太阳表面震波能量与磁场强度的关系

过去的一系列研究表明在太阳光球表面,随着纵向磁场的增强,对应区域所观测到的震波能量随之降低.为了进一步研究震波和磁场的关系,使用日震和磁成像仪(Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager,HMI)的数据,通过对视向磁场进行势场外推得到磁场总强度,与震波能量进行关联.对一定总磁场区域的p模式震波能量拟合可以得到其随总磁场强度而变化的关系.研究证实了震波能量与磁场总强度有更强关联.不同活动区的结果表明p模式震波能量随着磁场总强度增加而下降的趋势在500 Gs以下非常接近,在500 Gs至1 000 Gs范围内有略微差别.并且p模式震波能量的对数与总磁场强度有较强的线性相关性.对比迈克尔逊多普勒成像仪(Michelson Doppler Imager,MDI)和HMI得到的结果时发现,虽然MDI观测的磁场结果整体会比HMI观测结果偏大,但归一化p模式震波能量与磁场强度的关系分析对比结果相差不大.     

Inference of Solar Magnetic Field Parameters from Data with Limited Wavelength Sampling

We investigate the diagnostic potential of polarimetric measurements with filtergraph instruments. Numerical simulations are used to explore the possibility of inferring the magnetic field vector, its filling factor, and the thermodynamics of model atmospheres when only a few wavelength measurements are available. These simulations assume the magnetic Sun to be represented by Milne–Eddington atmospheres. The results indicate that two wavelength measurements are insufficient to reliably determine the magnetic parameters, regardless of whether magnetograph techniques or least-squares fitting inversions are used. However, as few as four measurements analyzed with the inversion technique provide enough information to retrieve the intrinsic magnetic field with an accuracy better than 10% in most cases.     

Differential Rotation of the Solar Corona from Magnetic Field Data

A method for investigating the differential rotation of the solar corona using the coronal magnetic field as a tracer is proposed. The magnetic field is calculated in the potential approximation from observational data at the photospheric level. The time interval from June 24, 1976, to December 31, 2004, is considered. The magnetic field has been calculated for all latitudes from the equator to ±75? with a 5? step at distances from the base of the corona 1.0 R_⊙ to 2.45 R_⊙ near the source surface. The coronal rotation periods at 14 distances from the solar center have been determined by the method of periodogram analysis. The coronal rotation is shown to become progressively less differential with increasing heliocentric distance; it does not become rigid even near the source surface. The change in the coronal rotation periods with time is considered. At the cycleminimumthe rotation has been found to bemost differential, especially at small distances from the solar center. The change in coronal rotation with time is consistent with the tilt of the solar magnetic equator. The results from the magnetic field are compared with those obtained from the brightness of the green coronal Fe XIV 530.3 nm line. The consistency between these results confirms the reliability of the proposed method for studying the coronal rotation. Studying the rotation of the coronal magnetic field gives hope for the possibility of using this method to diagnose the differential rotation in subphotospheric layers.     

On the Near-One-Year Variation of the Sun’s Mean Magnetic Field

The mean magnetic field (MMF) of the Sun-as-a-star was measured over the last 38 years by six observatories (about 17 000 MMF daily records, 1968 – 2005). The MMF power spectrum reveals the presence of an enigmatic 1.029(7) year periodicity whose origin requires explanation. We show that this quasi-annual variation is not produced by modulation of the MMF signal due to the annual change of the Earth’s helio-latitude (one-year change of visibility of the Sun’s polar regions) as commonly accepted. The nature of this new solar phenomenon is open for discussion.     

On the Power in the Legendre Modes of the Solar Radial Magnetic Field

The power in the different modes of an expansion of the solar radial magnetic field at the surface in terms of Legendre polynomials,P , is calculated with the help of a solar dynamo model studied earlier. The model is of the Babcock–Leighton type, i.e., the surface eruptions of the toroidal magnetic field – through the tilt angle, , formed by the magnetic axis of a bipolar magnetic region with the east-west line – are the sources for the poloidal field. In this paper it is assumed that the tilt angle is subject to fluctuations of the form, = ()+ <> where <> is the average value and () is a random normal fluctuation with standard deviation which is taken from Howard's observations of the distribution of tilt angles. For numerical considerations, negative values of were not allowed. If this occurred, was recalculated. The numerical integrations were started with a toroidal magnetic field antisymmetric across the equator, large enough to generate eruptions, and a negligible poloidal field. The fluctuations in the tilt angle destroy the antisymmetry as time increases. The power of the antisymmetric modes across the equator (i.e., odd values of ) is concentrated in frequencies, _p, corresponding to the cycle period. The maximum power lies in the =3 mode with considerable power in the =5 mode, in broad agreement with Stenflo's results who finds a maximum power at =5. For the symmetric modes, there is considerable power in frequencies larger than _p, again in broad agreement with Stenflo's power spectrum.     

