鄂尔多斯盆地西南缘奥陶系深水牵引流沉积

深水牵引流沉积是沉积学中的一个重要研究领域，包括内潮汐、内波沉积和等深流沉积两大类，主要发育于海洋深水区。深水牵引流沉积的研究起步较晚，目前主要集中于现代深海沉积和野外露头研究，对深埋地下的古代深水牵引流沉积发现较少，其所具有的油气潜能还不被人们所认识。本文论述了鄂尔多斯盆地西南缘奥陶系内潮汐沉积、等深流沉积的特征和沉积类型。内潮汐沉积是在研究区首次发现，以灰色中一细砂岩为主，部分为粗粉砂岩，单层厚十余厘米至数十厘米，砂岩以普遍发育双向交错纹理为特征。等深岩丘主要由3种碳酸盐等深岩组成，即砂屑等深岩、粉屑等深岩和灰泥等深岩，共发育有4种层序样式。最后，阐明了其油气勘探意义，并分析了其潜在的油气勘探价值。     

关于南海北部深水重力流沉积问题的讨论

深水沉积主要泛指陆架以外的沉积,尤以沉积物重力流成因的沉积受到深水油气勘探界的关注,它的沉积成因、过程和相组成均与河流、三角洲、浅海等牵引流沉积有很大的差异。当前南海北部大规模深水勘探已经全面展开,正确认识深水重力流沉积具有重要意义,但由于我国油气勘探对深水重力流沉积缺乏勘探实践,目前对深水重力流沉积有不同的理解,如深水重力流沉积一定要在多深的水下沉积,深水重力流沉积的判识一定要有深水环境的标志,深水重力流沉积作用保留在地层中的沉积层理构造特征一定是重力流流态的等。通过南海北部深水实钻资料和沉积体系的研究,认为深水重力流沉积具有偶发而动、沿坡搬运、择低而积、有限分布的特点。陆架坡折带以外的粗陆源碎屑沉积以重力流沉积成因为主,低位体系域的重力流更易于发育砂岩储层。陆坡区深水重力流沉积的特点表明储层识别是深水勘探的关键工作。     

南海北部白云深水区水道与朵体沉积序列及演化

近年来,深水水道、朵体已成为油气勘探的重要目标,南海北部白云深水区发育大量深水水道-朵体沉积体系。研究现今陆坡深水沉积过程有助于揭示深海沉积分布、沉积演化规律。在回顾深水层序地层研究的基础上,利用近地表高分辨率三维地震资料所揭示的地震反射(下超点和上超点迁移)特征研究深水沉积序列,初步探讨不同时期深水水道-朵体体系沉积动力机制,深水水道-朵体体系具有垂向的前积、加积和退积特征,并提出一种深水水道-朵体体系沉积层序模式,低位体系域早期,发育碎屑流或滑块为主的水道-朵体体系,后期则转化为浊流为主的水道-朵体体系。在深水等时地层格架内研究现代深海沉积过程及其产物,对深水储层预测具有十分重要的意义。     

琼东南盆地海底地形地貌特征及其对深水沉积的控制

琼东南盆地位于南海北部大陆边缘西部,其深水区是重要的油气勘探新领域。利用琼东南盆地高密度的多道地震资料,阐明了琼东南盆地海底地形地貌特征,分析了盆地内深水沉积体的类型、特征、形成机制和空间展布,探讨了地形地貌对深水沉积的控制作用,对深入理解深水沉积过程,尤其是该区深水油气储层的预测具有重要意义。研究结果表明,琼东南盆地海底地形总体可以划分为陆架、陆坡和深海平原。在该地形地貌控制下,研究区内主要发育6种深水沉积体:浊流沉积、陆坡峡谷充填、滑塌沉积、滑移沉积、沉积物波和碎屑流沉积。进一步的研究表明,这些沉积体的空间发育部位和规模与陆坡的坡度有关。地形坡度通过控制重力流流体的流态产生各类型重力流沉积,进而控制了陆坡体系的调整过程。研究结果还表明,由于地形坡度的变化,重力流流态会发生相应变化,并进而导致各种类型重力流沉积在其形成过程中发生相互转化,其一般转化顺序通常为滑塌-碎屑流-浊流。     

