地震信号多尺度分解及弱震相的提取

地震波携带着地球内部(包括震源和介质)的信息,这些信息是研究地球物理及地震的重要依据之一。并以频率、相位、振幅、时间等物理量特征,如何提取这些信息就显得至关重要。傅里叶变换实现了信号从时域到频域的变换,揭示了波列中各频率成分的能量分配,但丢失了时间这一重要信息。Gabor变换对傅氏变换作了推进和发展,通过加窗和平移的方法实现了时域局部化,但由于窗口一经选定,对所有频率的信号都固定不变,无法对高频和低频成分同时获得高分辨率,在许多研究中受到局限。1984年,法国地球物理学家Morlet提出了小波分析的概念和理论,后经许多科…     

中低纬度区变化地磁场的结构分析

用自然正交分量法（MNOC）分析了我国部分地磁台的变化磁场资料,得到了组成中低纬度地区变化磁场的几种主要成分,它们是电离层风发电机电流产生的S_q变化,磁扰电流产生的S_D变化,与UT有关的D_UT变化.这些成分的相对大小随季节而变,场的变幅有特定的纬度分布.     

地磁与空间物理资料的组织和相关坐标系

在地磁与空间物理学实验研究和理论研究中,无论是观测资料和实验数据,还是理论计算和数值模拟结果,都需要组织在一定的坐标框架中,或者用一定的函数(函数系)来表达.坐标系或函数系的选择对于合理描述资料和发现自然规律是十分重要的环节.本文综述了地磁与空间物理研究中经常使用的20多种坐标系,着重探索这些坐标系的基本设计思想和相互联系,追踪它们的发展演化轨迹,从而加深对资料组织和坐标系选择的理解.     

地磁日变与地震活动关系的主成分分析——以日本岩手县北部6.1级地震为例

本文提出了将主成分分析方法和地磁日变分析方法相结合以从较强干扰背景中提取相对较弱地震地磁信息的一种新思路.具体以1998年日本岩手县北部6.1级地震为例,选用三个地磁观测台资料进行研究.利用调和分析方法得到了各台基于多次谐波拟合的地磁日变曲线,在此基础上对各台的地磁日变形态进行了研究,发现距震中最近地磁台的日变形态在地震前大约两周出现了明显的异常,而其他两个距离震中相对较远的观测台日变形态基本正常.最后,将主成分分析方法应用于上述拟合地磁日变结果,得到了各主成分及其所占能量比的时间变化,结果表明在地震前两周左右第二主成分所占能量比显著增加,而且距离震中最近的台站的上述变化明显高于另两个较远的台站.上述结果表明地震前两周左右检测到的地磁日变异常可能与震中附近地下电阻率的变化或孕震过程中产生的电磁信号存在一定关系,相关研究结果有助于加深对地震电磁现象的认识和理解.     

北京数字化地磁脉动观测台网

叙述了北京数字化地磁脉动观测台网的基本情况、特点以及在地震预报研究和地磁学科研究等方面的重要作用。该台网提供了磁暴、磁扰、地磁日变及地磁脉动等地磁事件的数字化观测资料。这些观测资料由于其精度高和动态范围大, 蕴含有极为丰富的信息, 分析处理更为方便。      

利用相关域小波变换进行SWD资料预处理

随钻地震(SWD)的波场十分复杂,对钻头有效信号和地表机械干扰成分的分析是SWD重要的资料预处理步骤.本文利用有效信号和噪声带有周期性或时延差异等时间结构特征,引入相关域小波变换进行SWD信号检测和分析.有效信号在钻柱内往复多次传播,因而带有严格的周期性,泥浆泵等机械发出的噪声也是周期性的,这些成分在自相关域内可以得到很好的凸显.SWD波场的各种成分,由于到达各个接收道的时延不同,在互相关域的特定时延处也能够得到凸显.利用小波变换对这些在相关域内得到凸显的成分进行多分辨分析,能够获得优势频率范围、周期、衰减等主要特征.根据这些信息,设计出合理的SWD处理方法,初步得到了有效信号的直达波.数据试处理结果表明,相关域小波变换是随钻地震的一个有效的预处理方法.     

