云南普雄地区铀钍资源的成矿条件研究

正云南普雄地区位于建水县境内,工作区至建水约40km,有公路相通,交通方便。工作区位于华南褶皱系、个旧褶皱束,北与扬子地台毗邻,西与横断山地槽相近,处于不同构造单元的交接部位,矿产资源丰富。普雄地区的白云山岩体是个旧杂岩体的组成部分(图1),个旧杂岩体是多种矿产资源丰富,是世界著名的锡都。个旧地区中生代岩浆活动频繁,以花岗岩为主,同时发育中基性、碱性岩岩体,     

秦岭南带及其邻近地区晚加里东运动初探

秦岭地区(北纬32℃—35℃)横亘我国中部,地处中朝准地台、扬子准地台两个相对稳定的地质单元之间,为长江、黄河两大水系的分水岭,形成了我国南、北气候的天然分界。这里所谓扬子准地台应包括摩天岭台隆、若尔盖中间地块,后两者是从前者边缘分离出来的。秦岭地区古褶皱形态即是其本身构造运动的产物,又反映了中朝准地台、扬子准地台两者的相对运动。因此对南秦岭冒地槽褶皱带(以下简称秦岭南带)晚加里东构造运动的研究,不仅能够揭示其运动性质、波及范围、形态特征及对其褶皱后古地形地貌的     

南秦岭加里东褶皱带金属矿化特征及其成矿模式的讨论

秦岭是华北地台和扬子准地台的过渡带,在靠近扬子准地台一侧的南秦岭加里东地槽褶皱带,地质构造复杂,成矿作用期次多,蕴藏有丰富的矿产资源,对开展综合找矿具有广阔的前景。作者根据南秦岭地区多年取得的成果和大量资料的整理研究,对本区矿化特征与成矿模式有一些粗浅认识,现整理成文,供参考。     

刘家坪杂岩体的岩石特征及时代

刘家坪杂岩体出露于扬子准地台西北边缘。该区扬子期岩浆活动,早期为刘家坪组海底喷发的中～酸性火山岩系,晚期先后侵入有角闪辉长岩—石英闪长岩—斜长花岗岩—辉绿岩脉。岩浆岩具有幔源岩浆及造山带地区火山岩的特征。据震旦系覆于刘家坪杂岩体之上,其底部砂砾岩的砾石中有杂岩体成分,以及杂岩体侵入于同位素年龄值为6.43亿年的刘家坪组之中,认为刘家坪杂岩体时代为前震旦纪。     

崆岭群时代研究取得新进展

扬子准地台崆岭群的时代一直是我国地质学家长期关切的重大基础地质问题。历来认为扬子准地台的基底相对华北地台来说比较年青。因此,以往多数学者把崆岭群与鄂西神农架群、川西会理群、桂北四堡群、黔东梵净山群、湘西冷家溪群、赣北双桥山群、皖南上溪群和浙西双溪坞群等相提并论。宜昌地质矿产研究所长期以来就对崆岭群的时代问题产生疑问,这一问题不解决,影响对扬子准地台地质发展史的认识,也影响对某些矿床形成条件的分析。根据地质矿产部     

鹤庆锰矿小天井矿区元素地球化学特征

鹤庆锰矿是我国典型的优质锰矿床,位于扬子准地台西缘,距大理白族自治州鹤庆县城5km。矿体赋存于上三叠统松桂组。小天井矿区是该地区开采最早的矿区,本文对该地区含锰岩系的主量、微量和稀土元素进行分析和探讨。1地质概况     

川西木里推覆构造的厘定

在扬子准地台与松潘——甘孜褶皱系交接部位的木里地区,发育着规模巨大的逆冲推覆构造,包括尖头山、后所和列瓦山等三个推覆体。上下盘岩系具有不同层次的变质差异,是该逆冲推覆构造的显著特征。在扬子准地台西缘,随着陆内汇聚的增强和逆冲推覆构造的发展,不仅加强了扬子准地台内部的古断裂活动,并且还发生、发展了一些新断裂,形成了“康滇地轴”东侧的米市—江舟和西侧雅砻江两个断陷盆地,奠定了“康滇地轴”为一垒二堑的构造格局。     

