34000年以来南极汞沉降通量的估算

本文统计分析了南极DomeC冰芯中汞含量和降水指征参数δ1 8O值、1 0 Be浓度的关系 ,发现冰芯中Hg含量和δ1 8O值、1 0 Be浓度变化一致 ,表明DomeC冰芯汞含量受到冰雪积累率的影响 ,而且三者变化的高度同步性可能说明其原始驱动力也是一致的 ,从而冰芯中Hg含量可以和1 0 Be浓度一样作为冰雪积累率估算的替代性指标。此外 ,利用δ1 8O数据 ,系统估算了 340 0 0年以来南极汞沉降通量的变化。结果表明 ,DomeC冰芯汞沉降通量在末次冰盛期 (LGM)最高 ,为 3.80pgcm- 2 a- 1 ,约是全新世汞沉降通量 ( 1 .0 8pgcm- 2 a- 1 )的 3.5倍 ,该变化可能主要受到汞的自然排放量影响。     

Spatial variations of Pb,As, and Cu in surface snow along the transect from the Zhongshan Station to Dome A,East Antarctica

The spatial distributions of lead, arsenic, and copper(Pb, As, and Cu, respectively) in surface snow along the transect from the Zhongshan Station to Dome A, East Antarctica, are presented. The mean concentrations of Pb, As, and Cu are1.04±1.56 pg/g, 0.39±0.08 pg/g, and 11.2±14.4 pg/g, respectively. It is estimated that anthropogenic contributions are dominant for Pb, As, and Cu. Spatially, Pb concentrations show an exponentially decreasing trend from the coast inland, while a moderate decreasing trend is observed for Cu concentrations in the coastal area(below 2,000 m above sea level(a.s.l.)).In the intermediate area(2,000–3,000 m a.s.l.), the concentrations and enrichment factors of all these elements show high variability due to the complicated characteristics of climate and environment. On the inland plateau(above 3,000 m a.s.l.),the high concentrations of As and Pb are induced by high deposition efficiency, the existence of polar stratospheric precipitation, and the different fraction deposition to East Antarctica. The extremely high concentrations with maximum values of9.59 pg/g and 69.9 pg/g for Pb and Cu, respectively, are suggested to result mainly from local human activities at the station. Our results suggest that source, transport pathway, and deposition pattern, rather than distance from the coast or altitude, lead to the spatial distributions of Pb, As, and Cu; and it is further confirmed by spatial variations of the three metals deposited over the whole continent of Antarctica.     

Wisconsinan and Holocene Climate History from an Ice Core at Taylor Dome, Western Ross Embayment, Antarctica

Geochemical data and geophysical measurements from a 554-m ice-core from Taylor Dome, East Antarctica, provide the basis for climate reconstruction in the western Ross Embayment through the entire Wisconsinan and Holocene. In comparison with ice cores from central East and West Antarctica, Taylor Dome shows greater variance of temperature, snow accumulation, and aerosol concentrations, reflecting significant variability in atmospheric circulation and air mass moisture content. Extreme aridity during the last glacial maximum at Taylor Dome reflects both colder temperatures and a shift in atmospheric circulation patterns associated with the advance of the Ross Sea ice sheet and accounts for regional alpine glacier retreats and high lake levels in the Dry Valleys. Inferred relationships between spatial accumulation gradients and ice sheet configuration indicate that advance of the Ross Sea ice sheet began in late marine isotope stage 5 or early stage 4. Precise dating of the Taylor Dome core achieved by trace-gas correlation with central Greenland ice cores shows that abrupt deglacial warming at Taylor Dome was near-synchronous with the ∼14.6 ka warming in central Greenland and lags the general warming trend in other Antarctic ice cores by at least 3000 years. Deglacial warming was following by a warm interval and transient cooling between 14.6 and 11.7 ka, synchronous with the Bølling/Allerød warming and Younger Dryas cooling events in central Greenland, and out of phase with the Antarctic Cold Reversal recorded in the Byrd (West Antarctica) ice core. Rapid climate changes during marine isotope stages 4 and 3 at Taylor Dome are similar in character to, and may be in phase with, the Northern Hemisphere stadial–interstadial (Dansgaard–Oeschger) events. Results from Taylor Dome illustrate the importance of obtaining ice cores from multiple Antarctic sites, to provide wide spatial coverage of past climate and ice dynamics.     

