improved knowledge of ionospheric conditions, especially in terms of an accurate understanding of the distribution of free electrons, can improve space geodetic techniques at different levels, such as higher-order ionospheric effects, precise GNSS navigation, single-antenna GNSS orientation and real-time GNSS meteorology.