基于多尺度分析方法的近断层地震动特性分析

近断层长周期地震动是一类较特殊的破坏性地震动.为了深入探讨近断层地震动的低频分量组成及其脉冲特性,基于小波理论中的多尺度分析方法提出了一种地震动分量分解方法,据此可将一条地震动分解成频率各不相同的多条分量.首先从频域、时域以及动态响应三个方面阐述了该分解方法的有效性和精确性.进而采用这种方法对近期12次大地震中的53条典型近断层地震动进行了分解,共获得266条地震动分量.分析了近断层地震动中的长周期分量随场地、断层距等影响因素的变化特征;再以卓越分量作为最大脉冲的简化模型,探讨了速度幅值和脉冲周期随震级、断层距的变化关系.结果表明：近断层长周期地震动主要由周期为0.2~2 s的分量组成;近断层土层场地地震动中的长周期分量比岩石场地多;在0~15 km的近断层区域,随断层距的增加,地震动中长周期分量的比重明显减小;卓越分量的速度幅值PGVp约为原始地震动速度幅值PGV的0.6倍,且两者之间具有明显的线性关系;PGVp随断层距的增大而减小,随震级的增大而增大;卓越分量周期Tp随震级的增大呈对数线性增大趋势.     

Multifractal characteristic analysis of near-fault earthquake ground motions

This study aims to reveal the multi-scaling behavior and quantify the irregularity of near-fault earthquake ground motions from a new perspective of multifractal theory. Based on multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis, the multifractal characteristic parameters of acceleration time series for typical near-fault ground motions are calculated, and their correlations with two period parameters (i.e., mean period T_m and characteristic period T_c) and box-counting fractal dimensions are analyzed. Numerical results of strong nonlinear dependence of generalized Hurst exponents h(q) upon the fluctuation orders q indicate that near-fault ground motions present the multifractal properties and long-range correlation obviously. Furthermore, the scaling exponent h(2) of near-fault records has a strong correlation with their periods T_m and T_c, and strongly negative correlation with their box dimension. Moreover, h(2) can be regarded as a measure of frequency content and irregularity degree of strong earthquake ground motions. Finally, it is pointed out that the long-range correlation of small and large fluctuation is the major source of multifractality of near-fault ground motions.     

Effects of near-fault ground motions on the nonlinear behaviour of reinforced concrete framed buildings

The design provisions of current seismic codes are generally not very accurate for assessing effects of near-fault ground motions on reinforced concrete(r.c.)spatial frames,because only far-fault ground motions are considered in the seismic codes.Strong near-fault earthquakes are characterized by long-duration(horizontal)pulses and high values of the ratio α_(PGA)of the peak value of the vertical acceleration,PGA_V,to the analogous value of the horizontal acceleration,PGA_H,which can become critical for girders and columns.In this work,six- and twelve-storey r.c.spatial frames are designed according to the provisions of the Italian seismic code,considering the horizontal seismic loads acting(besides the gravity loads)alone or in combination with the vertical ones.The nonlinear seismic analysis of the test structures is performed using a step-by-step procedure based on a two-parameter implicit integration scheme and an initial stress-like iterative procedure.A lumped plasticity model based on the Haar-Karman principle is adopted to model the inelastic behaviour of the frame members.For the numerical investigation,five near-fault ground motions with high values of the acceleration ratio α_(PGA) are considered.Moreover,following recent seismological studies,which allow the extraction of the largest(horizontal) pulse from a near-fault ground motion,five pulse-type(horizontal)ground motions are selected by comparing the original ground motion with the residual motion after the pulse has been extracted.The results of the nonlinear dynamic analysis carried out on the test structures highlighted that horizontal and vertical components of near-fault ground motions may require additional consideration in the seismic codes.     

