非对称连续介质中的基本变形

震源区内过程的复杂性促使我们考虑非对称连续介质中基本的运动与变形,包括单纯的运动(平移和称为自转的旋转)和单纯的变形。单纯的变形包括轴向,即点膨胀/压缩,以及关于弦—弦点变形的剪切核。将点变形进一步定义为另一种旋转,称为扭转,表示主剪切轴的振动及其振幅。在记录系统上加上一些标记以测量这些运动和变形。     

依兰-伊通断裂带中生代走滑构造特征与起源时代

北东走向、长达900km的依兰-伊通断裂带是东北地区重要的大型断裂构造,然而其起源问题却长期存在着较大的认识上分歧.通过系统的野外观察与室内综合分析,表明该断裂带在白垩-古近纪地堑外侧仍保存着走滑断层或韧性剪切带,代表了其起源期构造.这些走滑构造多为脆性平移断层,仅在南部威远堡-叶赫段和中部舒兰段出露为韧性剪切带.这两段剪切带走向北东-南西,具有陡倾的糜棱面理和缓倾的矿物拉伸线理.露头与显微构造及石英C轴组构均指示剪切带为左行走滑运动,并具有小幅度的逆冲分量.显微构造指示威远堡-叶赫段剪切带的变形温度为400~450℃,而舒兰段剪切带为350~400℃.一系列剪切带内变形与未变形岩体或岩脉的锆石U-Pb定年,限定了其走滑活动时限为160~126Ma.再依据研究区主要地质事件的对比,推断该断裂带起源时间为早白垩世初.由此表明,起源于中三叠世的郯庐断裂带中-南段,在早白垩世初区域挤压作用下(相当于燕山运动B幕)沿着依兰-伊通断裂带以左行平移断层的形式向北扩展进入东北地区.依兰-伊通断裂带在早白垩世初的出现应是东部太平洋区伊泽纳崎板块的高速斜向俯冲与西北部蒙古-鄂霍茨克洋最终关闭联合动力作用下的结果,但前者的动力贡献占主导.     

滇西北发震构造条件及其与鲜水河断裂带的对比

文章在分析滇西北发震构造条件的基础上,把它与鲜水河断裂带进行了对比。滇西北是一个伸展构造区,鲜水河断裂带为一平移剪切带。后者较前者断层面上正应力大、变形强烈、应变速率高。前者断层几何复杂,D?=1.56,后者断层几何简单,D?=1.08-1.2。震源深处变形环境前者者为低压中温,后为高压中温。由此造成地震活动性上的差异     

桥梁隔震支座压缩剪切变形状态下竖向变形量研究

本文通过对不同参数的橡胶支座在压缩剪切变形状态下的竖向变形量进行了试验,分析了在压缩剪切变形状态下竖向变形量的特点。得出对RB支座,由剪切和弯曲产生的竖向变形随剪切应变增加而增大较快;对LRB支座,在达到一定剪切应变时,竖向变形量的增加缓慢。     

韧性剪切带及其变形岩石

本文讨论了地壳和上地幔中韧性剪切带及其中的变形岩石。在大多数情况下,韧性剪切带中的变形岩石为糜棱岩,因为经受韧性剪切变形时,岩石的粒度显著减小并发育了强化的叶理(线理)。但是在某些情况下,例如,当隐晶质灰岩及富含长石的岩石经受韧性剪切变形时,剪切带中的变形岩石粒度局部增大或者没有发生明显减小,它们并不是典型的糜棱岩。由于变形环境、变形介质及变形机制的不同,韧性剪切带内岩石变形的产物是不同的     

浅层次脆性变形域中煤层韧性剪切带微观分析

在研究煤层层间剪切与韧性流变的基础上提出浅层次脆性变形域中的煤层韧性剪切带. 煤层韧性剪切带的宏、微观特征不仅有煤层揉流褶皱、煤层糜棱岩带、煤层韧性面理构造等, 而且微观特征还表现为不同的光性组构与煤镜质组各向异性、煤化学结构的变化和有机地球化学成分的改变等. 分析了煤层韧性剪切带的形成机制, 并探讨了其应变环境: 在地壳浅层次脆性变形域中, 煤层受力后容易变形, 煤层不仅产生脆性变形, 而且也产生韧性剪切变形. 在简单剪切应力作用下煤层及其围岩间发生层间滑动或煤层发生韧性流动. 因此, 地壳浅层(< 5 km)能形成众多的煤层韧性剪切带.     