Preprocessing of Vector Magnetograph Data for a Nonlinear Force-Free Magnetic Field Reconstruction

Knowledge regarding the coronal magnetic field is important for the understanding of many phenomena, like flares and coronal mass ejections. Because of the low plasma beta in the solar corona, the coronal magnetic field is often assumed to be force-free and we use photospheric vector magnetograph data to extrapolate the magnetic field into the corona with the help of a nonlinear force-free optimization code. Unfortunately, the measurements of the photospheric magnetic field contain inconsistencies and noise. In particular, the transversal components (say B _x and B _y) of current vector magnetographs have their uncertainties. Furthermore, the magnetic field in the photosphere is not necessarily force free and often not consistent with the assumption of a force-free field above the magnetogram. We develop a preprocessing procedure to drive the observed non–force-free data towards suitable boundary conditions for a force-free extrapolation. As a result, we get a data set which is as close as possible to the measured data and consistent with the force-free assumption.     

Comparative Analysis of Super-Kamiokande and SNO Solar-Neutrino Data and the Photospheric Magnetic Field

We carry out a comparative analysis of Super-Kamiokande, SNO, and photospheric magnetic-field data for the interval in which these datasets overlap. This proves to be the interval of operation of the D₂O phase of the SNO experiment. Concerning solar-rotational modulation, we find that the magnetic-field power spectrum shows the strongest peaks at the second and sixth harmonics of the solar synodic rotation frequency [i.e., at 3ν _rot and 7ν _rot]. We find that the restricted Super-Kamiokande dataset has a strong modulation at the second harmonic, as we found to be the case for the complete Super-Kamiokande dataset. The SNO D₂O dataset exhibits weak modulation at that frequency, but shows strong modulation in the band corresponding to the sixth harmonic (too high a frequency to be detectable in the Super-Kamiokande dataset, which is available only in five-day bins, whereas SNO data is available in one-day bins). We estimate the significance level of the correspondence of the Super-Kamiokande second-harmonic peak with the corresponding magnetic-field peak to be 0.0004, and the significance level of the correspondence of the SNO D₂O sixth-harmonic peak with the corresponding magnetic-field peak to be 0.009. By estimating the amplitude of the modulation of the solar-neutrino flux at the second harmonic from the restricted Super-Kamiokande dataset, we find that the weak power at that frequency in the SNO D₂O power spectrum is not particularly surprising. We also examine power spectra in the neighborhood of 9.43 year⁻¹, which is the frequency of a particularly strong modulation in the entire Super-Kamiokande dataset. There is no peak at this frequency in the power spectrum formed from the restricted Super-Kamiokande dataset. It is therefore not surprising that we find (in agreement with the recent analysis by the SNO collaboration) that this peak does not show up in the SNO D₂O dataset either.     

含粘滞和磁场的薄吸积盘不稳定性

本文采用微扰方法导出色散方程，并在四种情况下详细讨论了薄吸积盘的不稳定性。结果表明：在纯粘滞和纯磁场盘中都存在脉动不稳定性。而且在吸积盘内同时考虑粘滞和磁场时，存在两种不稳定性，一种是脉动不稳定性，另一种是单调不稳定性。同时数值计算还表明，脉动不稳定性更可能存在于盘的内区，而单调不稳定性则只在盘的外区，对短波扰动才有意义。这些结果为解释ＢＬＬａｃ天体、Ｓｅｙｆｅｒｔ星系及类星体等活动星系核的光变现象进一步提供了理论依据。     

Magnetic Energy of Force-Free Fields with Detached Field Lines

Using an axisymmetrical ideal MHD model in spherical coordinates, we present a numerical study of magnetic configurations characterized by a levitating flux rope embedded in a bipolar background field whose normal field at the solar surface is the same or very close to that of a central dipole. The characteristic plasma β (the ratio between gas pressure and magnetic pressure) is taken to be sosmall (β= 10^-4) that the magnetic field is close to being force-free. The system as a whole is then let evolve quasi-statically with a slow increase of either the annular magnetic flux or the axial magnetic flux of the rope, and the total magneticenergy of the system grows accordingly. It is found that there exists an energy threshold: the flux rope sticks to the solar surface in equilibrium if the magneticenergy of the system is below the threshold, whereas it loses equilibrium if the threshold is exceeded. The energy threshold is found to be larger than that of thecorresponding fully-open magnetic field by a factor of nearly 1.08 irrespective as towhether the background field is completely closed or partly open, or whether the magnetic energy is enhanced by an increase of annular or axial flux of the rope.This gives an example showing that a force-free magnetic field may have an energy larger than the corresponding open field energy if part of the field lines is allowed tobe detached from the solar surface. The implication of such a conclusion in coronal mass ejections is briefly discussed and some comments are made on the maximum energy of force-free magnetic fields.     

