天然河流水资源开发中的水环境保护问题

人类在发展社会经济的同时,出于商业目的和个人利益,争相控制水资源,随意向河流排污,导致天然河流、湖泊及附近地区水环境恶化.保护天然河流和水资源是人类共同的责任,不能以牺牲环境为代价,要有统一的认识、统一的措施来进行水资源的保护工作.     

江河洪水预报流域水量分析法

江河洪水预报流域水量分析法具有概念明确、分析计算严谨、预报精度较高且仅应用江河水文站实测流量资料等特点,对于水文站数多、流量资料系列长的大江大河尤为适用。初次应用于淮河干流上游,取得了一定的经验。这一方法的应用,将会对我国大江大河防 及水资源利用起到良好的作用。     

甘肃省主要河流径流时空分布规律及演变趋势分析

通过对甘肃省主要河流径流时空分布规律的分析研究,得出干旱缺水的主要原因是各河年径流丰水时段很短,一般只有2～3年;枯水时段很长,可达7～26年;祁连山区许多河流多年均值基本稳定。并预测从1998年开始至2009年,全省诸河水量从枯水年代转向平水到偏丰的年代;建议全省必须树立长期抗旱的思想,水资源利用必须进行系统分析优化配置。     

A Tale of Two Fishes: Using Recreational Angler Records to Examine the Link Between Fish Catches and Floodplain Connections in a Subtropical Coastal River

In the tropical and subtropical wet and dry regions, maintaining natural hydrologic connections between coastal rivers and adjacent ephemeral wetlands is critical to conserving and sustaining high levels of fisheries production within these systems. Though there is a consensus that there is a need to maintain these natural connections, little is known about what attributes of floodplain inundation regimes are most important in sustaining fisheries production. Two attributes of the flood season and thus floodplain inundation that may be particularly influential to fisheries are the amplitude of the flood season (floodplain water depth and spatial extent of inundation) and the duration of the flood season (i.e., time floodplains are inundated). In mangrove-dominated Everglades coastal rivers, seasonal inundation of upstream marsh floodplains may play an important role in provisioning recreational fisheries; however, this relationship remains unknown. Using two Everglades coastal river fisheries as a model, we tested whether the amplitude of the flood season or the duration of the flood season is more important in explaining variation in angler catch records of common snook and largemouth bass collected from 1992 to 2012. We validated angler catches with fisheries-independent electrofishing conducted in the same region from 2004 to 2012. Our results showed (1) that bass angler catches tracked electrofishing catches, while snook catches were completely mismatched. And (2) that previous year's marsh dynamics, particularly the duration of the flood season, was more influential than the flood season amplitude in explaining variation in bass catches, such that bass angler catches were negatively correlated to the period time that floodplains remained disconnected from coastal rivers in the previous year, while snook catches were not very well explained by floodplain inundation terms.     

基于MATLAB工具箱的BP神经网络年径流量预测模型研究——以塔城地区乌拉斯台河为例

塔城地区独特的地形为西来水汽的输送提供了条件,从而形成了众多中小河流,而中低山带季节性积雪的消融又使河流呈现出春汛汛的特点,使得径流年内分配不均,对塔城地区水资源配置极为不利,开展径流量的预测研究,将为水资源的优化配置提供科学的理论基础.文章以塔城地区乌拉斯台河为例,根据其年径流量(1966-1995年)序列的长期变化特征,利用MATLAB的神经网络工具箱提供的许多有关神经网络设计、训练以及仿真的函数,实现BP网络对年径流量的预测研究.从模型的检验来看,所建模型具有较好的适应性和预报精度,并且拟合效果较好,说明这种预测方法有一定的实用性.     

近50a以来青海省水资源变化趋势分析

选取三江源区主要代表站1956-2000年的年径流量与年降雨量资料,分析青海省三江源区水资源变化趋势.结果表明:青海省三江源区近45a来水资源变化趋势不明显.为了从更广的区域说明问题,对内陆河区青海湖、柴达木盆地的主要代表站1956-2000年的年径流量与年降雨量资料进行了分析,发现除了香日德河年径流量呈现比较明显的增加趋势之外,其它各站的年径流变化趋势均不明显,与三江源区具有相似的变化特征.     

