斑节对虾苗和刀额新对虾苗对低盐度适应力的研究

取体长为１１ｍｍ的斑节对虾苗和刀额新对虾苗体长为６．１ｍｍ,经暂养数天后,分别在不同盐度的水中进行试验。结果表明,这两种虾苗适应低盐度十分广泛。刀额新对虾苗可比斑节对虾苗适应更低的盐度。斑节对虾苗在从盐度２３．１８直接降至盐度６．２１时,成活率仍可达７０％。当虾苗饲养在盐度１８．５４时,直接放水至海水盐度５．１,成活率为８５％。当虾苗在从盐度２５．１３逐渐淡化到盐度１时,成活率仍有２０％－４０％,     

壳多糖对罗氏沼虾,斑节对虾苗生长和抗菌防病作用研究

探讨壳多糖对虾苗的生长和抗菌防病的作用。用玻璃缸培育罗氏沼虾和斑节对虾苗,在水体中添加不同浓度的壳多糖,人为感染气单胞菌或弧菌,观测虾苗的生长和抗病情况。结果表明：（１）在培养水体中加入壳多糖能净水水质,防止水质恶化,因而可进行不换水育苗;（２）壳多糖（２５×１０＾－６－１００×１０＾－６）可抑制气单胞菌和弧菌的生长繁殖,增强抗病能力,提高虾苗的成活率;（３）适宜浓度为２５×１０＾－６－１００×１     

壳多糖对罗氏沼虾、斑节对虾苗生长和抗菌防病作用研究

探讨壳多糖（chitosan）对虾苗的生长和抗菌防病的作用。用玻璃缸培育罗氏沼虾和斑节对虾苗,在水体中添加不同浓度的壳多糖,人为感染气单胞菌或弧菌,观测虾苗的生长和抗病情况。结果表明：（1）在培养水体中加入壳多糖（50×10-6）能净化水质,防止水质恶化,因而可进行不换水育苗;（2）壳多糖（25×10-6～100×10-6）可抑制气单胞菌和弧菌的生长繁殖,增强抗病能力,提高虾苗的成活率;（3）适宜浓度25×10－6～50×10-6）的壳多糖对虾苗的生长有促进作用。     

4种对虾耗氧率、CO_2排出量、呼吸商和窒息点的研究（英文）

较系统研究了斑节对虾、墨吉对虾、日本对虾和刀额新对虾等４种对虾的耗氧率、ＣＯ２排出量、呼吸商和窒息点。结果表明,同一种类不同大小和不同种类及生活习性不同,耗氧率、ＣＯ２排出量、呼吸商和窒息点有较大的差别。日本对虾、刀额新对虾的耗氧率、ＣＯ２排出量比其他两种虾低。墨吉对虾次之,斑节对虾为最高。对ＤＯ忍受能力,刀额新对虾最强,在ＤＯ０．６０ｍｇ／Ｌ才开始出现窒息。斑节对虾次之,在ＤＯ降至０．８８ｍｇ／Ｌ出现窒息。墨吉对虾在ＤＯ１．１９ｍｇ／Ｌ出现窒息。日本对虾忍受ＤＯ能力最差,在以ＤＯ１．３１ｍｇ／Ｌ出现窒息。     

4种对虾耗氧率,CO2排出量,呼吸商和窒息点的研究

较系统研究了斑节对虾、墨吉对虾、日本对虾和的对虾道路 对虾的耗氧率、ＣＯ２排出量,呼吸商和窒息点。结果表明,同一种类不同大小和不同种类及生活习性不同,耗氧率、ＣＯ２排出量、呼吸商和窒息点有较大的差别。日本对虾、刀额新地虾的耗氧率、ＣＯ２排出量比其他两种虾低。墨吉对虾次之,斑节对虾为最高,对ＤＯ忍受能力,刀额新对虾最强,在ＤＯ０．６０ｍｇ／Ｌ才开始出现窒息,斑节对虾闪之在ＤＯ降至０．８８ｍｇ／Ｌ出现     