A preliminary study on oxygen isotope of ice cores of Collins Ice Cap,King George Island,Antarctica

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南极冰盖SO_4~(2-)浓度记录研究进展

本文综述了南极冰盖雪冰中SO2 -4 的来源、SO2 -4 浓度记录的时空分布特征 ,特别对nss SO2 -4 记录的火山活动事件进行了概括与总结 ,反映了近年来南极雪冰中SO2 -4 记录的最新研究进展。南极冰盖雪冰中SO2 -4 来源的综述表明南极地区雪冰中的SO2 -4 主要来源于海盐、海洋生物和火山喷发三种。很多研究表明 ,用南极冰芯中记录的nssSO2 -4 可以恢复火山活动的历史 ,虽然对同一次火山活动 ,在取自南极不同地区的冰芯中 ,其浓度和沉积通量大不一样 ,然而 ,各次火山活动引起的硫酸根离子的沉积通量相对于Tambora火山的沉积通量的百分比在不同冰芯中却经常具有可比性 ,这使得利用冰芯中nssSO2 -4 的沉积通量推算历史时期火山喷发的强度成为可能     

Accumulation and geochemical evidence for the Little Ice Age episode in eastern Antarctica

Data on accumulation and concentration of chemical compounds recorded in an essentially unexplored area(Dome Argus)of the Indian Ocean sector of eastern Antarctica during the past 2,680 years(680 B.C. to 1999 A.D.) are presented. During the first 1, 700 years(680 B. C. to 1000 A. D.), the accumulation data shows a slightly decreasing trend, while chemical ions appear to be stable, representing a stable climatic condition. An intensive increasing trend of the accumulation occurred during the 12^th to 14^th century. The period from 15^th to 19^th century was characterized by a rapid reducing accumulation and concentrations of volatile compounds suffering post-depositional loss linked to sparse precipitation amount,which was temporally consistent with the Little Ice Age(LIA) episode. Comparison between observed accumulation rates with other eastern Antarctic ice cores show a consistent decreasing trend during LIA, while sea salt and dust-originated ions increased due to sea ice extent and intensified atmospheric transportation. Distribution of volcanic originated sulfate over the Antarctic continent show a significant change during the 15^th century, coincident with the onset of the LIA. These results are important for the assessment of Antarctic continent mass balance and associated interpretation of the Dome A deep ice core records.     

极地冰雪氢氧同位素指标及其指示意义

本文综述了水汽来源状况、降水季节变化、火山喷发、太阳活动等气候环境因素对极地冰雪中同位素含量的可能影响及其程度 ,以及降水区域不均衡性、降水年际不均衡性、逆温层和同位素在冰雪中的扩散迁移作用等几种不稳定因素可能对冰雪同位素分析造成的干扰 ;在此基础上 ,综述了极地冰雪中δ1 8O、δD和其差值d(d =δD - 8δ1 8O)与局部或全球气温之间的一些线性关系 (包括全球尺度 ,格陵兰地区 ,南极地区等 )及它们在空间分布上的变化规律     

南极冰盖SO_4~(2-)浓度记录研究进展

本文综述了南极冰盖雪冰中SO2 -4 的来源、SO2 -4 浓度记录的时空分布特征 ,特别对nss SO2 -4 记录的火山活动事件进行了概括与总结 ,反映了近年来南极雪冰中SO2 -4 记录的最新研究进展。南极冰盖雪冰中SO2 -4 来源的综述表明南极地区雪冰中的SO2 -4 主要来源于海盐、海洋生物和火山喷发三种。很多研究表明 ,用南极冰芯中记录的nssSO2 -4 可以恢复火山活动的历史 ,虽然对同一次火山活动 ,在取自南极不同地区的冰芯中 ,其浓度和沉积通量大不一样 ,然而 ,各次火山活动引起的硫酸根离子的沉积通量相对于Tambora火山的沉积通量的百分比在不同冰芯中却经常具有可比性 ,这使得利用冰芯中nssSO2 -4 的沉积通量推算历史时期火山喷发的强度成为可能     