极Mohr圆在测量具有体积变化剪切带剪切位移量中的应用--以天山桑树园子韧性剪切带为例

在剪切带的位移量测量中, 对于具有体积变化(减小)的韧性剪切带, 尽管已有计算剪应变和体积变化的理论公式, 但其中的标志面(线)在变形前与剪切方向夹角的测定比较困难. 运用极Mohr圆对此类剪切带的变形进行了二维分析, 认为在剪切带的XZ面上, 若发生均匀变形时的体积变化是由Z方向引起的, 则无论简单剪切和体积变化的先后顺序如何, 只要可以获得足够条件(实际上容易获得)并作出极Mohr圆, 就可以在Mohr圆上得出任意一条直线在变形前后与剪切方向之间的夹角, 利用两条这样的直线就可以计算出该面上的剪应变和体积变化的值, 进而测量出剪切位移量.     

对“郯-庐断裂带南段深层次的塑性变形特征及区域应变场”一文的讨论

“郯-庐断裂带南段深层次的塑性变形特征及区域应变场”(以下简称“郯-庐带应变场”)一文(发表于本刊,1984,第6卷,第4期)作者认为,郯-庐断裂带南段是一个对应于郯-庐断裂带深层次的大型平移韧性剪切带,并根据变形砾石讨论了区域应变场,用剪切的片理面、劈理面走向、褶皱轴迹以及原始片理面上的拉伸线理(经过展平)作为拉伸构造线的标志测量θ′角并计算位移量。同时还讨论了应变在垂深(实为地层)     

考虑抗震墙剪切变形情况下对框架-抗震墙协同工作分析探讨

通过建立框架-抗震墙结构单元模型，采用在楼层处有集中力而在楼层之间有分布力的地震作用模式并考虑抗震墙剪切变形的影响，得到了结构内力和变形之间的公式。根据实例分析可得抗震墙剪切变形对整体结构变形影响很小，因此一般情况下在计算框架-抗震墙结构时忽略剪切变形是合理的；同时发现框架剪切刚度越大，抗震墙剪切变形对框架-抗震墙结构整体变形的影响就越大，反之则越小。     

简单剪切条件下岩石剪切带主应变轴偏转角理论研究

主应变轴偏转是塑性剪切变形的一种结果.同时,主应变轴偏转又会在一定程度上影响变形,从而可能对灾害孕育及发生产生某种影响.因此,正确认识主应变轴偏转角的范围及演变规律对于一些灾害的机理分析及预防可能具有重要的意义.本文在小变形条件下,基于梯度塑性理论的水平剪切带位移公式,并考虑到已有的主应变方向和主应变轴偏转角之间的联系,推导了简单剪切条件下含应变梯度岩石剪切带主应变轴偏转角公式.得到了下列结果,对于左旋剪切带,主应变轴偏转角等于剪切带倾角与45°之差;对于右旋剪切带,主应变轴偏转角等于45°与剪切带倾角之差.基于梯度塑性理论和仿射变换,制作了简单剪切条件下含应变梯度的虚拟剪切带.采用数字图像相关方法对虚拟剪切带主应变轴偏转角进行了测量,获得了虚拟剪切带中心的主应变轴偏转角随虚拟剪切带倾角的演变规律和过虚拟剪切带中心且垂直于虚拟剪切带测线上主应变轴偏转角分布,通过与理论解对比,验证了数字图像相关方法的主应变轴偏转角的正确性.     