南海北部深水区双峰盆地地震层序特征及勘探前景

南海是中国海洋地质调查、油气和天然气水合物勘探的重点区域,随着南海浅水区勘探程度不断提高,南海北部深水区逐渐成为研究热点。然而,南海北部深水区双峰盆地研究程度仍然较低,以该区2D多道地震及围区钻井资料为基础,使用地球物理地震勘探理论和类比分析的方法研究了盆地地层沉积结构样式和油气勘探前景。在双峰盆地追踪了7个主要反射面,以不整合面为界划分了3套地震层序。研究认为盆地新生界地层厚度较大,中—晚中新世后,盆地进入半深海-深海相沉积环境,发育了以下切水道、深水扇及滑塌体为代表的深水沉积。盆地西部和北部坳陷渐新统湖相-海湾相泥岩,现今已达到成熟-早成熟阶段,具有一定的生烃能力。周缘发育冲积扇和扇三角洲沉积,盆内发育斜坡扇和盆底扇,可为良好储层。早中新世以来发育的半深海相泥岩,可为良好的区域盖层,具有较好的生储盖组合,预测该区具有良好的油气勘探前景。     

琼东南盆地深水区新近系沉积特征与有利储盖组合

南海北部琼东南盆地具有准被动大陆边缘性质,其深水区具有较好的勘探前景.综合利用地震、钻井等资料,从层序地层研究出发,探讨了等时地层格架内新近系储层沉积特征,总结了浅水(陆表海)背景和深水(陆坡)背景下的储层沉积模式.根据储盖层沉积背景,并结合已有钻井资料,指出深水区新近系主要发育深水沉积和浅水沉积两大类型储盖组合:浅水...     

等深流沉积研究现状与展望

本文根据国内外等深流及其沉积的研究成果,概述了它们的研究进展,且详细阐述了等深流沉积特征和沉积类型,并指出等深岩丘的发现是该领域最为重要、最具特色的突出成果以及等深流沉积研究的油气勘探意义.虽然随着深海钻探计划和大洋钻探项目的开展,等深流沉积研究取得了较大进展,但现代等深流沉积和古代等深流沉积的研究在一定程度上发展尚不平衡,仍存在着较多问题,尤其是在古代等深流沉积研究方面显得更为薄弱.最为重要的是,等深流沉积的识别是该领域研究的最大难题.因此,在其未来研究上,应注意运用地震波识别、遥感等现代科技调查手段,进行多学科综合研究,尽快建立一套完善的识别标志,如沉积学标志、古生物标志等,以促使其逐渐成为海洋沉积学中一个更为完善的研究领域.     

南海北部中—深层环流格局下海山-阶地-峡谷沉积效应

作为研究水-岩界面物质能量交换的天然实验室,南海北缘陆坡区具有复杂的地形地貌（如凸起海山、平坦阶地、下凹峡谷等）,并发育不同类型的深水沉积体系（包括重力流滑移滑塌、浊流和底流沉积等）。基于高分辨率海底地形、地震反射资料,海水温盐深（CTD）观测资料,以及已发表的海洋沉积学及物理海洋数值模拟结果,本文针对南海北缘代表型陆坡区开展中—深层环流格局下海山-阶地-峡谷沉积效应分析。发现了尖峰陆坡区侵蚀型-海山型（环槽-丘状漂积体）和席状/无沉积型底流阶地的沉积组合,以及一统陆坡区海山相关底流沉积（环槽-丘状漂积体）-席状/无沉积型底流阶地-黏附型漂积体-陡坡滑塌/峡谷体系的沉积组合;揭示了这些典型深水沉积组合与南海中—深层环流动力格局的耦合关系。该成果对于深入了解深水沉积过程对中-深层动力格局的响应及其对于大陆边缘形态的塑造具有较好的启示意义。     

海山对深水底流沉积过程及演化的影响研究进展

海山是广泛分布于深水区的一种构造地貌类型,底流则是一种长期存在于深水区的沉积动力,故二者之间将会不可避免地发生相互作用,对深水沉积过程及其演化具有不可忽略的控制作用。通过归纳总结全球海山区底流沉积过程研究成果,指出在海山的直接或间接作用下,深水底流沉积动力受到影响,流动路径发生改变,产生次级底流沉积动力,同时也可影响生物群落分布,进而导致海山区沉积地貌及岩相表现出独特的平面展布特征。随着海山区底流沉积动力和沉积地貌背景的垂向演变,不同时期底流沉积过程及其响应也有所差异。因此,海山区底流沉积动力复杂且具特殊性,造就了不同于开阔陆坡背景下的底流沉积地貌和岩相特征及时空分布规律,其对深海盆地构造和古海洋演化的指示意义也与开阔陆坡底流沉积体系有所不同。目前有关海山与底流沉积过程之间的耦合关系研究程度还相对较低,极大地限制着深水资源勘探和地质灾害预测,这一问题有必要在未来深水沉积学研究中给予重点关注。     

