森林认证与森林生物多样性管理

进入新世纪 ,由于环境污染和资源浩劫所造成的生存危机 ,人类已经开始认识到必须在可持续发展的原则指导下 ,采取各种措施保护赖以生存的自然环境和物质资源。实现生态系统良性循环 ,确保生物多样性的丰富程度 ,实现生物资源的可持续利用 ,是协调环境与发展的重要内容。而森林保存的许多遗传财富 ,构成了可持续发展中的支撑系统。目前 ,全球范围正兴起一场史无前例的“绿色革命” ,我国林业也面临着一种新的形势 ,即在森林经营和林产品生产与消费中引入“绿色消费”、“绿色经营实践”和“环境管理体系”等理念 ,以保护森林生态环境 ,促进生…     

The Forest in the Future: A Response to Seeing the Forest for the Trees

Abstract

In this commentary, we highlight some of the strengths of the bibliometric analysis conducted by Qin et al. that examines the relationships between environmental and natural resource sociologies through citation networks, coauthorship, and keyword usage. We also suggest some ways that the analysis could be expanded or built upon, and ideas for further distinct, but related, inquiry. We also reflect on our own identification, training, and mentoring within the two subfields and draw upon responses from a small purposefully selected sample of other early/mid-career environmental and natural resource sociologists to start a conversation about what the relationship between the two fields might look like in the future.     

滇石林地质公园喀斯特山地天然林和人工林凋落物与死地被物的动态特征

对云南石林地质公园景区及其保护区内喀斯特山地典型森林类型凋落物组成与数量及其动态,地表死地被物现存量与持水特性等进行了研究。结果表明,本区域保护较好的滇青冈(Cyclobalanopsis glaucoides)林的年凋落量达7.26 t/hm2;而以团花木新姜子(Neolitsea homiantha)为主的次生林只有1.98 t/hm2;云南松(Pinus yun-nanensis)人工林和干香柏(Cupressus duclouxiana)人工林年凋落量分别是2.49 t/hm2和4.07 t/hm2。这些森林的凋落节律相似,都呈明显的“双峰型”。在地表死地被物现存量方面,干香柏林因其叶片难以分解而具有较高的地表现存量,为13.59 t/hm2,随后依次为滇青冈林(7.57 t/hm2),团花新木姜子次生林(5.02 t/hm2)和云南松人工林(4.83 t/hm2),死地被物的持水量与其现存量的大小顺序一致。根据森林年凋落量与死地被物现存量的数量关系,表明保护较好的滇青冈林内枯枝落叶的分解率明显大于次生林和人工林,周转期也短,涵养水分能力也较强。因此,应加强对喀斯特山地自然森林的保护,同时也注意对现有人工林的改造,引进一些阔叶树种,提高群落结构的整体效应。     

Characterizing Non-Industrial Private Forest Landowners' Forest Management Engagement and Advice Sources

Non-industrial private forestland (NIPF) owners have options for engagement by following management strategies that reduce wildfire risk on their forestlands. Forest management engagement is a broad term with underlying categories and management implications. To better understand these categories, we examine interview data on the engagement of forest landowners from a case study of private forestland owner perspectives in northeast Oregon, USA. NIPF landowners outline two types of forest management engagement, one for property and one for community-focused forestland management. NIPF owners describe actions for engagement in public forestland management and how these actions differ from engagement in private management. Additionally, NIPF owners establish barriers to engagement in both public and private forestland management. Our findings can be used to better identify unengaged private forestland owners in the U.S. West, informing the design and implementation of extension and outreach for NIPF owners.     

从林地与耕地的区别谈林地承包到户的可行性

<正> 众所周知,以家庭责任制为特征的中国20世纪80年代初的农村土地制度改革,为中国农村翻天覆地的变化提供了制度基础。这一制度的核心,是将农村耕地承包到户,从而激励农民以前所未有的积极性精耕细作,对     

"三元剥蚀"与路南石林发育

石林是一种稀有的喀斯特地貌景观,其发育演化有其独特的过程。本文提出了石林发育的"三元剥蚀"机制,通过对土下溶蚀速率、表土剥蚀速率与(石)柱顶剥蚀速率三者不同组合的分析,讨论了石林发育的方向与趋势,并对当前路南石林发育的阶段和方向进行了具体研究。研究表明,作为石林增长拔高源动力的土下溶蚀强度的影响范围是有限的,其下限约在土下10m处,而真正能促使石林快速发育的深度是在土下2m以内。在现代自然条件下,路南石林顶部的剥蚀降低速度为10.4mm/ka,土下的溶蚀加深速度为26.17 mm/ka,石林的实际高度仍以15.77mm/ka的速度在拔高;表土剥蚀速度为650mm/ka,石林的可见高度现正以639.6mm/ka的速度增加,土壤正以623.83mm/ka的速度快速变薄,表明虽然目前石林的可见高度仍在增加,但其发育的最佳时期已经过去。     