Study on elastic response of structures to near-fault ground motions through record decomposition

Accelerograms recorded near active faults have some important characteristics that make them different from those recorded in far-fault regions. High-frequency components in acceleration records and long-period velocity pulses are among notable specifications of such ground motions. In this paper, a moving average filtering with appropriate cut-off frequency has been used to decompose the near-fault ground motions into two components having different frequency contents: first, Pulse-Type Record (PTR) that possesses long-period pulses; second, the relatively high-frequency BackGround Record (BGR), which does not include large velocity pulses. Comparing the results with those extracted through wavelet analysis shows that moving average filter is an appropriate and efficient tool for near-fault records decomposition. The method is applied to decompose a suite of 91 selected near-fault records and the elastic response of structures is examined through their response to the decomposed parts. The results emphasizes that in contrast with ordinary far-fault earthquake records, response spectra of near-fault ground motions typically have two distinct local peaks, which are representatives of the high- and low-frequency components, i.e., BGR and PTR, respectively. Moreover, a threshold period is identified below which the response of structures is dominated by BGR while PTR controls the response of structures with periods longer than this period.     

A vector-valued intensity measure for near-fault ground motions

Near-fault ground motions containing high energy and large amplitude velocity pulses may cause severe damage to structures. The most widely used intensity measure (IM) is the elastic spectral acceleration at the fundamental period of the structure (Sa(T₁)); however, Sa(T₁) is not a sufficient IM with respect to the effects of the pulse-like ground motions on structural response. For near-fault ground motions, including pulse-like and non–pulse-like time histories, we propose a vector-valued IM consisting of a new IM called instantaneous power (IP(T₁)) and the Sa(T₁). The IP(T₁) is defined as the maximum power of the bandpass-filtered velocity time series over a time interval of 0.5T₁. The IP(T₁) is period-dependent because the velocity time series is filtered over a period range (0.2T₁-3T₁). This allows the IP(T₁) to represent the power of the near-fault ground motions relevant to the response of the structure. Using two-dimensional models of the 2- and 9-story steel-frame buildings, we show that the proposed [Sa(T₁), IP(T₁)] vector IM gives more accurate estimates of the maximum inter-story drift and collapse capacity responses from near-fault ground motions than using the vector IM consisting of the Sa(T₁), the presence of the velocity pulse, and the period of the velocity pulse. Moreover, for the structures considered, for a given Sa(T₁), the IP(T₁) is more strongly correlated with structural damage from near-fault ground motions than the combination of the velocity pulse and pulse period.     

Representation of near-fault pulse-type ground motions

Near-fault ground motions with long-period pulses have been identified as critical in the design of structures. To aid in the representation of this special type of motion, eight simple pulses that characterize the effects of either the fling-step or forward-directivity are considered. Relationships between pulse amplitudes and velocity pulse period for different pulses are discussed. Representative ratios and peak acceleration amplification can exhibit distinctive features depending on variations in pulse duration, amplitude and the selected acceleration pulse shape. Additionally, response spectral characteristics for the equivalent pulses are identified and compared in terms of fixed PGA and PGV, respectively. Response spectra are strongly affected by the duration of pulses and the shape of the basic pulses. Finally, dynamic time history response features of a damped SDOF system subjected to pulse excitations are examined. These special aspects of pulse waveforms and their response spectra should be taken into account in the estimation of ground motions for a project site close to a fault.     

近断层地震动的基本特征

本文对近断层地震动的基本特征作了详细分析,这些基本特征主要包括近断层强地震动的集中性、地表破裂、地面永久变形、破裂的方向性效应、近断层速度大脉冲和上盘效应。这些特征虽然在一次地震中不一定同时出现,但它们是已经被强震观测资料和数值模拟证实了的,在模拟和预测近断层地震动时,必须充分考虑这些特点,合理的近断层地震动模拟或预测模型和方法应当在结果中再现这些特点。     