东非鲁武马盆地陆坡深水沉积特征及主控因素

东非鲁武马盆地陆坡深水区发育了挤压冲断带和伸展断陷两种类型的构造,这种特殊构造背景下的深水沉积特征尚无研究报道。利用高分辨率三维地震资料,详细描述了鲁武马盆地陆坡第四系深水沉积特征,并探讨其主控因素。结果表明,鲁武马盆地陆坡深水区主要发育5种深水沉积类型:陆坡峡谷-水道充填沉积、正断层改造的朵体、沉积物波、海底滑坡和等深流沉积。深水沉积主要受构造活动和地形地貌控制,西部挤压剥蚀区主要发育带状的峡谷-水道体系、丘状的等深流漂积体以及波状的沉积物波,东部拉张沉积区主要发育海底滑坡沉积及深水朵体。     

Depositional characteristics and spatial distribution of deep-water sedimentary systems on the northwestern middle-lower slope of the Northwest Sub-Basin, South China Sea

Based upon 2D seismic data, this study confirms the presence of a complex deep-water sedimentary system within the Pliocene-Quaternary strata on the northwestern lower slope of the Northwest Sub-Basin, South China Sea. It consists of submarine canyons, mass-wasting deposits, contourite channels and sheeted drifts. Alongslope aligned erosive features are observed on the eastern upper gentle slopes (<1.2° above 1,500 m), where a V-shaped downslope canyon presents an apparent ENE migration, indicating a related bottom current within the eastward South China Sea Intermediate Water Circulation. Contourite sheeted drifts are also generated on the eastern gentle slopes (~1.5° in average), below 2,100 m water depth though, referring to a wide unfocused bottom current, which might be related to the South China Sea Deep Water Circulation. Mass wasting deposits (predominantly slides and slumps) and submarine canyons developed on steeper slopes (>2°), where weaker alongslope currents are probably dominated by downslope depositional processes on these unstable slopes. The NNW–SSE oriented slope morphology changes from a three-stepped terraced outline (I–II–III) east of the investigated area, into a two-stepped terraced (I–II) outline in the middle, and into a unitary steep slope (II) in the west, which is consistent with the slope steepening towards the west. Such morphological changes may have possibly led to a westward simplification of composite deep-water sedimentary systems, from a depositional complex of contourite depositional systems, mass-wasting deposits and canyons, on the one hand, to only sliding and canyon deposits on the other hand.     

Contourites within a deep-water sequence stratigraphic framework

Sequence stratigraphy has proven to be an extremely useful predictive tool in the search for hydrocarbons along the continental margins. However, of the several models in use, none includes the effects of alongslope processes in deep-water. This paper, therefore, is a first attempt to place contourite depositional systems (CDSs) firmly within a sequence stratigraphic framework, based on detailed examination of over 20 CDSs worldwide. It also presents a new view of how sea level variation influences bottom current generation and intensity. Two key controls on contourite drift formation are identified: sediment influx and bottom current velocity. Sea level directly influences the sediment influx to a basin and, therefore, the contourite response fits nicely into the downslope sequence stratigraphy model. Bottom current velocity variations in response to sea level are more complex, and two key controls are identified: (1) oceanic gateways can effectively constrict and accelerate water masses and are therefore closely associated with CDS evolution; fluctuating sea level will affect the water exchange through a gateway; (2) changing rates of bottom-water generation: some water masses appear more vigorous during periods of lowstand, whereas others appear more sluggish. In order to accommodate this variation, two new sequence stratigraphy models are herein presented, comprising both downslope and alongslope processes. The first model reveals a CDS where bottom current activity is markedly more vigorous during times of sea level highstand, whereas the second model indicates margin evolution where bottom-water currents are most vigorous during times of sea level lowstand. It is recognised that there are additional controlling factors linked to sea level variation which can significantly modify the distribution and development of contourite elements.     