四川省区域地质概况及特征

四川的地层发育齐全,从上太古界到第四系均有。全省具双层结构特点的前震旦系基底。在晚震旦世一三叠纪,四川东、西部地区地质发展迥然不同,东部地区进入地台发展阶段。而西部仍处于地槽活动状态。变质岩主要分布在西部及东部的西边缘。东部仅有前震旦系变质,而西部三叠系以下地层均已变质。晋宁、印支、喜马拉雅运动是四川重要的构造运动。全省可分为四个一级大地构造单元:杨子准地台、松潘—甘孜褶皱系、三江褶皱系和秦岭褶皱系。杨子准地台自震旦纪开始进入地台发展阶段,松潘—甘孜褶皱系与三江褶皱系经历两次地槽发展阶段。     

朝鲜的前寒武系及其有关矿产简介

朝鲜地处东亚几个大型构造单元之间,大部分地区属晚元古(早元古的后期)中国地台的东缘,东北部系锡霍特—阿林地向斜的晚古生代褶皱带,东南部为环太平洋褶皱带中生代褶皱带的组成部分。黄汲清(1952,1956)曾将朝鲜视为中朝地块的一部分,1960年他又将中国地台分为四个准地台,其中将中朝地块单元划归中朝准地台。我国1/400万(1959)地质图将朝鲜划为遭受中生代强烈活化作用的前震旦纪褶皱区。     

浙西地区“扬子型”铅锌矿床的找矿潜力初探

“扬子型”铅锌矿床的地质特征 一、矿化集中的时空分布 “扬子型”铅锌矿床在准地台周边及其隆起的碳酸盐中分布很广,成矿时期从南华纪至早古生代,最重要的有南华系莲沱组（彭山式）,震旦系陡山沱组上部（董家河式）,震旦一寒武系麦地坪组（大渡河式）,下寒武系清虚洞组（花垣式）。除此,在奥陶系、石炭系和三叠系也有发现。这类矿床形成于晋宁造山后扬子地台伸展裂陷构造环境,是罗迪尼亚超大陆裂解事件的产物。空间上主要分布以下地区：     

Alkali Feldspars with Water at 5 kb Pressure

Alkali feldspars with water at 5 kb begin to melt at an isobariceutectic: 703±2 °C, Or ₂₈.₅ (wt. per cent) recalculatedanhydrous. The liquidus of albite-H₂O at 5 kb is 758±3°C. The K feldspar-rich, water-saturated liquidus is essentiallythat of Yoder, Stewart, & Smith (1957), who furthermorefound orthoclase-H₂O to melt at 876 °C. The alkali feldspar solvus, determined by synthesis from glassand a few reversals using crystalline material, has a calculatedcritical temperature of 730 °C and a critical compositionof Or₃₁ (wt. per cent) using parametric equations (Thompson& Waldbaum, 1969). The Margules equation yields T_c = 738°C. The feldspars produced are structural equivalents oflow sanidine on the basis of their 060 and 04 powder X-ray diffractionpeaks. The critical line intersects the beginning of meltingcurve for the system Ab-Or-H₂O at 4.2 kb, 715 °C, the minimumconditions for the coexistence of two feldspars and liquid inthis system. The slope of the critical line, using Orville's (1963) 2 kbresults, is 18.3 °C/kb, leading to an intersection withthe kyanite-sillimanite curve of Richardson, Bell, & Gilbert(1968) at about 10.6 kb, 834 °C. The intersection with theandalusite-sillimanite curve of these authors (1969) falls atabout 3.5 kb, 703 °C. Such intersections may be used toestimate limits of P and T for a variety of crustal rocks. Because isobaric crystallization of feldspars in the water-deficientregion must enrich liquids in H₂O to the saturation point, haplosyeniticliquids with a finite initial water content must, at 5 kb totalpressure, eventually crystallize two feldspars.     

桐庐杂岩体中共存的两种碱性长石研究

桐庐同熔型火山－侵入杂岩中出现两种碱性长石，一种为无色透明，另一种为微红色，本文利用X射线衍射仪，电子探针，透射电镜对其结构态，成分及出溶微结构进行了对比研究。结果表明，两者成分差别不大，而结构差别较大，无色透明的为透长石，出溶叶片发育；微红色的为正长石或低透长石，出溶结构不发育。而且随着冷却速率的变慢，无色透明碱性长石的Al/Si有序度增大，微红色碱性长石的有序度降低，分析后认为这种共存现象是岩浆混和造成的，从而为桐庐杂岩体的岩浆混合成因提供了有力的证据。     

Trace and Minor Element Chemistry of Alkali Feldspars in the Klokken Layered Syenite Series

