浑善达克沙地景观结构变化对生态系统服务的影响

京津风沙源治理是中国政府实施的具有重大战略意义的生态工程,实施近20年,区域生态环境状况发生了根本转变。为了定量评估京津风沙源治理工程实施以来景观结构变化及其对生态系统服务价值的影响,以浑善达克沙地为研究区域,以生态调节服务（风蚀防治、水蚀防治、碳固存）、生态供给服务（牲畜养殖、粮食生产）、生境支持服务（自然生境多样性、人口居住支持服务）等指标,利用生态系统服务复合指数（Multiple ecosystem services landscape index,MESLI）和景观格局指数,运用冗余分析（redundancy analysis,RDA）和变差分解（Variation Partitioning）方法,研究了生态系统服务及集成的时空格局,以及植被景观组成与景观配置对区域生态系统服务贡献的变化。结果表明：（1）2000—2015年,浑善达克沙地的林地、草地面积减少,沙地面积则增加了110%;林地的景观结构改善,而草地与沙地的景观破碎化明显,连通度降低。（2）研究区东部和南部的生态系统服务价值增加了19%—85%,主要与林地景观的空间配置结构改善有关;中部和西部生态系统服务总体降低了...     

Normal fault growth influenced by basement fabrics: The importance of preferential nucleation from pre‐existing structures

Reactivation of pre‐existing intra‐basement structures can influence the evolution of rift basins, yet the detailed kinematic relationship between these structures and overlying rift‐related faults remains poorly understood. Understanding the kinematic as well as geometric relationship between intra‐basement structures and rift‐related fault networks is important, with the extension direction in many rifted provinces typically thought to lie normal to fault strike. We here investigate this problem using a borehole‐constrained, 3D seismic reflection dataset from the Taranaki Basin, offshore New Zealand. Excellent imaging of intra‐basement structures and a relatively weakly deformed, stratigraphically simple sedimentary cover allow us to: (a) identify a range of interaction styles between intra‐basement structures and overlying, Plio‐Pleistocene rift‐related normal faults; and (b) examine the cover fault kinematics associated with each interaction style. Some of the normal faults parallel and are physically connected to intra‐basement reflections, which are interpreted as mylonitic reverse faults formed during Mesozoic subduction and basement terrane accretion. These geometric relationships indicate pre‐existing intra‐basement structures locally controlled the position and attitude of Plio‐Pleistocene rift‐related normal faults. However, through detailed 3D kinematic analysis of selected normal faults, we show that: (a) normal faults only nucleated above intra‐basement structures that experienced late Miocene compressional reactivation, (b) despite playing an important role during subsequent rifting, intra‐basement structures have not been significantly extensionally reactivated, and (c) preferential nucleation and propagation of normal faults within late Miocene reverse faults and folds appears to be the key genetic relationship between contractionally reactivated intra‐basement structures and rift‐related normal faults. Our analysis shows that km‐scale, intra‐basement structures can control the nucleation and development of newly formed, rift‐related normal faults, most likely due to a local perturbation of the regional stress field. Because of this, simply inverting fault strike for causal extension direction may be incorrect, especially in provinces where pre‐existing, intra‐basement structures occur. We also show that a detailed kinematic analysis is key to deciphering the temporal as well as simply the spatial or geometric relationship between structures developed at multiple structural levels.     

湿地景观变化过程与累积环境效应研究进展

湿地在流域中处于水陆交错的特殊过渡区域,是地表重要的景观覆盖类型和生态系统。湿地具有独特的水文、土壤和植被特征,在维护区域/流域生态平衡和环境稳定方面发挥巨大作用。湿地景观变化过程主要表现为景观格局和过程在时间和空间尺度上的相互作用过程。该过程对系统的能量流动、物质循环以及物种迁移产生作用,对地理环境也产生巨大环境效应。湿地景观变化与土地利用/覆盖变化紧密相关,与人类活动影响息息相联。至今,人类已把天然的湿地景观格局改变为受人类支配的土地利用格局。自然湿地景观格局的变化过程对湿地生态系统以及其他系统的生物多样性、初级生产力产生显著影响,对局地、区域及全球气候环境、水文环境、生物多样性等方面产生显著而深刻的影响。湿地景观变化是全球变化研究的重要内容,尤其对认识全球气候变化、土地利用/覆盖变化和生物多样性变化的区域响应具有重大意义。     