The concentration variation features of sea salt ions and non sea salt ions in a firn core recovered from Princess Elizabeth Land, East Antarctica

A 51.85 m firn core drilled in Princess Elizabeth Land, Antarctica, during the 1996-1997 Chinese First Antarctic Inland Expedition, has been measured for δ 18 O and major ions. Based on the high quality data of the seasonal variations of major ions, the firn core was dated with errors within ±3 years. The 51.85 m firn core record extends for 251 years (A. D. 1745-1996). The results of the glaciochemistry data of the firn core show that the mean concentrations of Cl -, Na + and Mg 2+ are similar to those reported from other coastal areas in East Antarctica. However, mean concentrations of Ca 2+ are much higher than those reported from other regions, this anomaly phenomenon may be related to the strong local terrestrial sources. It is found that the variations of three kinds of sea salt ions (Cl -, Na + and Mg 2+ ) in the past 150 years show very similarly rising trends, which may be the results the Southern Hemisphere warming in the past century.     

Atmospheric Methane in Ice Cores

<正> The reconstruction of air trapped in ice cores provides us the most di-rect information about atmospheric CH_4 variations in the past history.Ice corerecords from the“Three Poles(Antarctica,Greenland and Tibetan Plateau)”re-veal the detailed fluctuations of atmospheric CH_4 concentration with time and areallowed to quantify the CH_4 differences among latitudes.These data are indis-pensably in the farther study of the relationship between greenhouse gases andclimatic change,and of the past changes in terrestrial CH_4 emissions.Ice coresreconstruction indicates that atmospheric CH_4 concentration has increased quicklysince industrialization,and the present day's level of atmospheric CH_4(1800 pp-by)is unprecedented during the past Glacial-Interglacial climate cycles.     

Seasonal air temperature variations retrieved from a Geladaindong ice core, Tibetan Plateau

A 70-year history of precipitation δ18O record has been retrieved using an ice core drilled from a plat portion of the firn area in the Guoqu Glacier (33o34′37.8″ N, 91o10′35.3″ E, 5720 m a.s.l.) on Mt. Geladaindong (the source region of Yangtze River) during October and November, 2005. Based on the seasonality of δ18O records and the significant positive rela-tionships between monsoon/non-monsoon δ18O values and summer/spring air temperature from the nearby meteorological stations, the history of summer and spring air temperature have been reconstructed for the last 70 years. The results show that both summer and spring air temperature variations present similar trends during the last 70 years. Regression analysis indicates that the slope of the temperature-δ18O relationship is 1.3℃/‰ for non-monsoon δ18O values and spring air temperature, and 0.4℃/‰ for monsoon δ18O values and summer air temperature. Variation of air temperature recorded in the ice core is consistent with that in the Northern Hemisphere (NH), however, the warming trend in the Geladaindong region is more intense than that in the NH, reflecting a higher sensitivity to global warming in the high elevation regions. In addition, warming trend is greater in spring than in summer.     

雪冰中宇宙成因核素~(10)Be在第四纪研究中的潜在应用

加速器质谱仪 (AMS)的发展使高精度测量宇宙成因核素1 0 Be并应用于研究天文、地理和古气候成为可能。雪冰中的1 0 Be浓度可以指示古降水量的变化 ,其在大气中的产率变化则可以反映三个主要控制因素 :原始宇宙射线强度、地磁场强度和太阳活动的变化。此外 ,配合其它宇宙成因核素 ,1 0 Be还能用于定年 ,并利用特殊“峰”帮助一些古老冰芯建立年代表 ,提供可作为全球对比标志的特殊信息。青藏高原因其特有的高海拔地势而拥有丰富的中低纬山地冰川资源 ,其冰雪中的1 0 Be资料可能提供比极地高纬资料更清晰的1 0 Be与大气环流、地磁场屏蔽作用关系的信息 ,将是对1 0 Be现有认识的极好补充。     

