橄榄石矿物弹性研究进展

橄榄石是上地幔含量最丰富的矿物,对其弹性性质的研究对解释地球内部的物质组成和动力学过程至关重要.近年来,对橄榄石矿物弹性的研究,无论是实验测试还是模拟计算都取得了很大的进展.本文首先介绍了研究橄榄石弹性的主要方法,然后从铁、镁不同配分比例下橄榄石的弹性性质,水对橄榄石弹性的影响以及橄榄石各向异性等三个方面,对近年来橄榄石弹性研究所取得的主要进展做了介绍.实验方法方面主要介绍了1)超声共振谱法(Resonant Ultrasound Spectroscopy,RUS);2)X射线衍射法;3)X射线照相法;4)超声干涉法;5)布里渊散射法.     

地幔转换带底部橄榄石和辉石高压相变实验研究：对660km地震不连续面结构的启示

橄榄石和辉石以及它们的高压相是地幔转换带主要矿物,系统研究橄榄石和辉石在转换带底部温度和压力条件下相变的差异是认识660km地震不连续面位置和形态的关键．本文使用多面砧压机开展了橄榄石和顽火辉石在压力为21．3～24．4GPa,温度为1600℃的相变实验研究．地幔转换带底部,橄榄石和顽火辉石相变主要的差异在于钙钛矿出现的压力不同．在橄榄石体系中,后尖晶石相分解发生在23．8GPa,与660km不连续面具有很好的对应关系;而在顽火辉石体系中,钙钛矿出现的压力小于23GPa．研究结果表明,橄榄石后尖晶石相变与辉石中钙钛矿的出现之间有约0．5—1GPa压力差．因此,在受大洋俯冲带影响地区（例如中国东部）,辉石体系中发生的秋本石（钛铁矿）．钙钛矿的相变能够合理解释660km地震不连续面向上的起伏或分裂．     

砂土液化对设计反应谱和场地分类的影响

本文采用有效应力原理分析了液化土层对设计反应谱的影响，分析中考虑了砂层的厚度、埋深和输入地震动等因素。选择Ⅱ类场地，将其标准反应谱合成的三条地震加速度时程在考虑土层非液化下反演到基岩，再正演计算存在液化层时的地面运动时程和反应谱。分析结果表明，从特征周期的变化来看，液化土层使Ⅱ类场地易变为Ⅳ类场地，对地震影响系数的作用则不是很大，但频谱上0．8s是一个分界线，液化土层对分界线以下的高频分量有一定减震效果，对分界线以上的低频分量有显著的放大效应。     

俯冲带深部应力场的二维粘弹性有限元数值模拟

基于粘弹性平面应变有限元数值模拟方法，研究了俯冲带深部的应力场特征．当根据Karato等的研究结果给出俯冲板块的粘度结构时，橄榄石——尖晶石相变界面以下中心低粘区两侧出现应力集中区，而且其主压应力方向沿俯冲方向走向．其特征与已有的深源地震主压应力方向沿俯冲方向及深源地震有两个条带的地震观测结果相吻合．相变过渡区因矿物更小的颗粒粒度而导致的更小的等效粘度对俯冲带深部应力场的影响不大；存在和不存在亚稳态橄榄石楔的情况下，橄榄石——尖晶石相变过渡区附近都有最大剪应力的最大值出现，而其主压应力方向有垂直于橄榄石——尖晶石相变过渡区走向的趋势，尚与地震观测资料不符．      

人工合成橄榄石单晶方法综述

橄榄石是上地幔的主要造岩矿物,研究橄榄石在高温高压下的物理化学性质是了解地幔对流、板块运动等地球动力学过程的基础.一些研究橄榄石物理化学性质的实验需要用到橄榄石单晶,例如在实验室中进行的变形实验,无论是双轴压缩、三轴压缩、简单剪切,还是扭转变形实验等等.近年来,水对橄榄石蠕变性质的影响被广泛关注,橄榄石的含水测量也需要用到大尺寸的橄榄石单晶.除了实验室需要大晶体,合成晶体也是新材料领域的研究热点和发展前沿,目前国内外人工合成单晶的方法包括从固相、液相、气相以及从熔体中合成晶体.在人工合成橄榄石单晶方面,目前主要使用的方法包括提拉法、浮区法和烧结法.本文综述了从固相、液相、气相以及从熔体中合成晶体的方法,详细介绍了人工合成橄榄石单晶所采用的提拉法、浮区法和烧结法等三种方法的原理与合成过程,讨论了不同方法的优缺点,其中烧结法合成单晶需要的时间短,但是对温度以及实验的氧化还原环境要求较高;浮区法生长大的单晶耗时短、可以得到大尺寸的单晶,但对工艺技术要求高;提拉法可以通过籽晶的取向来制备不同晶体取向的单晶,过程容易控制,但是由于使用坩埚而容易污染,不适用于对于固态下有相变的晶体.通过以上研究,本文提出了以后生长大尺寸橄榄石单晶的可能途径,希望对橄榄石单晶的制备方面工作提供参考.     

