海洋酸化及国际研究动态

全球海洋酸化是对海洋生态系统的最大威胁之一,其对海洋健康的影响已逐渐显示出来,引起世界主要沿海国家和国际组织的高度重视,美国、英国、德国、日本、澳大利亚、韩国等国家纷纷制定海洋酸化问题研究计划,研究应对海洋酸化和保护海洋生态环境的对策.有关国际组织召开海洋酸化问题国际研讨会,协调沿海国家的行动,提高行动的功效,全力以赴...     

国内外海洋生态系统服务研究进展及启示

随着海岸带城市化以及海洋经济的发展,海洋生态系统退化、海洋资源过度捕捞以及赤潮等一系列问题引起社会各界的关注。如何合理的开发利用海洋资源,维护和提升海洋生态系统服务功能成为亟待解决的问题。本文在国内外海洋生态系统服务相关文献检索和分析的基础上,对国内外海洋生态系统服务研究进展进行总结,发现国外研究主要集中在海洋生态系统服务与人类福祉、生态系统服务间的相互作用与联系、海洋海岸带的规划管理等方面,而国内研究关注点与国外有一定的差异,更侧重于对海洋生态系统服务的评估、海洋生态补偿、人类活动与海洋生态系统服务等方面。最后,通过对国内外海洋生态系统服务研究比较,得出相关研究启示。     

海洋生态系统服务功能与价值评估研究进展

海洋生态系统的服务功能及其生态价值是地球生命支持系统的重要组成部分,也是社会与环境可持续发展的基本要素,海洋生态资源的研究在解决人类福利,海洋管理,可持续发展以及维护国家权益等方面非常重要,虽然人类在海洋生态系统价值与GDP的关系,海洋生态系统可持续发展的原则,海洋生态系统价值的区域性研究等方面已经积累了一些研究成果,但对海洋生态系统服务功能与价值评估的研究与其他生态系统相比存在很大差距,认为创建海洋生态价值评估理论体系是首要问题,近海生态系统服务功能是未来重要发展方向之一,海洋生态价值的改变应该纳入全球绿色GDP的核算体系。     

海洋垃圾ABC

说明:☆海洋垃圾是指海洋和海岸环境中具持久性的、人造的或经加工的固体废弃物。海洋垃圾影响海洋景观,威胁航行安全,并对海洋生态系统的健康产生影响,进而威胁到人类的生产和生活。     

海洋垃圾ABC——海洋垃圾降解时间线

说明：☆海洋垃圾是指海洋和海岸环境中具持久性的、人造的或经加工的固体废弃物。海洋垃圾影响海洋景观,威胁航行安全,并对海洋生态系统的健康产生影响,进而威胁到人类的生产和生活。     

海洋异养细菌生物量与生产力的研究方法

随着人类对海洋生态系统的不断研究和探索,海洋异养细菌在海洋生态系统物质循环、能量流动及维持海洋生态系统多样性与稳定性方面的重要性被人们广泛认可并展开深入研究。国际领域的一些有关海洋与全球变化的重大研究项目如:全球海洋生态系统动力学研究、全球海洋通量联合研究及     

气候变化对海洋生物及生态系统的影响

工业革命以来,人类活动每年向大气中排放约10亿t的CO2,其直接影响是导致了全球温度升高、区域气候模式震荡、海平面上升、海水酸化等一系列变化.这些变化能够促使海洋生物从基因水平到生态系统水平发生改变,从而影响海洋生态系统的服务功能,不利于人类的可持续发展.海洋对调节气候变化和维持各生态系统的平衡具有重要意义,尽管一些海...     

海洋负排放技术及其生态治理功能前瞻

工业革命以来,人类活动导致的以二氧化碳为代表的温室气体持续排放,被认为与全球气候变化密切相关,引发诸多极端气候事件,导致海平面上升、海水酸化、海水暖化等一系列环境负面效应。海洋是地球最大的活跃碳库,增汇潜力巨大。为应对全球气候变化,人为干预海洋生态系统、促进其对大气二氧化碳额外吸收封存的海洋负排放技术体系成为国际研究热点。根据负排放技术的应用场景,目前海洋负排放技术体系涵盖侧重于生态保护和修复的滨海湿地蓝碳、侧重于环境友好型养殖产业的海水养殖环境碳汇和借助生态工程技术手段的负排放工程增汇。海洋负排放技术在实现人为增汇的同时,有望通过促进海洋生物的生长和繁殖、提高海洋生态系统的稳定性和抗干扰能力、促进海洋生态系统内部及其与陆地生态系统之间的资源循环利用,发挥其生态治理功能,从而应对海洋环流改变、海水酸化脱氧等全球海洋环境恶化以及人类活动污染的局部胁迫。     