DQ-87型地球物理数据采集和处理系统

在地球物理学领域内经常遇到各种观测资料,其信号频率范围属于甚低频和超低频。例如地磁脉动,由电离层反射的无线电波频率的多普勒偏移,哨声,声重力波以及一般的地磁、地电、地震资料,大气参量的变化及其湍动等等,它们的频率范围从千分之几赫兹到数千赫兹。这些资料的收集和整理通常是分开的,由于记录的资料通常并不是数据化的,     

小波分析及地震磁效应

公众对地震预报寄以厚望 ,而地震是否能预报 ,却是一个长期争论的科学问题。关键是地震前有没有明显的、可靠的、与地震相关的前兆现象 ,以及这些前兆现象能否被有效地检测出来。很早以前 ,人们就注意到地磁异常现象和地震的关系。地球磁场具有谱成分丰富、频带较宽的性质。地震过程是一种非线性的变化过程 ,获得强震前地磁异常信号的突变时刻及突变时刻所对应的频率成分 ,是地震监测中亟待解决的关键科学问题之一。对很多信号来说 ,傅里叶变换是很有用的 ,因为信号的频率成分有很重要的意义。然而 ,傅里叶变换有一严重的缺陷。由于傅里叶变…     

太原基准地震台地磁背景噪声分析

太原基准地震台数字化地磁观测项目建成运行后,背景噪声水平较大,影响观测资料的使用.采取多种技术措施,认为地电阻率观测对地供电是地磁稳频干扰的主要成分,是地磁背景噪声的一项重要干扰因素.     

GPS基准站坐标分量噪声的时间序列与分类特征

根据地震预测对异常信息(长期、中期和短期异常)与噪声分离(白噪声、闪烁噪声和随机漫步噪声)的需要,文中应用小波方法对中国大陆的有关GPS基准站坐标分量和测站间坐标分量进行了分离,并将它们归纳为四类高频、中频、较低频和低频。通过对高频、中频和较低频的时间序列特征进行分类分析,获得如下看法:①高频类可能主要是白噪声造成的,其离散的程度较中频类略大,或许其中在某时刻包含临震前兆和震时形变信息;②中频类主要突出闪烁噪声的特征,或许其中在某时刻包含着短临前兆信息;③较低频类若剔除年和半年周期成分则显示随机漫步噪声的特点,或许其中包含着中期前兆信息;④低频类主要体现趋势性形变信息;⑤高频与中频类噪声的大小一般与观测季节明显有关,噪声最大的时段大约是8月份,噪声最小的时段大约是2月份;⑥判定不同频域信息的显著性时,其噪声要进行相应的综合或分离;⑦一定的空间域内的测站间坐标增量噪声平均小于测站相应坐标的噪声,而且噪声大小随时间的变化更加突出,甚至相差达一倍以上。这些可能说明,虽然这些噪声是GPS观测所固有的,但并非完全是独立的,测站间越近,共性的成分越突出。所有这些将为我们变形分析时信息显著性的判断、方法的选择、资料处理时权的确定、观测的最佳时段选择、跟踪监测方案制定和参考基准站的确定等提供重要的参考。     

Contribution to the knowledge of the magmatic evolution by the study of the variation of the coefficient of viscosity

The determination of the coefficient of viscosity of eruptive products gives useful elements to the knowledge of possible variations of composition and physical conditions of the magmas.     

Pictorial Series of the Manifestations of the Dynamics of the Earth

Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica -     

Magnetic stratigraphy of the Ordovician in the lower reach of the Kotuy River: the age of the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum and the rate of geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the superchron

Until recently, the existing data prevented the geophysicists from accurately dating the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, which outcrops in the middle reach of the Kotuy River, constraining the time of its formation to a wide interval from the end of the Late Cambrian to the beginning of the Silurian. The obtained paleomagnetic data unambiguously correlate the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum to the Nyaian regional stage and constrain its formation, at least a considerable part of it, by the Tremadocian. This result perfectly agrees with the data on the Bysy-Yuryakh conodonts studied in this work and yields a spectacular example of the successful application of paleomagnetic studies in solving important tasks of stratigraphy and, correspondingly, petroleum geology. Within the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, we revealed a large normal-polarity interval corresponding to the long (>1 Ma) period when the geomagnetic reversals were absent. This result, in combination with the data for the Tremadocian and Middle–Upper Cambrian sequences of the other regions, indicates that (1) the rate of occurrence of the geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the Ordovician Moyero superchron of reversed polarity was at most one reversal per Ma; (2) the superchron does not switch on instantaneously but is preceded by a certain gradual change in the operation conditions of the dynamo mechanism which, inter alia, manifests itself by the reduction of the frequency of geomagnetic reversals with the approach of the superchron. This finding supports the views according to which a process preparing the establishment of the superchrons takes place at the core–mantle boundary.     