南半球降水对南极海冰涛动异常的响应

运用NCAR/CAM3全球大气环流模式,结合气候学诊断方法,分析了南极海冰涛动异常对南半球降水的影响,并对可能的作用机理进行了初步探讨。结果表明,南半球中纬度降水对海冰涛动异常的响应较为显著,且异常响应的空间分布与海冰涛动类似,分别在南美洲大陆以东大西洋和以西太平洋的广阔海域上存在两个正负值中心。 数值模拟结果显示,海冰涛动异常可以通过改变地表热通量,影响对流层中层大气,进而驱动费莱尔环流的上升支,加强或减弱费莱尔环流的强度,最终对南半球中纬度地区的降水分布产生影响。在阿蒙森/别林斯高晋海外围海冰异常偏少的海域,向上的热通量增加,局地加热会使得费莱尔环流的上升支异常偏强,费莱尔环流的经向输送增强,对应其在中低纬的下沉支也偏强,局地下沉气流异常偏强则会抑制降水的生成,导致降水异常偏少。在威德尔海外围海冰异常偏多的海域,经向环流和降水的响应几乎相反,但因受西南极半岛和南美洲陆面作用的影响,对应经度带费莱尔环流对海冰异常的响应较弱。     

STUDIES ON THE BHQ ICE CORE FROM THE LAW DOME, ANTARCTICA

The structure of the ice core varies with depth, Its surface layer is firn, followed by an ice layer with random fabric pattern (beginning at 28m depth), then transformed to a small circle girdle pattern (beginning at 147 m depth) through a transition layer, finally to a single-maximum pattern (beginning at 191 m depth). The stratigraphic profile of the ice core is similar to those of other cores on the Law Dome, For BHQ located in the middle of a flow line from the summit to the coast, the initial depth of every specific layer is less than that in the upstream and larger than that in the downstream. The ice was analyzed for trace elememts using instrumental neutron activation technique. No tendency towards a systematic increase or decrease in the element concentrations in the past 4000 years has been found. The mean concentrations of Na and Al over the past 4000 years are higher than those in the Vostok ice core by factors of 9 and 4, respectively.     

西南极布兰斯菲尔德海峡PC10孔硅藻氧同位素记录及其沉积学意义

对采自西南极布兰斯菲尔德海峡ＰＣ１０孔的５１个硅藻样品进行了氧同位素分析，结果揭示，柱状样氧同位素曲线可划分为５期，记录了区内近１１２．５ｋａ来的沉积，包括了一个冰期／间冰期旋回和一个冰后期。间冰期的沉积速率高于冰期，推测这与间冰期（暖期）筏冰物质及生物硅质源的供应较冰期（冷期）更丰富所致。     

Temperature variation and its driving forces over the Antarctic coastal regions in the past 250 years

By comparing the oxygen isotopic temperatures recorded by many shallow ice cores from the coastal regions of Antarctica, this paper presents the special characteristics of the temperature variations over the Antarctic coastal regions in the past 50 years, 150 years and 250 years. In the past 50 years, the isotopic temperatures recorded in the ice cores over different sites on the Antarctic coastal regions differ greatly. For instance, although increasing isotopic temperatures have been reported for many sites studied, many sites show decreasing trends, the regional regularity in temperature variations is still insignificant. In the past 150 years, the isotopic temperature trends in the coastal regions of Antarctica show an alternate-distributing pattern. In the past 250 years, all the ice cores from the coastal regions of Antarctica have recorded the so-called Little Ice Age (LIA). The above-mentioned spatial characteristics of the temperature variations over the Antarctic coastal regions are likely to reflect the impacts of the unique Southern Hemisphere atmospheric circulation, the Antarctic Circumpolar Wave (ACW) and the special terrain (such as the large drainage basins) on the coastal regions of Antarctica. Furthermore, the impacting intensity of the unique Southern Hemisphere atmospheric circulation, the Antarctic Circumpolar Wave and the special terrain differs in terms of the temporal scale of the temperature change.     