墨西哥湾扇贝稚贝盐度适应性的研究

在室内控制条件下,观察不同海水盐度对墨西哥湾扇贝(Argopecten irradians concentricusSay)稚贝存活及生长的影响,并将168 h 50%死亡的盐度作为适宜生存临界盐度,将增长率为最佳增长率30%时所对应的盐度作为适宜生长临界盐度。结果表明:在稚贝壳高4.38 mm±0.31 mm,水温25.4~27.8℃,pH值7.8~8.2下,墨西哥湾扇贝稚贝适宜生存盐度为23.6~35.7,最适生存盐度为26.0~31.3;适宜生长盐度为23.9~35.8,最适生长盐度为28.7~31.3。在盐度变化超出最适范围时,`墨西哥湾扇贝稚贝对低盐更为敏感,高盐比低盐对稚贝存活、生长、增重的影响小。当盐度为28.7时,墨西哥湾扇贝稚贝具有最高的相对存活率(100%)、壳高日增长率(0.116 2 mm.d-1)及体重日增长率(1.95 mg.d-1)。当盐度在最适范围之外升高或降低,稚贝的存活率、壳高及体重日增长率也随着降低。     

鱼塘产斑节对虾（Penaeus monodon）催熟繁殖技术研究

以综合催熟措施和移植精荚手术相结合的技术方法、解决了鱼塘产斑节对虾催熟效应期长,产卵率低,易蜕壳失去精荚等难题。使用２７８尾雌虾,催熟率达９０％以上,在４０ｄ内共产卵６０８层次,卵量１８５３０万粒,孵出无节幼体１１９９８万尾,平均孵化率６４．７％,平均每尾雌虾孵出无节幼体４３．１万尾,育成商品虾苗１０２８．５万尾,育苗平均成活率１３．６％,试养成活率５７．１％。     

鱼塭产斑节对虾(Penaeus monodon)催熟繁殖技术研究

以综合催熟措施和移植精荚手术相结合的技术方法,解决了鱼塭产斑节对虾催熟效应期长,产卵率低,易蜕壳失去精荚等难题。使用 ２７８ 尾雌虾,催熟率达９０％ 以上,在４０ ｄ 内共产卵６０８ 尾次,卵量１８ ５３０ 万粒,孵出无节幼体１１ ９９８ 万尾,平均孵化率 ６４．７％ ,平均每尾雌虾孵出无节幼体 ４３．１ 万尾,育成商品虾苗 １ ０２８．５ 万尾,育苗平均成活率 １３．６％ ,试养成活率５７．１％     

不同pH和盐度下氨氮对方斑东风螺的毒性研究

在不同海水盐度和pH的条件下进行了氨氮对日龄30d的方斑东风螺（Babrylonia areolata）的急性毒性试验。结果表明：海水盐度和pH对氨氮的毒性有较大的影响，水温为29～30℃条件下，当盐度为18、23、28时，氨氮对方斑东风螺的安全浓度分别为9．39、10．40、11．97mg／L，盐度越低氨氮毒性越强；当pH为6．5、7．5,8．5时，氨氮对方斑东风螺的安全浓度分别为18．500、14．080、10．200mg／L，pn值越高氨氮毒性越强。     

华贵栉孔扇贝稚贝盐度适应性的研究

通过室内实验研究了水温28.5～29.4℃、pH值7.6～8.1条件下,华贵栉孔扇贝Chlamys nobilis(Reeve)稚贝(壳高9.77±0.19mm)对不同盐度的适应性。结果表明:华贵栉孔扇贝稚贝适宜生存盐度为24.27~37.18,最适生存盐度为26.91~32.13,适宜生长盐度为24.56~37.09,最适生长盐度为26.91~29.52。在适宜生存盐度范围内,当盐度变化超出最适范围时,低盐端变化对相对成活率、壳高日增长率、体重日增长率影响比高盐端明显。     

Protein-sparing effect of carbohydrate in diets for juvenile turbot Scophthalmus maximus reared at different salinities