地震动反应谱与相位差谱的关系

研究了地震动相位差谱与反应谱的关系，从中发现相位差谱通过影响单自由度体系反应时程的形状来影响地震动反应谱．在相位差谱均值一定的前提下，减小其方差将使反应谱增大，反之将使反应谱减小．在相位差谱方差固定时，增大其均值的斜率将使反应谱值减小，反之将加大反应谱．相位差谱作用于反应谱时阻尼在其中起着重要作用，随着阻尼的增大，相位差谱对反应谱影响越来越明显．阻尼的增大使得相位差谱对放大倍数谱的影响逐渐减小．      

地震动反应谱与相位差谱的关系

研究了地震动相位差谱与反应谱的关系，从中发现相位差谱通过影响单自由度体系反应时程的形状来影响地震动反应谱．在相位差谱均值一定的前提下，减小其方差将使反应谱增大，反之将使反应谱减小．在相位差谱方差固定时，增大其均值的斜率将使反应谱值减小，反之将加大反应谱．相位差谱作用于反应谱时阻尼在其中起着重要作用，随着阻尼的增大，相位差谱对反应谱影响越来越明显．阻尼的增大使得相位差谱对放大倍数谱的影响逐渐减小     

上地幔流变性质的研究进展

本文主要总结了近十多年来橄榄岩流变实验的研究成果,介绍了上地幔流变研究的进展和意义.经过多年的实验研究,橄榄岩流变性质在理论和应用方面都已取得重要突破.人们利用高温高压实验深入研究了熔/流体、铁含量、粒径尺度、温压条件等因素对橄榄石流变性质的影响,得到了表征橄榄石流变特性的幂率本构方程的各参数,并从理论方面探讨了橄榄石等矿物在不同深度处可能存在的变形机制.在应用方面,高温高压流变研究为许多地质现象(如软流圈的成因)的解释和地球动力学(如地幔对流)的模拟提供了实验依据和基础数据,如辉石的粒度效应可以解释上地幔板块边界变形及剪切局域化问题等.尽管对上地幔矿物的流变特性进行了深入地研究,但还有许多问题需要人们进一步厘定,如碳酸盐熔体对橄榄石流变性质的影响,橄榄石变形机制的转化等.     

二氧化硅对橄榄石热液蚀变反应速率和氢气形成的影响

橄榄石热液蚀变影响地球动力学和俯冲带挥发分(如水和碳)的再循环.二氧化硅是地质流体的重要成分之一.已有实验研究主要采用H₂O或者盐溶液作为初始物与橄榄石反应,而对二氧化硅对橄榄石热液蚀变反应和氢气形成的影响缺乏认识.本文在300～515℃和3.0kbar条件下开展水热实验(1bar=10⁵Pa),考察均匀混合的橄榄石和二氧化硅粉末与盐溶液(0.5mol L^-1的NaCl)反应产物和过程.使用傅里叶红外光谱分析建立标准曲线,测定了实验产物中蛇纹石和滑石的比例.结果显示,二氧化硅可以显著影响橄榄石的热液蚀变反应路径、反应速率和氢气的形成.在300℃、SiO₂含量为10wt%时,7天后橄榄石热液蚀变形成蛇纹石(占6.5%)和滑石(占12%).延长反应时间,蛇纹石和滑石并没有明显增加.形成蛇纹石的反应方程式为:4.5橄榄石+5.5SiO₂+4H₂O=蛇纹石.当初始物中SiO₂增加至20wt%以上时,橄榄石热液蚀变形成滑石.当SiO_2...     