近断层脉冲型地震动作用下隔震结构地震反应分析

隔震结构在远震场地减震效果良好，但是近断层地震动的明显的长周期速度和位移脉冲运动可能对隔震建筑等长周期结构的抗震性能和设计带来不利影响，需要深入探讨。本文首先讨论近断层地震动的长周期脉冲运动特征，然后以台湾集集地震8条典型近震记录和其它4条常用近震记录以及4条远震记录作为地震动输入，对两幢安装铅芯橡胶隔震支座的钢筋混凝土框架隔震结构进行非线性地震反应时程分析，通过比较探讨了算例计算结果，定量说明隔震结构的近震脉冲效应显著，是隔震设计不容忽视的问题。     

Effects of near-fault and far-fault ground motions on nonlinear dynamic response and seismic damage of concrete gravity dams

As the forward directivity and fling effect characteristics of the near-fault ground motions, seismic response of structures in the near field of a rupturing fault can be significantly different from those observed in the far field. The unique characteristics of the near-fault ground motions can cause considerable damage during an earthquake. This paper presents results of a study aimed at evaluating the near-fault and far-fault ground motion effects on nonlinear dynamic response and seismic damage of concrete gravity dams including dam-reservoir-foundation interaction. For this purpose, 10 as-recorded earthquake records which display ground motions with an apparent velocity pulse are selected to represent the near-fault ground motion characteristics. The earthquake ground motions recorded at the same site from other events that the epicenter far away from the site are employed as the far-fault ground motions. The Koyna gravity dam, which is selected as a numerical application, is subjected to a set of as-recorded near-fault and far-fault strong ground motion records. The Concrete Damaged Plasticity (CDP) model including the strain hardening or softening behavior is employed in nonlinear analysis. Nonlinear dynamic response and seismic damage analyses of the selected concrete dam subjected to both near-fault and far-fault ground motions are performed. Both local and global damage indices are established as the response parameters. The results obtained from the analyses of the dam subjected to each fault effect are compared with each other. It is seen from the analysis results that the near-fault ground motions, which have significant influence on the dynamic response of dam–reservoir–foundation systems, have the potential to cause more severe damage to the dam body than far-fault ground motions.     

南北地震带南段水平向地震动衰减特征

地震动衰减关系作为抗震救灾的重要依据,一直都是现代地震学研究的重点之一.本研究使用南北地震带南段区域2009-2016年共217个地震事件获得随震中距变化的水平向地震动峰值速度（PGV）和地震动峰值加速度（PGA）经验衰减关系,并计算场地响应.研究结果显示PGV衰减关系的拟合效果较PGA更好,两者的距离衰减系数会随事件矩震级增大呈线性减小;相较于大矩震级事件,中矩震级事件在近场可能产生较衰减关系理论值更大的PGV和PGA,同时衰减关系的拟合标准差会随事件矩震级的增大而减小.进行场地响应校正后的PGV和PGA更加符合经验衰减关系,PGA的场地响应影响较PGV更强但两者的趋势一致,并与该区域前人计算得到的地壳Q_s值分布对应,表明地壳介质放大或压制地震波振幅和其传递地震波能量的能力是相关联的.本文结果一定程度上揭示了南北地震带南段的地震动强度衰减特征,为未来中国西南部的抗震减灾工作提供了重要的参考.

     

Fractal characterization and frequency properties of near-fault ground motions

This study explores the irregularity and complexity of strong earthquake ground motions from the perspective of fractal geometry, and constructs a relation with the frequency content of the ground motions. The box-counting fractal dimensions and five representative period parameters of near-fault ground motions from the Chi-Chi and Northridge earthquakes are calculated and compared. Numerical results indicate that the acceleration and velocity time histories of ground motions present the statistical fractal property, and the dominant pulses of near-fault ground motions have a significant influence on their box dimensions and periods. Further, the average box dimension of near-fault impulsive ground motions is smaller, and their irregular degree of wave forms is lower. Moreover, the box dimensions of ground motions reflect their frequency properties to a large extent, and can be regarded as an alternative indicator to represent their frequency content. Finally, the box dimension D of the acceleration histories shows a considerably negative correlation with the mean period T. Meanwhile, the box dimension of the velocity histories Dye is negatively correlated with the characteristic period T and improved characteristic period Tgi.     