The aim of the present study was to investigate the protein-sparing effect of carbohydrate in diets for juvenile turbot(Scophthalmus maximus) reared at five salinities(12,18,24,30,and 36).The fish were fed three isocaloric and isolipidic diets for 60 days.The results show that specific growth rate(SGR)and feed conversion efficiency(FCE) were higher in fish reared at salinities of 18 and 36,but lower at 12.Fish fed with diet C25P40(25%carbohydrate and 40%protein) had lower SGR and FCE values compared with those fed with the C5P52(5%carbohydrate and 52%protein) and C15P46(15%carbohydrate and 46%protein) diets;however,there was no statistical difference between diet C5P52 and C15P46.SGR and FCE values were unaffected by diet composition in fish reared at salinity 36.Hepatic lipogenic enzyme activities were higher in fish reared at 18 and 36,but lower at 12,while glucokinase(GK) activity was higher in fish reared at 12,and lower at 18 and 36.Dietary starch enhanced GK activity while depressing lipogenic enzyme activity.However,lipogenic enzyme activity increased with increasing dietary starch in fish reared at 36.It is recommended that salinity should be maintained 12 in the farming of juvenile turbot.In addition,an increase in gelatinized starch from 5%to 15%could spare 6%dietary protein in fish reared at salinities of 18-30,while higher salinity(36) could improve dietary carbohydrate use and enhance the protein-sparing effect,which is linked with the induction of lipogenic capacities.     

Effects of salinity on embryonic development,survival, and growth of Crassostrea hongkongensis

This study examined the effects of salinity on embryonic development, survival, and growth of the Hong Kong oyster Crassostrea hongkongensis. The embryos, larvae, and juveniles of C. hongkongensis were held in artificial seawater at three different salinities (low, 15; medium, 23; and high, 30) to determine the optimum hatchery and nursery conditions for mass production of the seeds. Results showed that the percentage production of straight-hinged larvae from fertilized eggs was significantly lower at the high salinity than at the low- and medium-salinities (P < 0.05). The survival rates of larvae and juveniles differed significantly among the three salinity trials, with the highest survival rate observed at the low salinity (P < 0.05). The shell height of larvae was significantly larger at the low salinity than at the high and medium salinities from days 9 to 15 (P < 0.05), whereas that of juveniles was significantly larger at the low salinity than at the high and medium salinities on day 70 (P < 0.05). These results indicate that the larvae and juveniles of C. hongkongensis are tolerant to a wide range of salinities (15 to 30), but show better growth and survival at relatively low salinities. Thus, it is recommended to use relatively low salinities in hatchery and nursery systems for improved yields of C. hongkongensis.     

Competition Among Dinoflagellate Alexandrium Tamarense, Raphidophyte Heterosigma Carterae and Diatom Skeletonema Costatum under Combinations of Two Temperatures and Five Salinities

INTRODUCTIONFrequentoccurrenceofHAB (HarmfulAlgalBlooms)hasbeenobservedinChinasincethe1 970’s .ThegreatharmtothemarineecosystemandpotentialthreattohumanhealthcausedbyHABhavebecomeamajorconcern .However ,themechanismofHABformationisstillpoorlyunderstood .BothphysicalandchemicalfactorsareconsideredasmaincausesforHABformation ,becauseunderoptimaltemperature ,salinityandnutrientconditions,HABspeciesgrowfastandaremorelikelytoformblooms .Changesintheseenvironmentalfactorsmayleadtoashif…     

蜕壳促长素对斑节对虾、刀额新对虾蜕壳和生长的作用

在对虾人工配合饲料中添加蜕（脱）壳促长素，喂养斑节对虾（ＰｅｎａｅｕｓｍｏｎｏｄｏｎＦａｂｒｉｃｉｕｓ）和刀额新对虾（ＭｅｔａｐｅｎａｅｕｓｅｎｓｉｓＤｅＨａａｎ），观察其促进蜕壳、生长的作用。试验证明：饲料中添加不同浓度（０．５‰。、１．０‰、１．５‰）的蜕壳促长素，均不同程度地促进对虾的蜕壳和生长。添加浓度为１．５％。效果最为明显。值得在生产中应用。     