专家称海洋酸化加剧

日前，联合国教科文组织政府间海洋学委员会与国际原子能机构等在摩纳哥举办了海洋酸化研讨会，与会专家认为，由于吸收了过多的二氧化碳，海洋正在以前所未有的速度酸化，已经威胁到了海洋生态系统和几千万人的生计。     

关于海洋生态系统服务的经济属性研究

当前,海洋生态系统的服务价值日益受到科学界的广泛重视。从环境经济学的相关理论出发,深入探讨了海洋生态系统服务的经济属性,以期为海洋生态服务资本的保值与增殖提供理论依据。     

中国自然科学基金委员会资助全球气候变化和全球海洋生态动力学的战略(英文)

简要介绍中国全球变化的概况。作为支持全球变化研究的一个重要部门的国家科学基金委员会,已把国际地圈生物圈计划的核心计划之一的全球海洋生态系统动力学研究列为未来一个时期内优先资助领域之一,并拟在重大、重点、面上三个层次资助科学家开展研究工作。最后,阐述了发展海洋生态系统动力学的原则、战略目标和优先领域或范围。     

海洋酸化对贝类的生理生态学影响研究进展

随着工业化进程的发展,温室气体二氧化碳(CO2)大量排放,约四分之一被海洋吸收,导致海水pH值和碳酸钙饱和度降低,出现了海洋酸化的现象.海洋酸化及引起的碳酸盐化学体系的变化已对各种海洋生物产生影响.贝类作为海洋生态系统中的代表性生物类群,自身具有一定的酸碱平衡调节能力,但其属于钙化生物,极易受到海水酸化的影响.在对贝类...     

Biogeographic variability in the physiological response of the cold‐water coral Lophelia pertusa to ocean acidification

While ocean acidification is a global issue, the severity of ecosystem effects is likely to vary considerably at regional scales. The lack of understanding of how biogeographically separated populations will respond to acidification hampers our ability to predict the future of vital ecosystems. Cold‐water corals are important drivers of biodiversity in ocean basins across the world and are considered one of the most vulnerable ecosystems to ocean acidification. We tested the short‐term physiological response of the cold‐water coral Lophelia pertusa to three pH treatments (pH = 7.9, 7.75 and 7.6) for Gulf of Mexico (USA) and Tisler Reef (Norway) populations, and found that reductions in seawater pH elicited contrasting responses. Gulf of Mexico corals exhibited reductions in net calcification, respiration and prey capture rates with decreasing pH. In contrast, Tisler Reef corals showed only slight reductions in net calcification rates under decreased pH conditions while significantly elevating respiration and capture rates. These differences are likely the result of environmental differences (depth, pH, food supply) between the two regions, invoking the potential for local adaptation or acclimatization to alter their response to global change. However, it is also possible that variations in the methodology used in the experiments contributed to the observed differences. Regardless, these results provide insights into the resilience of L. pertusa to ocean acidification as well as the potential influence of regional differences on the viability of species in future oceans.     

全球海洋酸化研究态势与最新进展分析

海洋是一个巨大的碳库,通过吸收大气中的二氧化碳减缓了全球变暖的局势。海洋同时也是蕴含丰富资源的宝库,过量二氧化碳的吸收造成海水pH值发生变化,海洋酸化对这个资源宝库的影响不容忽视。文章通过文献计量与统计分析的方法,从宏观角度研究了海洋酸化研究的整体发展现状、主要研究力量与研究主题分布,分析了未来的发展趋势,并结合现有问题给出了讨论建议,以期为未来的海洋酸化研究提供一定的参考借鉴。研究结果表明：海洋酸化研究经历了探索、成型、快速增长与稳步增长4个时期,澳大利亚、美国、加拿大和英国是主要研究国家,美国国家海洋与大气管理局、美国伍兹霍尔海洋研究所、美国加州大学、澳大利亚昆士兰大学和詹姆斯库克大学是主要研究机构。海洋酸化过程与成因、敏感性生物与生命过程影响、生态系统影响与生态效应、珊瑚礁与藻类典型研究等内容则是该领域的主要研究主题。未来的海洋酸化研究还应该拓展广度和深度、提升方法和技术,并注意制定综合研究计划、慎重定性与量化研究结果、考虑多方面差异耦合因子并加强基础研究与国际合作。     

What meta-analysis can tell us about vulnerability of marine biodiversity to ocean acidification?