10Be and solar activity cycles in varved lake sediments, AD 1900–2006

Annually resolved terrestrial ¹⁰Be archives other than those in polar ice sheets are heretofore unexplored sources of information about past solar activity and climate. Until now, it has proven difficult to find natural archives that have captured and retained a ¹⁰Be production signal, and that allow for annual sampling and contain sufficient ¹⁰Be for AMS measurement. We report the first annually resolved record of ¹⁰Be in varved lake sediments. The record comes from Lake Lehmilampi, eastern Finland, which lies at 63°37′N, 29°06′E, 95.8 m a.s.l. The focus on the last 100 years provided an unprecedented opportunity to compare sediment ¹⁰Be data with annual ice core, neutron monitor and sunspot number data. Results indicate successful recovery of ¹⁰Be atoms from as little as 20 mg sediment. Sediment ¹⁰Be accumulation rates suggest control by solar activity, manifested as a reflection of the 11-year Schwabe solar cycle and its amplitude variations throughout the investigated period. These results open the possibility of using varved lake sediment ¹⁰Be records as a new proxy for solar activity, thus providing a new approach for synchronization of paleoclimate events worldwide.     

青藏高原各拉丹冬冰芯记录的季节气温变化

2005 年10-11 月中美联合考察队在各拉丹冬峰北部果曲冰川平坦的粒雪盆 (33^o34'37.8"N, 91^o10'35.3"E, 5720 m a.s.l.) 钻取了一支冰芯, 通过对该冰芯进行多参数定年, 恢复了青藏高原中部各拉丹冬地区近70 年来降水中δ¹⁸O 的变化历史。根据冰芯中季风期和非季风期δ¹⁸O 值与临近气象台站气温的正相关性, 重建了该地区70 年来的春季和夏季的气温变化。结果表明, 各拉丹冬冰芯中δ¹⁸O 记录的春季和夏季升温趋势非常明显; 根据回归分析, 冰芯中非季风期的δ¹⁸O 每增大(或减小) 1‰相当于春季气温升高(或降低) 1.3 ^oC; 季风 期的δ¹⁸O 每增大(或减小) 1‰相当于夏季气温升高(或降低) 0.4 ^oC; 各拉丹冬冰芯中δ¹⁸O 记录恢复的春季和夏季气温与北半球春季和夏季的气温变化具有一致的趋势, 但各拉丹冬地区的增温幅度比北半球要大, 同时春季的增温幅度也高于夏季。     

Temperature variation and its driving forces over the Antarctic coastal regions in the past 250 years

By comparing the oxygen isotopic temperatures recorded by many shallow ice cores from the coastal regions of Antarctica, this paper presents the special characteristics of the temperature variations over the Antarctic coastal regions in the past 50 years, 150 years and 250 years. In the past 50 years, the isotopic temperatures recorded in the ice cores over different sites on the Antarctic coastal regions differ greatly. For instance, although increasing isotopic temperatures have been reported for many sites studied, many sites show decreasing trends, the regional regularity in temperature variations is still insignificant. In the past 150 years, the isotopic temperature trends in the coastal regions of Antarctica show an alternate-distributing pattern. In the past 250 years, all the ice cores from the coastal regions of Antarctica have recorded the so-called Little Ice Age (LIA). The above-mentioned spatial characteristics of the temperature variations over the Antarctic coastal regions are likely to reflect the impacts of the unique Southern Hemisphere atmospheric circulation, the Antarctic Circumpolar Wave (ACW) and the special terrain (such as the large drainage basins) on the coastal regions of Antarctica. Furthermore, the impacting intensity of the unique Southern Hemisphere atmospheric circulation, the Antarctic Circumpolar Wave and the special terrain differs in terms of the temporal scale of the temperature change.     

南极乔治王岛柯林斯冰帽小冰穹冰芯中火山喷出物的首次鉴定

对采自南极乔治王岛柯林斯冰帽小冰穹顶冰芯40～50m深度处黑色沉积物样品进行了内部结构和外部形态的观察和分析。偏光显微镜下光性鉴定表明该样品具有显著的火山喷出物指征性结构。经EPM—810Q型电子探针分析发现了样品较强的火山喷出物形貌方面的指征,全元素定性分析验征了偏光显微镜下观察到的几种特定矿物组成。这是首次在柯林斯冰帽冰芯中发现并得到鉴定的火山喷出物。