水在橄榄石中溶解度研究的固体传压高温高压实验方法

人们关注地球深部水对地球介质的力学和物理性质影响．以往实验研究大都用气体设备在几百MPa的低压力下进行的．为实现深部高压条件，本文用固体传压技术在1000-1300℃；1．0～2．0GPa（相当上地幔）温压条件进行橄榄石晶体内水溶解度实验研究．实验表明，固体传压技术用于晶体“含水”实验研究是一种有效方法；研究证实，与低压实验一样，高压下水赋存在橄榄石晶体中仍以H离子作为“杂质”进入晶体缺陷为主要形式，并发现水的溶解度与实验压力相关，     

高温高压下麻粒岩电导率研究

麻粒岩是下地壳的重要组成物质,模拟其在下地壳温压条件下的电导率对于认识下地壳的电导率分布具有十分重要的意义.本文用交流法在1 GPa下,373~1002 K范围内研究了麻粒岩样品的复阻抗,并且对测量结果进行了阻抗谱分析.研究结果表明,复阻抗对频率具有依赖性,且随温度的升高,复阻抗的实部、虚部均变小.在实验给出的温度范围内,电导率结果符合Arrhenius关系式.当温度在373~663 K范围内时,实验所获得的激化焓为0.31 eV,表明样品的电导率由低能带杂质离子所控制;当温度在673~1002 K范围内时,激化焓为0.67 eV,此时可能为小极化子导电.将所得电导率结果与西南峨边-马边地区以及华北应县―商河地区的大地电磁结果进行了对比,发现在所模拟的下地壳温压范围内,实验室测得的电导率位于野外MT数据范围内.     

Experimental studies of electrical conductivities and P-wave velocities of gabbro at high pressures and high temperatures

The studies on the physical properties of minerals and rocks in combination with the work in petrology, mineralogy and geochemistry are not only a useful mean to look into the composition and structure of the earth抯 interior, but also can provide extreme…     

碳酸盐化橄榄岩的电性研究

为进一步探讨上地幔的高导层成因,了解碳酸盐在上地幔电性方面的作用并估算上地幔高导层的碳酸盐含量,本文对不同碳酸盐含量的橄榄岩及玄武岩样品在2~3 GPa、300~1300℃的条件下进行了电性实验研究.研究初步发现:碳酸盐熔体显著增强橄榄岩、玄武岩样品的导电能力;单纯用含硅酸盐熔体的橄榄岩或单纯用含水橄榄岩可能难以解释上地幔某些区域的异常高导现象;同样,单纯用碳酸盐化的橄榄岩可能也难以解释上地幔某些区域的高导现象;上地幔的高导区很可能是碳酸盐熔体、硅酸盐熔体及水的共存区域.     

Laboratory Electrical Conductivity Measurement of Mantle Minerals

Electrical conductivity structures of the Earth’s mantle estimated from the magnetotelluric and geomagnetic deep sounding methods generally show increase of conductivity from 10⁻⁴–10⁻² to 10⁰ S/m with increasing depth to the top of the lower mantle. Although conductivity does not vary significantly in the lower mantle, the possible existence of a highly conductive layer has been proposed at the base of the lower mantle from geophysical modeling. The electrical properties of mantle rocks are controlled by thermodynamic parameters such as pressure, temperature and chemistry of the main constituent minerals. Laboratory electrical conductivity measurements of mantle minerals have been conducted under high pressure and high temperature conditions using solid medium high-pressure apparatus. To distinguish several charge transport mechanisms in mantle minerals, it is necessary to measure the electrical conductivity in a wider temperature range. Although the correspondence of data has not been yet established between each laboratory, an outline tendency of electrical conductivity of the mantle minerals is almost the same. Most of mineral phases forming the Earth’s mantle exhibit semiconductive behavior. Dominant conduction mechanism is small polaron conduction (electron hole hopping between ferrous and ferric iron), if these minerals contain iron. The phase transition olivine to high-pressure phases enhances the conductivity due to structural changes. As a result, electrical conductivity increases in order of olivine, wadsleyite and ringwoodite along the adiabat geotherm. The phase transition to post-spinel at the 660 km discontinuity further can enhance the conductivity. In the lower mantle, the conductivity once might decrease in the middle of the lower mantle due to the iron spin transition and then abruptly increase at the condition of the D″ layer. The impurities in the mantle minerals strongly control the formation, number and mobility of charge carriers. Hydrogen in nominally anhydrous minerals such as olivine and high-pressure polymorphs can enhance the conductivity by the proton conduction. However, proton conduction has lower activation enthalpy compared with small polaron conduction, a contribution of proton conduction becomes smaller at high temperatures, corresponding to the mantle condition. Rather high iron content in mantle minerals largely enhances the conductivity of the mantle. This review focuses on a compilation of fairly new advances in experimental laboratory work together with their explanation.     