近断层地震动作用下钢筋混凝土桥墩的抗震性能

通过对满足规范延性要求的12根典型钢筋混凝土桥墩试件的线性和非线性地震反应分析，指出在近断层地震动作用下满足延性需求与延性能力比小于1.0的桥墩仍可能发生严重破坏和倒塌，若考虑桥墩的地震损伤性能，允许的延性需求与延性能力比不宜超过0.6-0.8。讨论了桥墩延性抗震设计中强度折减系数Rμ和设计基底剪力系数BSC取值问题。     

Near-field horizontal and vertical earthquake ground motions

Strong-motion attenuation relationships are presented for peak ground acceleration, spectral acceleration, energy density, maximum absolute input energy for horizontal and vertical directions and for the ratio of vertical to horizontal of these ground motion parameters. These equations were derived using a worldwide dataset of 186 strong-motion records recorded with 15 km of the surface projection of earthquakes between M_s=5.8 and 7.8. The effect of local site conditions and focal mechanism is included in some of these equations.     

2008年汶川地震近断层地震动的非平稳特征

利用中国强震动台网获得的汶川地震近断层强震动数据,研究汶川地震近断层地震动的强度和频率的非平稳特征,并对其非平稳特征的原因进行初步分析.研究表明近断层地震动强度和频率表现出很强的非平稳特性,这种非平稳特征主要受震源破裂机制、台站方位和局部场地条件的影响.破裂传播正向和反方向上地震动强度和频率的时间过程有显著的不同.在破裂正向上,地震动加速度记录表现为大幅值、短持时的强度过程,强度过程的持续时间为15 s左右,加速度时程的主要周期约为0.4 s,地震动速度时程有较明显的速度脉冲,脉冲周期可以达到8 s;在破裂的反方向上,地震动强度过程的时间跨度长达90 s,加速度记录的主要周期约为0.6 s,速度时程中没有明显的脉冲.小波功率谱的分析结果表明破裂正向上速度脉冲表现为在很小的时间尺度和频域内能量的集中,值得注意的是,观测到的速度脉冲的周期长达8 s,比Chi-Chi地震和Kobe地震中观测到的脉冲周期要长,这可能与汶川地震的震级相对较大有关.     

近断层强震地面运动幅值与持时特性研究

近年来的强震地震观测资料研究显示,近断层地面运动具有区别于远场地震动的显著特征。在收集世界范围内近断层观测记录的基础上,按场地和震级进行分类,采用统计分析的方法研究了近断层地震动的峰值、反应谱谱值和持时特征。研究结果表明,由于方向性效应的影响,两个水平分量的峰值存在显著差异,反应谱的谱值更显著,震级对地震动持时的影响比断层距的影响要大得多,在此基础上,建立了近断层地震动水平向和竖向分量持时的回归关系式,并与其他研究者进行对比,说明了其合理性,为进一步研究提供参考。     

Nonlinear incremental analysis of fire-damaged r.c. base-isolated structures subjected to near-fault ground motions