对塞罕坝机械林场林业生态环境建设情况的调查与思考

<正> 2002年6月17日至22日,国家林业局党校第20期党员领导干部进修班学员一行38人,赴河北省塞罕坝机械林场就林业生态环境建设情况进行了教学考察。考察期间,学员们先后听取     

贡嘎山东坡亚高山森林区蒸散力的估算

以海螺沟 30 0 0m气象站的观测资料为基础 ,运用Penman公式法　空气饱和差法和桑斯维特公式法 ,计算了贡嘎山东坡亚高山林林的年平均蒸散力 ,其结果为分别为 431 81mm、171 4mm和 44 6 4mm。通过分析蒸散力的影响因素 ,对这三种计算蒸散力的方法作了比较 ,对计算结果存在的差异作了比较合理的解释 ,认为用Penman公式法可以估计出本研究区的蒸散力。同时 ,对蒸散力及其影响因自进行了相关分析 ,指出湿度和风不是速制约研究区蒸散力的主导因子 ,并分析了蒸散力与水面蒸发的关系 ,由此推导出估算蒸散力的简便方程 :PE =6 6 77 0 6 91E60 1 0 75 1ITm 0 0 396Pm。     

Forest transitions in tropical landscapes: A test in the Atlantic Forest biodiversity hotspot

Analyzing temporal changes in forest amount and configuration is paramount to better design future forest management interventions. Such analyses are especially required for tropical biomes, which are usually subject to dynamic and heterogeneous land uses. Recent studies have suggested that many tropical biomes are passing through the process of “forest transition”, i.e. an overall change from forest loss to forest gain. However, this hypothesis remains scarcely tested, due to the difficulty of obtaining detailed, quantitative historical records of forest cover. In this study, we investigate 38 years of land use change in Brazil's Atlantic Forest, a biodiversity hotspot, from 1976 to 2014, using multitemporal datasets from aerial photographs and satellite images. We classified the historical series to produce land use maps and calculated a set of landscape metrics, including total forest cover, patch size, patch shape and patch connectivity. Our results indicated non-linear changes through time in forest loss and gain and also in landscape structure, which can be classified into two distinct periods. The first period (1976–1996) was marked by expressive forest loss and fragmentation, whereas the second (1996–2014) was characterized by a much less intense forest dynamics, with little deforestation being balanced by forest regeneration. We attribute the forest dynamics observed to temporal changes in socioeconomic factors, such as increasing human settlements and changes in environmental protection policies. Our results show that current forests are a heterogeneous mosaic of forests with different ages, and support the hypothesis that forest transition is occurring in Atlantic Forest landscapes.     

Grand Theory and Context‐Specificity in the Study of Forest Dynamics: Forest Transition Theory and Other Directions

This article critically reviews forest transition theory, which posits a decline in forest cover followed by expansion during the course of development. Whereas case studies in advanced industrial nations provided an empirical foundation, more recent cross‐national modeling efforts and studies in developing regions have raised doubts. Forest transition theory has limitations in its concept of forests, its treatment of forest dynamics, its explanation for forest transitions, and its generalizability. This critique provides the basis for research needs to link studies of forest dynamics on various timescales to other land use/land cover research, as via historical‐comparative methods and interdisciplinary theoretical frameworks.     

广西森林转型与森林扰动遥感监测研究

近20年来由于封山育林政策的实施和人工乔木林的大面积种植,广西森林面积大幅增加,正在经历深刻的森林转型,森林转型过程中农林交错带和森林内部的结构重组都给生态系统带来了不容忽视的扰动。本文基于2000—2016年MODIS-EVI影像数据、1∶100万地貌图和4期土地利用数据,采用变化矢量法和Sen+Mann-Kendall对广西进行森林转型背景下的森林转型路径和森林内部扰动特征分析。研究表明:自2000年以来广西森林的EVI变化强度以无变化和低变化类型为主,总体EVI上升趋势略大于下降趋势,EVI显著下降主要分布于十万大山、大瑶山、海洋山和越城岭等山地区域和桂西北的百色水利枢纽和龙滩水利枢纽周围,显著上升部分主要集中于桂中南的左江-邕江-郁江流域平原丘陵区、桂西南喀斯特区和桂东北山地区地势低平的河谷地带。广西森林面积增加的土地来源于耕地和草地,森林转型路径表现为"经济增长型"和"森林短缺型"两种路径并存,或者存在更为复杂的复合型路径。广西森林内部扰动的减少型和扰动型分布于桂西北喀斯特和桂东北山地起伏度较大的陡坡区域,增加型分布于桂中南的平原丘陵地区。由于山地陡坡区域和喀斯特地区的生态敏感性,应更多关注扰动型和减少型在桂西北和桂东北地区的集中分布问题。     