Trace and minor element concentrations in alkali feldspars fromthe layered syenite series in the Klokken gabbro-syenite complex,South Greenland have been measured using an ion microprobe.The technique has high precision, avoids problems of mineralseparation, and has allowed investigation of zoning and theeffects of deuteric alteration. Li, Be, B, Cs and Pb occur at< 1 p.p.m. levels, but Ba, Sr, Rb, Mg, Fe, Ti and P are presentin the 1–7000 p.p.m. range. Provided unaltered strain-controlledcrypto- or microperthitic feldspar is sampled and deutericallycoarsened material is avoided, all of the latter elements exceptMg show systematic variation. This confirms the evidence forin situ fractionation of a single syenitic magma-pulse affordedby major element variation in coexisting mafic minerals, particularlypyroxenes and olivines. The distinction between granular andlaminated syenites in the series is supported by the trace elements,which confirms the view that the granular syenites are a condensedroof-chill series with inverted cryptic variation, while thelaminated syenites are a bottom accumulated sequence. Using mainly experimentally determined partition coefficientsfrom the literature and a simple Rayleigh fractionation modelbased on the variation in Ba, Sr and Rb (elements whose concentrationin the melt is largely controlled by feldspar) we calculategeologically reasonable minimum thicknesses for the entire layeredseries of 1370–3260 m. Ti variation in the feldspars wascontrolled by Fe-Ti oxide fractionation, and Fe contents alsowere controlled by mafic phases. Controls of Mg, and particularlythe irregular P levels, are not clear. Behaviour of Ca, whichis present at < 6000 p.p.m. levels in the feldspars, is qualitativelyexplained in terms of the ternary feldspar phase diagram.     

Enthalpies and Volumes Related to K--Na Mixing and Al-Si Order/Disorder in Alkali Feldspars

In order to investigate the thermodynamic properties of alkalifeldspars, three new feldspar ion-exchange series have beensynthesized, two based on monoclinic parent materials havingintermediate degrees of Al—Si order, the other on Amelialow albite. Acid solution calorimetric measurements have beencarried out in 20?1% HF at 50?C under isoperibolic conditionson 30 members of the three series, and compared with revisedvalues for a previously reported sanidine—analbite series.Molar volumes have been determined for all feldspars, and foran additional series based on Eifel sanidine. Enthalpies of K—Na mixing (A_ex) calculated from the 50?Cheats of solution are dependent on Al—Si distributionfor both topochemically monoclinic and triclinic alkali feldspars,and in general can be expressed as where N_Or and N_Ab are mole fractions of KAlSi₃O₈ and NaAlSi₃O₈,respectively, and Z is an ordering parameter defined as twicethe difference in the mole fraction of Al in the T1 vs the T2tetrahedral sites. A_ex values for all but the most disorderedseries are maximized toward sodic compositions, and increaseboth in magnitude and asymmetry as ordering increases. For topochemically monoclinic alkali feldspar series, volumesof K—Na mixing(V_ex) are asymmetric with N_Or, but withinthe precision of present data do not depend on Al—Si distribution: Microcline-low albite feldspars appear to have volumes of mixingwith the opposite asymmetry, but expressions of for these differ somewhat among various investigators. Since no single thermodynamic mixing property is markedly asymmetricwith respect to composition, the excess Gibbs energies impliedfrom solvus data for alkali feldspars, and maximized at sodiccompositions, are apparently the result of additive effectsof subtle asymmetries in the volumes, enthalpies, and entropiesof K—Na mixing in these minerals. The thermodynamic properties of an alkali feldspar at any compositionare significantly affected by the distribution of Al and Sibetween T1 and T2 tetrahedral sites. The enthalpy of formationat 50?C of a monoclinic potassium feldspar with perfect order(Z=1) differs by 2?19 kcal/mol from one with a completely randomAl—Si distribution (Z=0), while a value of 2?86 kcal/molapplies to analagous sodium end members. ConverselyY-ordering(between T1O andT1m sites) seems to have little or no effecton the enthalpy of formation of either end member, evidencedby the fact that most of the enthalpy differences for the lowmicrocline to sanidine and corresponding low albite to analbitetransitions (1?73 and 2?79 kcal/mol, respectively) can be attributedto Al—Si exchanges between T1 and T2 sites. Observed enthalpydifferences in alkali feldspars are probably related to strainat domain boundaries, whether the domains are extremely small,or somewhat larger as in modulated structures. Neither Z-nor Y-ordering has a substantial effect on the molarvolumes of alkali feldspars.     