Amplification of structural response of r.c. base-isolated structures is expected under near-fault ground motions, yet there is a lack of knowledge of their behavior in the case of fire. To investigate the nonlinear seismic response following a fire, an incremental dynamic analysis is carried out on five-storey r.c. base-isolated framed buildings with fire-protected High-Damping-Laminated-Rubber Bearings (HDLRBs), designed in line with the Italian seismic code. Horizontal components of near-fault ground motions characterized by forward-directivity or fling-step pulse-type are considered. The nonlinear seismic response of base-isolated structures in a no fire situation is compared with that in the event of fire, at 45 (i.e. R45) and 60 (i.e. R60) minutes of fire resistance, assuming both damaged (i.e. DS) and repaired (i.e. RS) stiffness conditions. Five fire scenarios are considered assuming the fire compartment confined to the area of the first level (i.e. F1), the first two (i.e. F1/2) and the upper (i.e. Fi, i=3–5) levels, with the parametric temperature–time fire curve evaluated in accordance with Eurocode 1. The nonlinear seismic analysis is performed by using a step-by-step procedure based on a two-parameter implicit integration scheme and an initial-stress-like iterative procedure. At each step of the analysis, plastic conditions are checked at the critical (end) sections of the girders and columns, where thermal mapping with reduced mechanical properties is evaluated with the 500 °C isotherm method proposed by Eurocode 2. A viscoelastic model with variable stiffness properties in the horizontal and vertical directions, depending on the axial force and lateral deformation, simulates the response of an HDLRB.     

近断层地震动作用下隔震结构的优化设计

首先讨论了近断层脉冲型地震动的特点,并以台湾集集地震实际脉冲型近震记录为地震动输入,应用含潜在约束策略的序列二次规划算法,对安装铅芯橡胶隔震支座的钢筋混凝土框架隔震结构的隔震器参数和上部结构构件截面几何尺寸进行一体化优化设计,然后输入E l Centro(1940)、Taft(1952)地震波对优化后的隔震结构进行地震反应分析。计算结果表明,对考虑脉冲型近断层地震动作用的隔震结构进行参数优化设计后,该隔震结构能同时满足脉冲型和普通非脉冲型近震作用的结构设计需求。     

近断层地震动作用下输电塔-导线体系反应分析

首先在考虑了导线的几何非线性基础上,建立了输电塔-导线体系的简化空间有限元分析模型.其次对体系按纵向和侧向分别进行了自振特性分析.最后在近断层地震动、人造波和El Centro波作用下,利用非线性时程分析法研究了体系的地震反应特性.文中给出的输电塔的计算结果表明：（1）导线明显增加了输电塔的纵向基本自振周期,而对侧向振动周期几乎没有影响;（2）近断层地震动和其它地震动作用相比,输电塔的反应相差不大;（3）近断层地震动显著增大了导线的位移反应,尤其是侧向;（4）导线对体系纵向地震反应影响较大,对侧向地震反应影响较小.     

In-plane response of two-story structures to near-fault ground motion

Linear and non-linear responses of a two-story structural model excited by near-source fault-normal pulse and fault-parallel displacement are investigated. For the considered linear system, the multi-component differential-motion effects amplify the first-story drifts 3.0–4.0 times relative to the excitation by synchronous horizontal ground motion only. The contribution of horizontal differential ground motion to the total drift is about two thirds, and the contribution of vertical and rocking differential ground motions is about one third. For the considered nonlinear system, the effects of vertical and rocking differential ground motions become more significant for the second-story drifts. The horizontal differential ground motion amplifies the first-story drifts, but the simultaneous action of horizontal, vertical, and rocking differential ground motions can amplify the first- and second-story drifts by more than 2.0 times relative to the drifts computed for uniform horizontal ground motion only.     

近断层速度脉冲型地震动设计谱特征研究

选取161条速度脉冲型近断层地震动记录,采用最小二乘法拟合得到近断层地震动抗震设计Newmark三联谱,研究了震级、场地和断层类型对近断层设计谱的影响。结果表明：大震（级）相比小震（级）的影响较为显著,大震（级）下设计谱具有更宽的加速度敏感区段,中长周期段内的反应谱谱值更高;在3类断层类型中,大震（级）下逆斜断层的反应谱加速度敏感区段最宽,谱值最大。对于近断层区域的结构在大震（级）下应该考虑增大特征周期并提高设计谱谱值,还应充分考虑逆斜断层等断层类型的影响。