Resolving the contributing factors to Mississippi Delta subsidence: Past and Present

To date, quantification of individual components that contribute to shallow and deep‐seated subsidence in passive margin deltas worldwide has proven problematic. A new, regional gridded chronostratigraphic dataset for the Lower Mississippi Delta region, derived from 80,928 well reports across the northern Gulf of Mexico (GOM), has bridged the disparity between geodetic mean rates measuring total land surface subsidence across annual‐to‐decadal timescales and the deep‐seated stratigraphic subsidence rates that record isostatic response over timescales of >10⁴ years. Through a quantitative assessment of gridded chronostratigraphic surfaces, sections, and subsidence rates extending from the Middle Pleistocene (0.58 Ma) to the Late Pliocene (3.85 Ma), we identify both temporal and spatial variability in deep‐seated subsidence across the northern GOM. Targeted deep‐seated subsidence data extracted across prior GOM Holocene sea‐level sample locations have revealed more than an order of magnitude greater rates of isostatic compensation in the Mississippi depocentre versus similar GOM sea‐level control sites in Florida and Alabama, casting doubt on efforts towards a representative Holocene sea‐level curve. Spatial variability in subsidence was also assessed locally in both the strike and dip directions to assess the contributions of growth faults. Fault throw displacement magnitude was discovered to decrease with depth, accounting for less than half of the total deep‐seated subsidence record of the Middle Pleistocene. Temporal subsidence complexities were also revealed including a direct, inverse logarithmic relationship between subsidence rate and time indicating variable subsidence component controls across different timescales. Despite the spatial and temporal complexities, this dataset serves as the first regional baseline for deep‐seated subsidence rates across the northern GOM.     

Exploring spatial data uncertainties in land‐use change scenarios

This paper evaluates errors and uncertainties in representing landscapes that arise from different data rasterization methods, spatial resolutions, and downscaled land‐use change (LUC) scenarios. A vector LU dataset for Luxembourg (minimum mapping unit: 0.15 ha; year 2000) was used as the baseline reference map. This map was rasterized at three spatial resolutions using three cell class assignment methods. The landscape composition and configuration of these maps were compared. Four alternative scenarios of future LUC were also generated for the three resolutions using existing LUC scenarios and a statistical downscaling method creating 37 maps of LUC for the year 2050. These maps were compared in terms of composition and spatial configuration using simple metrics of landscape fragmentation and an analysis of variance (ANOVA). Differences in landscape composition and configuration between the three cell class assignment methods and the three spatial resolutions were found to be at least as large as the differences between the LUC scenarios. This occurred in spite of the large LUC projected by the scenarios. This demonstrates the importance of the rasterization method and the level of aggregation as a contribution to uncertainty when developing future LUC scenarios and in analysing landscape structure in ecological studies.     

Seasonal Variability of Northern Hemisphere Snow Extent Using Visible Satellite Data

In this paper we use a satellite‐derived data set to explore spatial and temporal variations of snow extent across Northern Hemisphere continents during the last three decades. These weekly visible‐wavelength satellite maps of Northern Hemisphere snow extent produced by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration constitute the longest consistently‐derived satellite record of any environmental variable. We document the considerable intra‐annual variability of snow extent, and show that during each month, fluctuations over relatively small areas are responsible for the majority of the year‐to‐year variability. Regions that cover less than 6% of Northern Hemisphere lands north of 20°N explain 62% Ã Â Ã Â 92% of the interannual variance across the continents. On average, snow was more extensive across both Eurasia and North America from the 1970s to middle 1980s than during the late 1980s to late 1990s. During late winter, spring and summer, snow extent has decreased since the middle 1980s, while during fall to middle winter, snow extent has remained relatively constant. Accurate information on continental snow extent is critical for weather and hydrologic forecasting; for understanding hemispheric‐scale atmospheric circulation, thermal variations, and regional snow extent; and for using snow as a credible indicator of climate variability and change.     

Cainozoic heritage in the modern landscape near Bungonia,southern New South Wales

The regional topography of much of the New South Wales Southern Highlands was long attributed to Quaternary erosion, but it has been recently demonstrated that the region was, in fact, well developed by the Eocene. The hillsides at Inverary Park are mantled by the Late‐Eocene Reevesdale Basalt, thus indicating the extent of landscape development by the mid‐Tertiary. Pre‐, intra‐, and post‐basaltic alluvial and lacustrine sediments are compared with the current extent of the basalt, clearly demonstrating the age of this landscape and the paucity of modification since the Late Eocene. Stratigraphic techniques, U/Th, TL and ¹⁴C dating aid reconstruction of much of the Cainozoic history of Inverary Park. Major changes in sediment type and source have long been common, but Late Quaternary changes do not correlate well with similar observations elsewhere, suggesting that changes in hydrologic regime, notably climate change, are not necessarily responsible for changes in the stratigraphic record. This landscape development and preservation is also at odds with most models of landscape development.     