太阳耀斑的光球磁场和色球速度场观测

太阳磁场望远镜安装了CCD图象接收处理系统后,得到许多精细结构的两维、实时磁场、速度场图。本文对其中观测的两群黑子,做耀斑磁场、速度场分析。在此基础上指出,异极性磁区相互渗透是普遍存在的,耀斑亮核均发生在异极性磁区相互挤压的前锋。这就为挤压无力场耀斑模式提供了有力的证据。同时发现,在耀斑发生的区域,流场的方向是向下的。     

太阳磁场理论外推研究进展

太阳磁场是研究太阳物理的关键。目前对太阳磁场的精确测量只限于光球层。对日冕磁场结构的了解,则多是以观测的光球磁场作为边界条件,在某种理论模型下进行外推。势场模型、线性无力场模型和非线性无力场模型是无力场假设下的三种理论外推模型。文章介绍了太阳磁场理论外推的基本方法和最新进展,和对三种模型中使用较多的外推方法,列举了它们在天文研究中的一些应用,同时也简略讨论了外推方法中存在的一些问题。     

Manifestations of Magnetic Field Inhomogeneities

Both observations and simulations reveal large inhomogeneities in magnetic field distributions in diffuse plasmas. Incorporating these inhomogeneities into various calculations can significantly change the inferred physical conditions. In extragalactic sources, e.g., these can compromise analyses of spectral ageing, which I will illustrate with some current work on cluster relics. I also briefly re-examine the old issue of how inhomogeneous fields affect particle lifetimes; perhaps not surprisingly, the next generation of radio telescopes are unlikely to find many sources that can extend their lifetimes from putting relativistic electrons into a low-field ‘freezer’. Finally, I preview some new EVLA results on the complex relic in Abell 2256, with implications for the interspersing of its relativistic and thermal plasmas.     

Variation of Small Scale Magnetic Fields Over a Century using Ca-K Images as Proxy

A combined uniform and long-time series of Ca-K images from the Kodaikanal Observatory, Mount Wilson Observatory and Mauna Loa Solar Observatory was used to identify and study the Ca-K small-scale features and their solar cycle variations over a century. The small scale features are classified into three distinct categories:enhanced network, active network and quiet network. All these features show that their areas vary according to the11 yr solar cycle. The relative amplitude of the Ca-K networ...     

Newly Identified Properties of Surface Acoustic Power

The cause of enhanced acoustic power surrounding active regions, known as the acoustic halo, is not as yet understood. We explore the properties of the enhanced acoustic power observed near disk center from 21 to 27 January 2002, including AR 9787. We find that i) there exists a strong correlation of the enhanced high-frequency power with magnetic-field inclination, with greater power in more horizontal fields, ii) the frequency of the maximum enhancement increases along with magnetic-field strength, and iii) the oscillations contributing to the halos show modal ridges that are shifted to higher wavenumber at constant frequency in comparison to the ridges of modes in the quiet Sun.     

Dipped Magnetic Field Configurations Associated with Filaments and Barbs

In this paper, three-dimensional linear force-free field configurations that can be associated with filaments are considered. It is assumed that the field configurations are suitable to represent filaments if they contain magnetic dips. With the photospheric flux distribution chosen to be an arcade with a dextral/sinistral axial component, it is found that dipped configurations exist only for large values of alpha (where, ×B=B). The dips always lie above the polarity inversion line in the centre of the channel between the flux regions. When the dips are viewed from above to a depth of 1 Mm they resemble closely the shape of filaments viewed in absorption on the solar disk. As the magnitude of alpha increases, the horizontal and vertical extent of the dips also increases, giving active-region filaments for low values of alpha and quiescient filaments for high values of alpha. Dextral filaments only form for negative values of alpha and sinistral filaments for positive values of alpha. The portion of the field line that is dipped is always of inverse polarity and the magnitude of the field in the dipped region increases with height, both of which are consistent with Leroy, Bommier, and Sahal-Bréchot (1983). Overlying the region of dips there are arcades of normal polarity which have the correct left-bearing/right-bearing orientation for dextral/sinistral filaments. When the hypothesis of barbs occurring in dipped field lines is used, barbs that branch out of the main axis and to the right/left for dextral/sinistral filaments can be formed around minority polarity elements on either side of the polarity inversion line. No barbs are found around normal polarity elements. The model reproduces many of the observed features of filament channels, filaments and their barbs.