南海深水盆地油气地质特征及勘探方向

在深入调研南海深水盆地油气地质条件的基础上,系统分析了油气分布规律和成藏主控因素,明确了油气资源潜力和有利勘探方向,旨在为南海深水油气勘探决策提供科学依据.研究结果表明:南海深水盆地发育在非典型边缘海大陆边缘,其石油地质条件具有特殊性,油气分布特征存在显著的南北差异.其中,南海北部深水的珠江口盆地和琼东南盆地,以构造圈...     

Deep-Water Bottom Current Research in the Northern South China Sea

This article discusses an effective way to study deep-water current activity with the sedimentary features of seabed sediments. In the paper, we have processed a seismic survey line crossing the Northwest sub-basin of the South China Sea (SCS). In the seismic profile, we can clearly distinguish the contourite sediment waves and find the erosion scope formed by the deep-water bottom current. Combining the analytic result of piston cores sediments in the research area, we can conclude that the deep-water current is the contour current. It enters the SCS through the narrow Bashi Channel and then it flows to the southwest direction along the isobaths of Dongsha uplift and Southern uplift, but there isn't direct evidence to explain that bottom current flows to the direction of the deep-sea basin. The conclusion confirms former speculation about the passage of deep-water current and provides an important foundation to construct the whole structure of deep-water circulation for the SCS.     

Seismic expression of contourites and related deposits: a preface

Contourites are widespread throughout the deep sea, ranging from those that build up individually distinct bodies (mounded drifts) to those that occur closely interbedded with other deep-water facies. Although seismic data should not be used to make a firm identification of contourites without supporting evidence, much progress has been made in determining the combination of seismic criteria that best represent contourite deposits. With some modifications and additions, these criteria are in broad agreement with those recently proposed by Faugères and colleagues (1999). The papers in this special issue are mainly drawn from those presented at an IGCP workshop held in Trieste, Italy (October 2000), together with selected additions. Some of the new and important topics covered include: discussion of bottom-current controlled deposits on continental shelves and in large lakes (shallow-water and lacustrine `contourites'); the unique characteristics of high-latitude contourite systems that show interaction with turbidity current, debris flow and glacigenic processes; and the importance of local slope topography, developed as a result of synsedimentary tectonics and downslope mass movement, in focussing and shaping drift deposits (infill and fault-related drifts). An introduction to the powerful use of 3D seismic data in understanding contourite systems points the way towards important future research.     

南海天然气水合物的成矿远景

通过对南海的中新生代区域构造、中上新世纪沉积、近－现代地貌及地温条件的分析，结合ODP184航次钻探成果和水合物最新调查资料，探讨了南海水合物的成矿条件，认为具有良好的成矿地质构造环境；通过对南海陆坡深水区现有大量多道地震调查资料的重新判读，发现南海地区存在多处水合物的地震标志－BSR，以活动边缘笔架增生楔和非活动边缘西沙－东沙为例，重点解剖水合物的地震特征，建立其成藏模式，总结其成矿规律，预测水合物资源远景，为今后在该海域寻找水合物矿床、预测水合物资源远景起到抛砖引玉作用。     

Peat formation and accumulation mechanism in northern marginal basin of South China Sea

In the present study, the coal-rock organic facies of Oligocene Yacheng Formation of the marginal basin in the South China Sea were classified and divided. In addition, through the correlations of the large-scale coal-bearing basins between the epicontinental sea and the South China Sea, it was concluded that the coal forming activities in the South China Sea presented particularity and complexity. Furthermore, the coal forming mechanisms also presented distinctiveness. The marginal basins in th...     

南海深海生物多样性国际研究态势与热点分析

南海是西太平洋边缘海,有陆架、陆坡、岛礁、深海平原、海山、冷泉等多种生境,近10年来南海逐渐成为世界深海研究的热点。南海是中国海洋生物多样性最高的区域,与作为海洋生物多样性中心的印太珊瑚大三角区具有一定的环境与生物连通性,对南海的深海生物探测研究可丰富对西太平洋及印太交汇区生物多样性及地理分布格局的认知。目前有关南海的生物多样性研究主要集中在北部陆架浅海及岛礁,对于深海生物多样性认知明显不足。本研究梳理了全球深海生物多样性的主要国际战略布局,并对南海深海生物多样性SCIE论文发表情况进行了综合分析,探讨了南海深海生物多样性研究态势,对未来南海深海生物多样性调查与研究提出了研究展望和建议。