甘肃省庆阳市景观演替情景分析

以覆盖甘肃省庆阳市的陆地卫星(Landsat TM/ETM)遥感数据以及1980—2000年统计资料与实地调研资料为数据源,利用系统动力学模型构建庆阳市景观演替模拟模型,通过分析景观变化与驱动因子的关系,模拟庆阳市景观演替的时空模式,开展参考模式、生态模式与经济模式下的情景分析,为制定环境保护与区域发展规划提供决策参考信息。     

Linking Spatial and Temporal Variation at Multiple Scales in a Heterogeneous Landscape*

Anthropogenic, ecological, and land‐surface processes interact in landscapes at multiple spatial and temporal scales to create characteristic patterns. The relationships between temporally and spatially varying processes and patterns are poorly understood because of the lack of spatiotemporal observations of real landscapes over significant stretches of time. We report a new method for observing joint spatiotemporal landscape variation over large areas by analyzing multitemporal Landsat data. We calculate the spatiotemporal variation of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) in the area covered by one Landsat scene footprint in north central Florida, over spatial windows of 10⁴–10⁸ m² and time steps of two to sixteen years. The correlations, slopes, and intercepts of spatial versus temporal regressions in the real landscape all differ significantly from results obtained using a null model of a randomized landscape. Spatial variances calculated within windows of 10⁵–10⁷ m² had the strongest relationships with temporal variances (regressions with both larger and smaller windows had lower coefficients of determination), and the relationships were stronger with longer time steps. Slopes and y‐intercepts increased with window size and decreased with increased time step. The spatial and temporal scales at which NDVI signals are most strongly related may be the characteristic scales of the processes that most strongly determine landscape patterns. For example, the important time and space windows correspond with areas and timing of fires and tree plantation harvests. Observations of landscape dynamics will be most effective if conducted at the characteristic scales of the processes, and our approach may provide a tool for determining those scales.     

Spatial and temporal variability of daily precipitation in Haihe River basin, 1958–2007

The seasonal variability and spatial distribution of precipitation are the main cause of flood and drought events. The study of spatial distribution and temporal trend of precipitation in river basins has been paid more and more attention. However, in China, the precipitation data are measured by weather stations (WS) of China Meteorological Administration and hydrological rain gauges (RG) of national and local hydrology bureau. The WS data usually have long record with fewer stations, while the RG data usually have short record with more stations. The consistency and correlation of these two data sets have not been well understood. In this paper, the precipitation data from 30 weather stations for 1958–2007 and 248 rain gauges for 1995–2004 in the Haihe River basin are examined and compared using linear regression, 5-year moving average, Mann-Kendall trend analysis, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Z test and F test methods. The results show that the annual precipitation from both WS and RG records are normally distributed with minor difference in the mean value and variance. It is statistically feasible to extend the precipitation of RG by WS data sets. Using the extended precipitation data, the detailed spatial distribution of the annual and seasonal precipitation amounts as well as their temporal trends are calculated and mapped. The various distribution maps produced in the study show that for the whole basin the precipitation of 1958–2007 has been decreasing except for spring season. The decline trend is significant in summer, and this trend is stronger after the 1980s. The annual and seasonal precipitation amounts and changing trends are different in different regions and seasons. The precipitation is decreasing from south to north, from coastal zone to inland area.     