Ocean acidification has been proposed as a major threat for marine biodiversity. Hendriks et al. [Hendriks, I.E., Duarte, C.M., Alvarez, M., 2010. Vulnerability of marine biodiversity to ocean acidification: a meta-analysis. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, doi:10.1016/j.ecss.2009.11.022.] proposed an alternative view and suggested, based on a meta-analysis, that marine biota may be far more resistant to ocean acidification than hitherto believed. However, such a meta-analytical approach can mask more subtle features, for example differing sensitivities during the life-cycle of an organism. Using a similar metric on an echinoderm database, we show that key bottlenecks present in the life-cycle (e.g. larvae being more vulnerable than adults) and responsible for driving the whole species response may be hidden in a global meta-analysis. Our data illustrate that any ecological meta-analysis should be hypothesis driven, taking into account the complexity of biological systems, including all life-cycle stages and key biological processes. Available data allow us to conclude that near-future ocean acidification can/will have dramatic negative impact on some marine species, including echinoderms, with likely consequences at the ecosystem level.     

A global ocean observing system framework for sustainable development

Sustainable development depends on maintaining ecosystem services which are concentrated in coastal marine and estuarine ecosystems. Analyses of the science needed to manage human uses of ecosystem services have concentrated on terrestrial ecosystems. Our focus is on the provision of multidisciplinary data needed to inform adaptive, ecosystem-based approaches (EBAs) for maintaining coastal ecosystem services based on comparative ecosystem analyses. Key indicators of pressures on coastal ecosystems, ecosystem states and the impacts of changes in states on services are identified for monitoring and analysis at a global coastal network of sentinel sites nested in the ocean-climate observing system. Biodiversity is targeted as the “master” indicator because of its importance to a broad spectrum of services. Ultimately, successful implementation of EBAs will depend on establishing integrated, holistic approaches to ocean governance that oversee the development of integrated, operational ocean observing systems based on the data and information requirements specified by a broad spectrum of stakeholders for sustainable development. Sustained engagement of such a spectrum of stakeholders on a global scale is not feasible. The global coastal network will need to be customized locally and regionally based on priorities established by stakeholders in their respective regions. The E.U. Marine Strategy Framework Directive and the U.S. Recommendations of the Interagency Ocean Policy Task Force are important examples of emerging regional scale approaches. The effectiveness of these policies will depend on the co-evolution of ocean policy and the observing system under the auspices of integrated ocean governance.     

Securing blue wealth: The need for a special sustainable development goal for the ocean and coasts

The ocean regulates the global climate, provides humans with natural resources such as food, materials, important substances, and energy, and is essential for international trade and recreational and cultural activities. Together with human development and economic growth, free access to, and availability of, ocean resources and services have exerted strong pressure on marine systems, ranging from overfishing, increasing resource extraction, and alteration of coastal zones to various types of thoughtless pollution. Both economic theory and many case studies suggest that there is no “tragedy of the commons” but a “tragedy of open access”. With high likeliness, structures of open access are non-sustainable. International cooperation and effective governance are required to protect the marine environment and promote the sustainable use of marine resources in such a way that due account can be taken of the environmental values of current generations and the needs of future generations. For this purpose, developing and agreeing on one Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) specifically for the Ocean and Coasts could prove to be an essential element. The new SDGs will build upon the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and replace them by 2015. Ensuring environmental sustainability in a general sense is one of the eight MDGs but the ocean is not explicitly addressed. Furthermore, the creation of a comprehensive underlying set of ocean sustainability targets and effective indicators developed within a global Future Ocean Spatial Planning (FOSP) process would help in assessing the current status of marine systems, diagnosing ongoing trends, and providing information for inclusive, forward-looking, and sustainable ocean governance.     

海洋生态动力学模型的研究进展

海洋生态系统动力学模型与模拟研究是海洋生态学研究的最重要方面之一,依据近来国内外的研究成果,综述了海洋生态系统动力学模型的目的、研究方法及建立数学模型应遵循的原则、进展以及未来的发展方向,讨论了海洋生态模型的基本性质及分类并就它们在海洋生态系统研究中的应用作了一些初步分析。     

国际海洋科技领域研究热点及未来布局

近年来,全球海洋研究呈现出若干新的特点.本文基于对近年来全球重要海洋研究进展信息,分析了全球环境变化背景下几个重要研究热点方向的最新进展,包括全球海洋物理环境变化研究、海洋塑料污染研究、海洋酸化研究、南北极和印度洋研究以及海洋技术开发等.基于对美国、英国、日本和俄罗斯等重要海洋国家最新发布的海洋科技创新政策和计划,分析...