Equations of state of Plagioclase Feldspars

The volume variation with pressure of seven intermediate plagioclase feldspars has been determined by high-pressure single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The bulk moduli of plagioclases for a 3rd-order Birch-Murnaghan EoS can be described by the following pair of equations:

复杂电性结构大地电磁二维响应特征

为了改进计算区域离散化问题,本文利用自适应非结构化网格有限单元法求解二维地电结构下大地电磁场满足的加权余量表达式。在有限元求解电磁场的过程中,网格剖分越精细、计算精度越高,计算量也会越大。此外,结构化网格难以适应任意地形以及复杂地质构造。而自适应非结构化网格在电性变化剧烈的区域会自动加密,在电性缓变的区域则生成粗疏的网格,从而优化网格质量与数量。因此,文中引入COMSOL Multiphysics软件,以实现若干地电模型的构建及非结构化自由四边形单元网格化。将网格数据信息导入本文算法,计算大地电磁场响应,并与解析解及数值解对比。结果表明,基于非结构化网格的正演模拟精度高、适应性强,为计算区域网格化提供了新的方法。     

长石在高温高压条件下的物理化学行为

长石是地学上非常重要的矿物之一。它有可能随着板块俯冲而进入地球深部,因此它在高温高压条件下的相行为以及物理化学性质对地球深部地球动力学研究非常有意义。本文总结了长石端员组份(钾、钠、钙长石)以及其固溶体系列已知的高温、高压实验数据,并绘制成相图。已有的研究成果显示:这三种端员组份在高压下的相行为有较大差异,并产生了许多只在高温高压条件下稳定的相如K-Holl-I、K-Holl-II、CF、CAS及CaPv等。由这些高压相构成的具有长石成分的不同相组合的密度在约5~23GPa的压力范围内超过地幔岩的密度,因此这些相组合可以主动俯冲到上地幔的深处。另一方面,已有研究表明,这些高压相对碱金属及碱土金属在地幔中的赋存状态有着非常重要的影响。     

中国沙漠的碎屑长石矿物与冰期风尘示踪

文章采用了新型自动矿物相识别技术（INCA Mineral）对中国北方10个沙漠盆地以及蒙古戈壁沉积物的碎屑长石开展了矿物定量研究。钾长石/钠长石和钙质斜长石/石英的比值指示了沙漠沉积物的长石矿物含量特征,表现出显著的地球化学区域分布特证。沿着青藏高原北部边缘分布的塔克拉玛干、柴达木、腾格里、巴丹吉林与毛乌素沙漠的沉积物中两种长石矿物比值均较低;中亚造山带以北的古尔班通古特、蒙古戈壁、浑善达克、呼伦贝尔和科尔沁沙漠的沉积物中两种长石矿物指标均具有较高值。长石矿物含量特征揭示的“两单元”区域分布结果,可以由过去采用Nd-Sr-Hf同位素示踪结果来验证。东亚沙漠长石含量的二元空间分布特征,支持了构造成山控制盆地沉积物矿物成分的假说。黄土高原末次冰期黄土的长石含量特征,与青藏高原北缘的长石分布特征一致,该区域可能是末次冰期黄土高原物质的主要来源,但也并不排除中亚造山带物质通过远距离搬运传输对末次冰期风尘的贡献。     

Conditional Simulation of Complex Geological Structures Using Multiple-Point Statistics

In many earth sciences applications, the geological objects or structures to be reproduced are curvilinear, e.g., sand channels in a clastic reservoir. Their modeling requires multiple-point statistics involving jointly three or more points at a time, much beyond the traditional two-point variogram statistics. Actual data from the field being modeled, particularly if it is subsurface, are rarely enough to allow inference of such multiple-point statistics. The approach proposed in this paper consists of borrowing the required multiple-point statistics from training images depicting the expected patterns of geological heterogeneities. Several training images can be used, reflecting different scales of variability and styles of heterogeneities. The multiple-point statistics inferred from these training image(s) are exported to the geostatistical numerical model where they are anchored to the actual data, both hard and soft, in a sequential simulation mode. The algorithm and code developed are tested for the simulation of a fluvial hydrocarbon reservoir with meandering channels. The methodology proposed appears to be simple (multiple-point statistics are scanned directly from training images), general (any type of random geometry can be considered), and fast enough to handle large 3D simulation grids.