西藏南部蛇绿岩套电导率研究

大地电磁(MT)资料显示,青藏高原地壳及地幔中普遍存在着高导层.作为大陆造山带中古洋盆岩石圈残片,蛇绿岩套的电导率测量可为了解古洋盆地区地壳及地幔的电性结构提供极其有用的信息.本研究中,我们在压力为1 GPa或3 GPa下,用交流阻抗谱法测量了采自西藏南部地区的蚀变辉长岩、玄武岩、角闪橄榄岩及方辉橄榄岩四个样品的阻抗谱,并进一步得出样品的电导率,不同样品电导率与温度之间的关系满足Arrhenius关系式.在实验温度范围内,蛇绿岩套电导率的对数logσ位于-6.0~-0.5 S/m之间,且随着温度的增高,不同样品电导率增大约4~5.5个量级.样品在未脱水的情况下,低温段的活化焓变化范围在0.4~0.6 eV之间,高温段的活化焓变化范围为1.7~2.6 eV之间.同时,我们研究了样品中结构水含量及铁含量对实验电导率的影响,验证了样品电导率与铁含量之间呈正比关系.当对样品结构水含量进行归一化后,相同温度下各样品的电导率随铁含量的增加而增大,而对样品铁含量归一化后,相同温度下各样品的电导率随样品中水含量的增加而增大.将实验电导率与藏南地区大地电磁结果进行了对比,发现本研究中各样品高温段实验电导率结果均落在大地电磁结果范围内.     

镁橄榄石相变长大率与水含量的关系及亚稳态橄榄石的存在深度

通过分析镁橄榄石相变长大率方程的指前系数和亥姆霍兹活化能在不同含水条件下的实验拟合值,本文研究了橄榄石相变长大率与水含量的关系.结果表明含水量较高的镁橄榄石在相变过程中对应较低的亥姆霍兹活化能,而长大率方程中的指前系数几乎是一个与含水量无关的常数.这个常数的数值在晶界控制长大的晶体相变动力学经典理论中相应于晶界是一层或...     

Asthenospheric parameters of dipping plate regions by magnetotelluric investigations

The multifrequency resolving capability of the electromagnetic surface impedance parameter, employed in magnetotelluric investigations, has been examined for an upper mantle model incorporating (1) a deep-seated lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary and (2) preferred orientations of olivine crystals in the lithosphere, usually associated with the subducting plate boundary zones. Numerical results display the quantitative errors in the resolution of various anisotropic and dipping plate conditions. It is found that (1) conductivity anisotropy, particularly with higher dips, causes a significant dispersion in the impedance values and higher resolving power, and (2) variations in the geometrical/physical parameters are reflected predominantly in the phase component of the surface impedance. The study has relevance to the understanding of the electrical nature of materials, its relationship with physical properties and associated geothermal and seismic activities in the dipping plate regions.     

Evidence for low viscosity garnet-rich layers in the upper mantle

The rheological properties of upper mantle rocks play an important role in controlling the dynamics of the lithosphere and mantle convection. Experimental studies and microstructures in naturally deformed mantle rocks usually imply that olivine controls the upper mantle rheology. Here we show for the first time evidence from the geometry of folded compositional layers in mantle rocks from Western Norway that garnet-rich rocks can have lower solid-state viscosities than olivine-rich rocks. Modeling of melt-free and dry rheology of garnet and olivine confirms that the reversed viscosity contrast between garnet-rich and olivine-rich layers for this folding event can be achieved over a relatively wide range of temperatures at low stress conditions when the fine-grained garnet deforms by diffusion creep while the coarse-grained olivine deforms by dislocation creep and/or diffusion creep.In general, modeling of the fold viscosity contrast shows that in the stable subcontinental lithospheric mantle or convecting mantle such a reversed viscosity contrast can be formed due to diffusion creep processes in fine-grained garnets in a dry mantle environment or at conditions where the garnet-pyroxene layer is partially molten, i.e. close to solidus–liquidus conditions in the upper mantle. Alternatively in cold plate tectonic settings, e.g. in subduction zones, some water-weakening is a feasible mechanism to create the reversed viscosity contrast between garnet and olivine.     

CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC PREFERRED ORIENTATION(CPO) OF ANISOTROPIC MINERALS IN THE LITHOSPHERE AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE TO THE STUDY OFLITHOSPHERE DYNAMICS

Seismic anisotropy has been widely used to constrain deformation and mantle flow within the upper mantle of the Earth's interior, and is mainly affected by crystallographic preferred orientation(CPO)of anisotropic mineral in lithosphere. Anisotropy of peridotites caused by deformation is the main source of seismic anisotropy in the upper mantle. Olivine is the most abundant and easily deformed mineral to form CPO in peridotite, thus the CPO of olivine controls seismic anisotropy in the upper mantle. Based on simple shear experiments and studies of natural peridotites deformation, several CPO types of olivine have been identified, including A, B, C, D, E and AG-type. Studies on the deformation of olivine have shown that the CPO of olivine is mainly related to stress, water content, temperature, pressure, partial melting and melt/fluid percolation. Most of the seismic anisotropy has been explained by the A-type olivine CPO in the upper mantle, which is commonly found in upper-mantle peridotites and produced by the simple shear in dry conditions. Previous studies showed that anisotropy was attributed to the CPO of mica and amphibole in the middle-lower crust. The comparison between mantle anisotropy calculated from mineral CPO and regional anisotropy deduced from geophysical methods is therefore particularly useful for interpreting the deformation mechanisms and geodynamic processes which affect the upper mantle in different tectonic units such as subduction system, continental rift and continental collision zone in the world. The paper summarizes the characteristics of CPO and anisotropy of major anisotropic minerals in the upper mantle. Taking the lithosphere mantle xenoliths in the southeastern Tibetan plateau as an example, we perform detailed studies on the microstructures and seismic anisotropy to better understand the deformation mechanisms and upper mantle anisotropy in this region. Results show that the CPO of olivine in peridotite xenoliths in southeastern Tibetan plateau are A-type and AG-type. The mechanisms proposed for the formation of AG-type are different from that for the A-type. Therefore, the occurrence of AG-type olivine CPO pattern suggests that this CPO may record a change in deformation mechanism and tectonic environment of the lithosphere in southeastern Tibetan plateau. Provided that the strong SKS(shear wave splitting)observed in southeastern Tibetan plateau results from lithosphere mantle, the lithosphere mantle in this region is expected to be at least 130km thick and characterized by vertical foliation. Considering that the thickness of lithosphere in southeastern Tibetan plateau is much less than 130km and the lithosphere mantle cannot explain the anisotropy measured by SKS, other anisotropy sources should be considered, such as anisotropy in the asthenosphere and the oriented melt pockets(MPO)in the upper mantle. Therefore, detailed study of CPO of anisotropic mineral is essential for constraining geophysical measurements and analyzing the dynamic process of the lithosphere reasonably.     

Inferences on the lunar temperature from gravity,stress state and flow laws

Inferences on the lunar temperature regime are made from the inversion of gravity for density anomalies and the stress-state of the Moon's interior, and by comparing these results with flow laws and estimates of likely strain-rates.The nature of the spectrum of the lunar gravitational potential indicates that the density anomalies giving rise to the potential are mainly of near-surface origon. The average stress-differences in the lunar mantle required to support these density anomalies are of the order of a few tens of bars and have persisted for more than 3 · 10⁹ years. If current flow laws for dry olivine can be extrapolated to the conditions of the lunar mantle, and the selenotherms based on electrical conductivity models are valid, the strain rates are too high to explain the preservation of the lateral near-surface density anomalies. We suggest that the present temperatures in the Moon are relatively low, of the order of 800°C or less, at a depth of about 300 km. This compares with 1100°C based on electrical conductivity models and is near the lower limit predicted by Keihm and Langseth (1977) from lunar heat-flow observations.