Evolution of the Source of the Active Region of the Sun

Geomagnetism and Aeronomy - The magnetic evolution of the active region of the Sun at the level of the photosphere has been studied. Magnetic synoptic maps of the 2007 Kitt Peak Observatory were...     

On the solution of the reverse problem of geodesics with the help of the chord

Резюме Дается вывод формул для вычислений длины хорды, длины и азимутов нормаляных сечений и длины геодезической линии эллипсоида. Применяются тригонометрические функции данных величин и постоянные принятого ргфгргнц-эллипсоида, что является целесообразным при использовании вычислителQjных машин, особенно автоматов. Рабочие формулы рекомендуются в форме (8–11).

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Dedicated to Professor František Fiala on His 85th Birthday

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Address: Veveři 95, Brno.     

On the gravimetric undulations of the geoid and the deflections of the vertical

Summary The author mentions the aims of the World-wide gravity project he established in the Ohio State University in Columbus, in 1950. He outlines the practical procedure of the gravimetric computations of the undulationsN and the vertical deflection components and and emphasizes that only by the global international cooperation and additional gravity observations at sea carried out during the last decade it has been possible to gather to Columbus the needed gravity material. Since there exist still large gravimetrically unsurveyed areas it is of vital significance to study what gravity anomalies are best to be used for these regions. The given figures concerning the accuracy of theN, and , estimated theoretically and obtained in practice, indicate that in the gravimetrically well surveyed parts of the world like in Europe and the United States we can get gravimetrically on basis of existing gravity material theN-values with accuracy of about 5–10 meters, and and with the accuracy of about 1. The geoid undulationsN are already computed in Columbus for more than 6000 points of the northern hemisphere. The sample maps show the interesting geoid of Europe and vicinity between the latitudes 60° and 30° and longitude 5° W and 30° E, drafted on basis of more than 1000N-values computed at the corners of 1°×1° squares. It is interesting to realize that the geoid undulations in all this area are positive, the extreme values being between 40 and 50 meters. The geophysical significance of the geoid maps of this kind is pointed out.     

The effect of the pollution of the ground layer of the atmosphere on the albedo

Summary A simple model is proposed suitable for studying the effect of the ground layer of the atmosphere, polluted by aerosol, on the albedo. This model is founded on solving the equation of transfer of radiative energy. The numerical results are discussed, particular attention being paid to the analysis of errors due to neglecting the multiple reflection of solar radiation on the aerosol particles. A method which would also include the multiple reflection is proposed, and the conditions under which the presence of the aerosol is responsible for an increase or decrease of the solar radiation balance on the Earth's surface, are analysed.     

On the determination of the non-linearity of the gravimeter scale

Summary The results of two different methods of the determination of the non-linearity of the gravimeter scale are compared; the economy is discussed as well.     

On the maintenance of the axisymmetric part of the flow in the atmosphere

Summary The maintenance of the axisymmetric component of the flow in the atmosphere is investigated by means of a steady-state, quasi-geostrophic formulation of the meteorological equations. It is shown that the meridional variations in the time-averaged axisymmetric variables can be expressed as the sum of three contributions, one being due to the eddy heat transport, another to the eddy momentum transport, and a third to the convective-radiative equilibrium temperature which enters the problem through the specification of a Newtonian form of diabatic heating. The contributions by the large scale eddies are evaluated through the use of observed values for the eddy heat and momentum transports.The contributions from each of the three forcing mechanisms to the temperature and zonal wind fields are invstigated individually and found to be of about equal importance. The sum of the three contributions are also presented for the temperature, the zonal wind, the stream function associated with the mean meridional circulation and the corresponding vertical motion. Although the results fail to reproduce the main observed features of the lower stratosphere, they are found to be in good agreement with observations in the middle latitude troposphere. At any pressure level, for example, the computed mean zonal wind has a jet-like profile and the axis of the jet is found to slope to the south with height, as observed in the atmosphere.Based in part on a thesis submitted by the first author as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Ph.D. degree at the University of Michigan. — Publication No. 194 from the Department of Meteorology and Oceanography, The University of Michigan.