Ductile deformation and regional strain field in the southern segment of the Tancheng-Lujiang fault zone,eastern China

Studies in a segment of the Tancheng-Lujiang fault zone show that it is a major transcurrent ductile shear zone with a considerable sinistral displacement. The formations (PtT₁₊₂) at depths of 5 to 15 km may have cropped out in this area during subsequent erosion. Many ductilely deformed structures are in it. The deformed zone was formed during the Indo-Sinian orogeny. On the basis of measurements and analyses of many deformed pebbles within the shear zone, it is suggested that the deformation in the zone studied may be catagorized as a variation of simple shear and plane strain with a constant volume. The intensely deformed belt is generally 40 to 50 km wide, with the average strain ratio 27.68 and the maximum greater than 87.37. From analysis of elongation strain, we estimate that the deformed belt has been elongated by 164.23 km and narrowed by 222.5 km. The internal belt was formed by a high shear strain , calculated to be more than 11.34. The deformed belt is associated with syntectonic dynamothermal metamorphism, represented by greenschist facies and retrogressive metamorphism on previous amphibolite facies.     

沂沭断裂带中段基底韧性剪切带

在沂沭断裂带中段的泰山群结晶基底中,存在着一系列北东、北北东走向的左行韧性剪切带。对其中发育糜棱岩的韧性剪切带的结构构造、应变测量、变形岩石的显微构造、显微组构以及长石粒度和含量的变化规律进行了观测分析。讨论了韧性剪切带的变形条件和机制。及其递进发展的趋势。指出基底韧性剪切带是沂沭断裂带元古宙时期断裂活动时在地壳较深层次上形成的构造表象。在此基础上,讨论了地壳不同层次上的断裂变形及断裂岩石的综合分类问题     

郯庐断裂带南段与大别──胶南造山带构造复合（叠加）的显微构造证据

对那庐断裂带南段构造岩特别是中深层次韧性剪切带中的糜棱岩进行了研究自北向南于部庐断裂带主干断裂沿线选取6条有代表性的初一脆性剪切带进行地质测量,应用高分辨透射电子显微镜对构造岩中变形石英的位错结构进行观察,求得了韧性剪切作用下构造岩石所受的古差异应力和应变速率等一系列应变参数从显微构造角度提出了郊庐断裂带与大别一胶南造山带构造复合（叠加）的证据：构造岩石的一组应变参数是郊庐断裂带的产物,严格受其中的韧性剪切带控制,另一组系大别-胶南造山带与部庐断裂带复合的产物还讨论了都庐断裂带南段中深层次构造岩的变形一变质历史     

北京北石城断层带与河防口断层带断层岩石显微构造研究

本文论述了糜棱岩类与碎裂岩类的变形特征,它们各自代表了不同的成因机制,反映了断层带经历过早期韧性剪切和后期脆性破裂的发育历史。根据断层岩石的显微构造特征,估算了断层带发育过程中两个阶段的温度、压力、应变速率、差异应力大小和方位,并讨论了韧性剪切带、地壳中弹塑性过渡带与大陆地震多发层之间的关系     

Characteristics of fault rocks and paleo-earthquake source along the Koktokay-Ertai fault zone,Xinjiang,China

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龙门山构造带区域稳定性探讨

根据龙门山构造带的地震地质特征、地震活动规律及新构造活动特征,综合分析认为该地区区域稳定性受控于龙门山断裂带。而断裂带又以韧性切变形为主,蠕滑运动为特征,决定该带在相当长的一段时间内,发生强烈地震的可能性不大。     

天山地震带的地壳结构与强震构造环境

以中国西北地区的地震层析成像为基础,研究了天山地震带深部结构的基本特征．结果表明,天山地震带的地壳中部为低速的韧性滑脱层,南天山的断裂深度超过莫霍面,北天山的断裂深度一般只到地壳中部;天山莫霍面的深度一般大于５０ｋｍ,壳－幔边界由宽而缓的速度过渡带构成,中强地震主要位于盆山边界地壳中下部位波速变化较大的区域．帕米尔、南天山和塔里木之间存在一个北北东方向的低速带,乌恰和伽师地震分别位于该低速带东、西两侧的梯度带附近．推测帕米尔、南天山和塔里木之间的相对运动是导致低速带内部物质发生形变并在边界附近产生破裂的主要原因,地幔热物质的侵入对该地区的构造活动起到了重要的动力学作用．     