山西关帝山森林上限附近植被的性质与空间格局

山西关帝山是中国暖温带落叶阔叶林区域第四高峰，对气候指标的推算表明，关帝山主峰孝文山接近气候意义的林线，对其森林上限附近植被空间格局和性质的分析有助于认识中国东部暖温带高山林线的形成机制。通过野外调查和植被数量分析，探讨了关帝山森林上限附近植物群落的类型、植物群落与环境的关系、植物种类多样性的梯度、植被的性质等理论问题，初步得出：（1）气候和地形条件共同决定关帝山森林上限附近的植被格局；（2）对植被性质的分析表明，关帝山山顶植被为亚高山灌丛和亚高山草甸，不具备高山带的性质，验证了根据气候数据进行的推断；（3）关帝山森林上限附近植物物种多样性随海拔增加而上升，不同于暖温带具有高山带的山地。     

热带季节雨林和次生林水源涵养服务价值变化过程研究

为了掌握西双版纳热带季节雨林和次生林水源涵养服务价值的变化规律,基于西双版纳生态台站的定位观测数据,对比分析了两种林型水源涵养服务的构成及年内价值变化过程。结果表明,两种林型的水源涵养总量接近,分别为74 158m3/hm2和70 654m3/hm2,水调节量为主,占90%以上。热带季节雨林的水供给价值高于水调节价值,热带次生林的水调节价值和水供给价值大致相等,综合分析,热带季节雨林的年水源涵养服务价值(4 531元/hm2)比次生林(2 732元/hm2)高66%。两种林型的水源涵养服务变化过程相似:主要受水供给变化过程的影响,水源涵养服务变化曲线呈单峰态,月变异程度较大;热带季节雨林和次生林在雨季(5-10月)的水源涵养量分别占全年总量的54%和57%,水源涵养价值均占全年总价值的65%左右。     

Soy,Cotton, and the Final Atlantic Forest Frontier

From 1945 to 2000, the extent of Paraguay's Atlantic Forest was reduced from 73,000 to 12,000 square kilometers. Deforestation rates were exceptionally high from the late 1960s through to the end of the century. During this period, dual agricultural frontiers pushed into the region from both east and west, resulting in a production landscape defined by two principal commodities: soybeans and cotton. This article considers the expansion and contraction of these industries and addresses their impacts on the region's forest cover. Findings suggest that the role of cotton and smallholder agriculture has been greatly diminished as a driver of land cover change in the region since 1990. High rates of forest loss were sustained, however, partly as a result of continued pressure for agricultural expansion for soy production.     

山地林道网对林地环境的影响

山地林道网对林地环境影响的定量研究是一个重要的却一直未被重视的领域。采用定点观测与面上调查相结合的方法。定量研究山地林道网对林地土壤性质、土壤侵蚀量和植被的影响，分析其成因．揭示山地林道网对林地环境影响的机理。其研究结果可为定量评价森林作业系统对林地环境所产生的负面影响提供依据。     

Forest resources of the Selenga river basin

This paper discusses some issues relating to the present state of forest resources and forest utilization within the Selenga river basin on the trans-boundary territory of the Republic of Buryatia and Mongolia, their transformation due to economic exploitation, ecologoeconomic problems, and the avenues for their solution.     

Forest dynamics and the importance of place in western Honduras

Analyses of landscape change using remotely sensed satellite imagery constitute a large component of forest transition research, allowing for assessments of large areas. In the western highlands of Honduras is an area of complex forest dynamics (～45,000 ha) that has seen significant forest regeneration in recent years. However, analysis of the larger region (～500,000 ha) shows net forest loss. The comparative aspects highlight the importance of site selection and scale in forest transition analysis, a process often ignored in the land-use and land-cover change (LULCC) and forest transition literature. Results also highlight the importance of analyzing human-induced fragmentation at a variety of selected sites and a range of spatial scales, and producing quality, accurate forest cover and change maps.     

Promises and Perils of Decentralized Forest Governance: The Case of Indonesia's Forest Management Units in Reducing Emission from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+)

Indonesia's forest management unit (Kesatuan Pengelolaan Hutan or KPH) system can be a promising mechanism for balancing international and national interests for global carbon mitigation initiatives with local interests in project implementation. We discuss the potential role of the KPH system in implementing REDD+ (Reducing Emission from Deforestation and Forest Degradation) projects and improving decentralized forest governance. Substantial financial gains from international initiatives like REDD+ and others can provide appropriate motivation for the central government to ensure successful decentralization of forest management. Development and implementation of REDD+ activities can also support the KPHs in performing their basic functions: conducting forest inventory, developing and implementing forest management plans, and strengthening communication and coordination with local communities. However, engaging indigenous peoples and local communities, which is a legal mandate for the system, will require building some measure of democratic process that can hold the KPHs accountable to local people.