乾安县土地利用变化及其生态效应

Based on GIS and statistical methods, with the help of searching historical literatures andcalculating the landscape indices, the land use changes of Qian'an County in both spatial and temporalaspects from 1945 to 1996 has been analyzed in this paper. And the driving forces of land use changesand their ecological effects are discussed too. The main findings of this study are as follows:(1)Landuse changed greatly in Qian'an during 1945-1996, characterized by a decrease in grassland, wetlandand water bodies,and an increase in cultivated land, saline-alkali land, and the land for housing andother construction purposes. Grassland decreased by 175,828.66 ha, and cultivated land increased by     

单一景观类型时空变化分析方法——以酒泉盆地绿洲化为例

受单一土地利用动态度模型的启发, 本文提出了格网化单一景观类型变化率模型, 较好地反映了单一景观类型在研究时段内的变化情况。在此基础上又提出累积变化率和时空变化指数模型, 用于描述单一景观类型在长时间序列中的空间变化, 并以中国西部酒泉盆地1963-2009 年间的绿洲化过程为例对模型进行了检验。结果表明:①格网化单一景观类型变化率模型, 可以很好地反映期初和期末单一景观类型的局部细微变化, 包括变化速度和空间分布情况;②累积变化率综合了中间各期数据的影响, 可以较好地刻画较长时间序列中单一景观类型的变化幅度及其空间分布情况;③时空变化指数能够反映单一景观类型的变化模式, 进一步描述了变化过程的特点和趋势;④3 个模型的综合运用, 可对单一景观类型的时空变化过程及其特征做出比较全面的描述和刻画。     

Major erosion at the end of the Messinian Salinity Crisis: evidence from the Levant Basin, Eastern Mediterranean

This paper presents a detailed analysis of the top of the Messinian evaporites (Horizon M) in the Levant region, offshore Israel, based on the integration of three‐dimensional (3D)/2D seismic and well data. 3D mapping of a series of intra‐evaporite horizons and their termination against Horizon M provides new insights into the depositional setting and structural evolution of this saline giant system. New evidence of a discordant relationship between the intra‐evaporite horizons and the top of the Messinian evaporites (Horizon M) is given by the seismic stratigraphic analysis. This confirms that the top of the Messinian evaporites represents an erosional unconformity of semiregional extent in the Levant region. The truncation of the folded and faulted intra‐evaporite horizons indicates for the first time a Messinian phase of evaporite deformation, i.e. pre‐dating the well‐documented Plio‐Pleistocene thin‐skinned tectonic phase in the region. This major erosional unconformity is interpreted as subaerial in origin, documenting the exposure of the evaporitic system at the end of the Messinian Salinity Crisis. These results give new evidence for the understanding of the events occurring during the last stages of the Messinian Salinity Crisis in the region.     

全球变化背景下景观生态适应性特征

全球变化包含气候变化、经济发展、土地利用变化等自然、人为及共同作用下引发的转变,是当前景观结构与功能保障面临的主要挑战。景观生态适应性是指景观这一地表镶嵌体吸纳上述影响并维持主要功能的特性,涉及不同景观类型、组成单元及层级在不同时空尺度中的不同程度转变。本文从景观生态学视角切入,以景观系统作为缓解与适应全球变化冲击的主体,整合农业景观、城市景观等相关研究案例,凝练当前景观系统适应全球变化过程的特征为：①由部分因子的绝对主导转向复合因子共同作用;②景观类型内部趋同,景观多样性及独特性降低;③同类景观间功能等级分明、分工明确,跨区域时空联系增强;④不同景观类型间空间边界清晰,过渡带景观功能退化。就当前全球变化议题,建议后续研究应加强：不同景观类型或组成单元的适应能力对比及其不确定性分析;基于景观系统整体健康的适应途径尺度联系解析;多学科、多部门研究在全球变化情景下的有效整合;景观系统适应性或适应能力量化分析方法的深化。     

Land use change and its ecological effect in Qian'an County of Jilin Province

Based on GIS and statistical methods, with the help of searching historical literatures and calculating the landscape indices, the land use changes of Qian'an County in both spatial and temporal aspects from 1945 to 1996 has been analyzed in this paper. And the driving forces of land use changes and their ecological effects are discussed too. The main findings of this study are as follows: (1) Land use changed greatly in Qian'an during 1945-1996, characterized by a decrease in grassland, wetland and water bodies, and an increase in cultivated land, saline-alkali land, and the land for housing and other construction purposes. Grassland decreased by 175,828.66 ha, and cultivated land increased by 102,137.23 ha over the half century. Accordingly, the main landscape type changed from a steppe landscape to a managed agricultural ecosystem. (2) Results of correlation analysis show that the land use change in the study area was mainly driven by the socioeconomic factors.　(3) The ecological effects of land use change in the area are characterized by serious salinization, degression of soil fertility and the weakening of landscape suitability.     