Features and origin time of Mesozoic strike-slip structures in the Yilan-Yitong Fault Zone

The NE-striking Yilan-Yitong Fault Zone(YYFZ) with a length of ca. 900 km is an important major fault zone in northeastern China. Its origin has been a controversial issue for a long time. Detailed field investigation and comprehensive analyses show that strike-slip faults or ductile shear belts exist as the origination structures on the both shoulders of the Cretaceous-Paleogene grabens. These strike-slip structures are dominated by brittle transcurrent faults, and appear as ductile shear belts only in the Weiyuanpu-Yehe and Shulan parts in the south and middle of the fault zone, respectively. The shear belts strike NE-SW and show steep mylonitic foliation and gentle mineral elongation lineation. Outcrop structures, microstructures and quartz c-axis fabrics demonstrate a sinistral shear sense with minor reverse component for the ductile shear belts. The microstructures suggest deformation temperatures of 400–450°C for the Weiyuanpu-Yehe shear belts and 350–400°C for the Shulan shear belt. A series of zircon U-Pb dating results for deformed and undeformed plutons or dikes in the shear belts constrain the strike-slip motion to the time between 160 and 126 Ma. It is further inferred from ages of main geological events in this region that the fault zone originated in the earliest Early Cretaceous. It is suggested therefore that the southern and middle parts of the Tan-Lu Fault Zone, which originated in Middle Triassic, propagated into northeastern China along the sinistral YYFZ under the earliest Early Cretaceous regional compression that is referred to as the Yanshan B event. The earliest Early Cretaceous initiation of the YYFZ results from both the high-speed oblique subduction of the Izanagi Plate and the final closure of the Mongol-Okhotsk Ocean, but the Izanagi Plate subduction played a major dynamic role in the fault zone origin.     

A mechanical model for deformation and earthquakes on strike-slip faults

A two-dimensional model for stress accumulation and earthquake instability associated with strike-slip faults is considered. The model consists of an elastic lithosphere overlying a viscous asthenosphere, and a fault of finite width with an upper brittle zone having an elastoplastic response and a lower ductile zone having an elastoviscoplastic response. For the brittle, or seismic, zone the behavior of the fault material is assumed to be governed by a relation which involves strain hardening followed by a softening regime, with strength increasing with depth. For the fault material in the ductile, or aseismic, section, the viscous effect is included through use of a nonlinear creep law, and the strength is assumed to decrease with depth. Hence, because of the lesser strength and the viscous effect, continuous flow occurs at great depths, causing stress accumulation at the upper portion of the fault and leading to failure at the bottom of the brittle zone. The failure is initially due to localized strain softening but, with further flow, the material above the softened zone reaches its maximum strength and begins to soften. This process accelerates and may result in an unstable upward rupture propagation.Relations are developed for the history of deformation within the lithosphere, specifically for the velocity of particles within the fault and at the ground surface. The boundary-element method is used for a quantitative study, and numerical results are obtained and compared with the recorded surface deformation of the San Andreas fault. The effects of geometry and material properties on instability, on the history of the surface deformation, and on the earthquake recurrence time are studied. The results are presented in terms of variations of ground-surface shear strain and shear strain rate, and velocity of points within the fault at various times during the earthquake cycle.It is found that the location of rupture initiation, the possibility of a sudden rupture as opposed to stable creep, and also the ground deformation pattern and its history, all critically depend on the mechanical response of the material within the fault zone, especially that of the brittle section. Shorter earthquake recurrence times are obtained for shallower brittle zones and for a stiffer lithosphere. Lower viscosities of the aseismic zone and the absence of asthenospheric coupling tend to suppress instability and promote stable creep. The model results thus suggest that the overall viscosity of the ductile creeping zone must exceed a minimum value for a sudden upward propagating rupture to take place within the seismic section.