Production of DMS and DMSP in different physiological stages and salinity conditions in two marine algae

Dimethylsulfide(DMS) and dimethylsulfoniopropionate(DMSP) production by Scrippsiella trochoidea and Prorocentrum minimum was investigated to characterize the effects of physiological stage and salinity on DMS and DMSP pools of these two marine phytoplankton species.Axenic laboratory cultures of the two marine algae were tested for DMSP production and its conversion into DMS.The results demonstrated that both algal species could produce DMS,but the average concentration of DMS per cell in S.trochoidea(12.63 fmol/L) was about six times that in P.minimum(2.01 fmol/L).DMS and DMSP concentrations in algal cultures varied significantly at different growth stages,with high release during the late stationary growth phase and the senescent phase.DMS production induced by three salinities(22,28,34) showed that the DMS concentrations per cell in the two algal cultures increased with increasing salinity,which might result from intra-cellular DMSP up-regulation with the change of osmotic stress.Our study specifies the distinctive contributions of different physiological stages of marine phytoplankton on DMSP and DMS production,and clarifies the influence of salinity conditions on the release of DMS and DMSP.As S.trochoidea and P.minimum are harmful algal bloom species with high DMS production,they might play an additional significant role in the sulfur cycle when a red tide occurs.     

Salinity tolerance and growth response of juvenile <Emphasis Type="Italic">Oreochromis mossambicus</Emphasis> at different salinity levels

1　Introduction　Theuseofnaturalresources ,includingthosebeingofseeminglymarginalvalue ,isanimportanthumanactivitydesignedtoincreasefoodproductionandin come .Inagriculture ,soilsmaybetoosalinetosup portprofitablecrophusbandry ,yetsuchsoilmaybeusedalternat…     

Effects of salinity and nutrients on the growth and chlorophyll fluorescence of Caulerpa lentillifera

Caulerpa lentillifera is a green algae that distributes worldwide and is cultivated for food. We assessed vegetative propagation of C. lentillifera by measuring the specific growth rate(SGR) and chlorophyll fluorescence of the green algae cultured at different salinities and nutrient levels. The results indicated that C. lentillifera can survive in salinities ranging from 20 to 50,and can develop at salinities of 30 to 40. The maximum SGR for C. lentillifera occurred at a salinity of 35. Both chlorophyll content and the ratio of variable to maximum fluorescence( Fv / Fm) were also at a maximum at a salinity of 35. Photosynthesis was inhibited in salinities greater than 45 and less than 25. Both the maximum SGR and maximum chlorophyll content were found in algae treated with a concentration of 0.5 mmol/L of NO3-N and 0.1 mmol/L of PO 4-P. The photosynthetic capacity of photosystem II(PSII) was inhibited in cultures of C. lentillifera at high nutrient levels. This occurred when NO3-N concentrations were greater than 1.0 mmol/L and when PO4- P concentrations were at 0.4 mmol/L. As there is strong need for large-scale cultivation of C. lentillifera,these data contribute important information to ensure optimal results.     

Competition Among Dinoflagellate Alexandrium Tam—arense, Raphidophyte Heterosigma Carterae and Diatom Skeletonema Costatum under Combinations ofTwo Temperatures and Five Salinities

Competition among HAB (Harmful Algal Bloom) species Dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense, Raphidophyte Heterosigma carterae, and Diatom Skeletonema costatum was studied in the laboratory. Experiments with these three major HAB species under combinations of different salinities (10, 18, 25, 30, 35) and temperatures (19℃, 25℃) were carried out. The results showed that S. costatum successfully competed with the other two species at salinities of 18, 25,30, and 35 at temperatures of 19℃ and 25℃. However, H. carterae showed its advantage at low salinity of 10 and became the single dominant species at salinity 10 and 25℃. A. tamarense could not compete successfully with the other two species especially at low salinities. However, it could remain at low density in the presence of higher densities of other algae.