深圳市不透水表面的遥感监测与时空格局

定量监测城市不透水表面扩展过程,是分析城市景观格局动态,深入剖析城市地区空间镶嵌体内部异质性景观相互转化的重要基础。以深圳市为例,通过定量划分城市不透水表面等级体系,计算不透水表面的转移矩阵与景观格局指数,分析不透水表面的时空动态,结果表明:1990～2005年间,高盖度及极高盖度的不透水表面持续增加,中盖度及低盖度不透水表面先增加后减少,而自然地表及极低盖度的不透水表面则为先减少后恢复,反映了城市化进程对城市地表覆被的结构性影响。景观格局变化显示景观多样性程度较高,且经历了低-高-低-高的变化;斑块在1990年以自然地表为主,1995年以后以中盖度等级为主,高盖度等级显著增加。自然地表和中等盖度的不透水表面变化分别主导着前期和中后期的变化过程。城市建设的迅速扩张,将林地、农田、水体及滩涂等自然地表快速地转变为不同功能的建设用地,主导着不透水表面等级分布的梯度性变化。     

黄土高原地区景观格局演变研究综述

研究黄土高原地区景观格局演变对认识该地区整个生态系统结构和变化,乃至全球变化,具有至关重要的作用。本文在剖析景观格局和土地利用格局概念与内涵的基础上,从定量化分析、时空特征和尺度效应等方面对黄土高原地区景观格局演变研究进展进行了阐述,深入分析了当前研究在景观数据选择与应用、尺度依赖性分析和标准确定等方面的现状特征与不足之处,并对今后在景观格局演变方面的发展趋势进行了展望,以期为未来景观格局与过程研究提供参考。     

Simulation of leaf area index and biomass at landscape scale

The method for simulating the temporal and spatial distribution patterns of leaf area index (LAI) and biomass at landscape scale using remote sensing images and surface data was discussed in this paper. The procedure was: (1) annual maximum normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) over the landscape was calculated from TM images; (2) the relationship model between NDVI and LAI was built and annual maximum LAI over the landscape was simulated; (3) the relationship models between LAI and biomass were built and annual branch, stem, root and maximum leaf biomass over the landscape were simulated; (4) spatial distribution patterns of leaf biomass and LAI in different periods all the year round were obtained. The simulation was based on spatial analysis module GRID in ArcInfo software. The method is also a kind of scaling method from patch scale to landscape scale. A case study of Changbai Mountain Nature Reserve was dissertated. Analysis and primary validation were carried out to the simulated LAI and biomass for the major vegetation types in the Changbai Mountain in 1995.     

基于遥感和地面数据的景观尺度叶面积指数和生物量的模拟

The method for simulating the temporal and spatial distribution patterns of leaf area index (LAI) and biomass at landscape scale using remote sensing images and surface data was discussed in this paper,The procedure was:(1) annual maximum normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) over the landscape was calculated from TM images;(2) the relationship model between NDVI and LAI was built and annual maximum LAI over the landscape was simulated;(3) the relationship models between LAI and biomass were built and annual branch ,stem ,root and maximum leaf biomass over the landscape were simulated;(4) spatial distribution patterns of leaf biomass and LAI in different periods all the year round were obtained.The simulation was based on spatial analysis module GRID in ArcoInfo software ,The method is laso a kind of scaling method from patch scale to landscape scale ,A case study of Changbai Mountain Nature Reserve was dissertated ,Aalysis and primary validation were carried out to the simulated LAI and biomass for the major vegetation types in the Changbai Mountain in 1995.     

A Street Fit for a King: Naming Places and Commemoration in the American South

The naming of streets after Martin Luther King, Jr. (MLK) is an importantarena for African Americans as they rewrite the landscape of southern identity and commemoration. While less ornate and ostentatious than museums and monuments, MLK streets are powerful and highly contested cultural geographies because of their potential to connect disparate communities and incorporate a vision of the past into the spatial practices of everyday life. They reveal the importance of location, particularly intra‐urban location, to public memorialization. Naming streets for King is a significant part of the nonmetropolitan South as well as larger cities and dependent upon the relative size of a city's African‐American population. When estimating the intra‐urban character of MLK streets within several southern states, findings suggest that they are located in census areas that are generally poorer and with more African Americans than citywide averages. Analysis reveals a geographic unevenness in the frequency of businesses having an address identified with King. When compared with the stereotypical American thoroughfare of “Main” Street, the address composition of MLK streets appears to be more residential in nature, although there is significant state by state variation.