国际河流的水权及其有效利用和保护研究

国际河流水资源由于其自然跨越一个或多个国家而成为流域内各国共享的自然资源,这意味着国际河流水资源的所有权也将为多国共同享有,即多国共同享有河流水资源的所有权(简称"水权")。通过对国际河流水权特点的分析,为实现水资源的有效利用,对国际河流水权市场化和水权保护进行了初步探讨,认识到各国的国际河流水权具有:有限的水资源利用权,水资源的保护义务,在一定条件下进行水权交易的权利,提出:各国的国际河流水权应保持相对的稳定,流域国间应建立一定的水权协议和水权有效利用的监督机制等。     

Climate change outlook for water resources management in a semiarid river basin: the effect of the environmental water demand

Iran is a developing country with arid and semiarid regions. Poor management of water resources combined with the effects of climate change is leading to the drying of several rivers and wetlands. Several planned water development projects, primarily for agricultural expansion, will be implemented in the coming years which could worsen impacts on vulnerable aquatic ecosystems. Proper water resources management is essential to meet present and future residential, environmental, industrial, and agricultural demands in semiarid regions. This paper presents projections of how the availability of water resources will change in the Karkheh river basin of Iran for the period 2010–2059 employing sustainability criteria in the form of time-based reliability, volumetric reliability, resiliency, and vulnerability. This paper’s results show that consideration of environmental receptors as a stakeholder of water use places limitations on agricultural development within the Karkheh river basin.     

干旱区坎儿井与山前凹陷地下水库

在分析研究坎儿井主要技术特点的基础上,结合河流冲洪积扇地形地貌特征、储水构造以及水资源转化特点,提出了建设山前凹陷带"横坎儿井式"地下水库的具体思路,并以台兰河地下水库示范工程为例,对构筑"横坎儿井式"地下水库的可行性及其"引渗回补"调蓄系统、"横坎儿井"集水系统、"自流虹吸"输水系统三大工程组成部分的结构设计原理进行了初步的探讨.山前凹陷地下水库是非常理想的应急抗旱水源工程,其研究和示范工程,为干旱区内陆河流域地表水与地下水联合调度、水资源高效利用探索出了一种新模式.     

Suspended-sediment and fresh-water discharges in the Ob and Yenisey rivers, 1960–1988

Of the world's great rivers, the Ob and Yenisey rank among the largest suppliers of fresh water and among the smallest suppliers of suspended sediment to the coastal ocean. Sediment in the middle reaches of the rivers is mobilized from bordering terraces and exchanged between channels and flood plains. Sediment in the lower reaches of these great rivers is deposited and stored (permanently, on a millennial time scale) in flood plains. Sediment discharges, already small under natural conditions, are diminished further by large manmade reservoirs that trap significant proportions of the moving solids. The long winter freeze and sudden spring breakup impose a peakedness in seasonal water runoff and sediment discharge that contrasts markedly with that in rivers of the tropics and more temperate climates. Very little sediment from the Ob and Yenisey rivers is being transported to the open waters of the Arctic Ocean under present conditions.     

嘉陵江水资源的开发与防灾工程

笔者首先从地学角度阐明长江流域的特大洪水泛滥在人类出现之前即已有之。所以,单靠维原有自然状态尚不跳以防止咱中及长江中下游洪灾;在上游设置具有足够调洪能力的水利工程也是必要的和紧迫的措施。根据四川盆地及其周转的水资源状况、工程地质条件和对环境工程地质问题的预测,笔者认为,在盆地北部边缘山区的嘉陵江（主要是涪江和渠江）上游修建拦蓄工程,不但可消除川中旱洪灾害,同时将大大地减轻长江中下游的洪灾威胁。为此     

September 2004 Flood Event in Southwestern Bangladesh: A Study of its Nature,Causes, and Human Perception and Adjustments to a New Hazard

This paper examines the nature and causes of September 2004 hazardous flood that affected the dry and drought prone southwestern region of Bangladesh. It also examines human perception of this new hazard and their methods of adjustments to its negative impacts. Field research for this study includes personal interviews of 453 victim families living in four thanas (lowest administrative units) in Jessore and Satkhira districts of southwestern Bangladesh. Findings of the study suggest that all victim respondents viewed this flood event as a natural hazard, which has caused severe damage to standing crops, fish ponds, permanent trees and homesteads, and deteriorated human health and sanitation conditions. Its long-term impacts on fish farming, soil quality degradation, as well as changing land use/land coverage are also noteworthy but yet to be adequately explored. Both perceived and scientific causes of this flood event include high rainfall for a week before the flood, unusual movement of low pressure system into the affected area, cloudy weather and low evaporation, siltation of the regional riverbeds, and rolling back of the Ganges River water through the Ichamati and Bhagirati rivers. These factors also caused hazardous flooding at the same time in the Ichamati and Bhagirati Rivers and their floodplains in the West Bengal province of India. To release the overflow of flood water inside India, the Indian border patrol breached the Ichamati river embankment in several places along Satkhira and Jessore international border which had aggravated the flood situation in the study area.     

An approximate projection of availability of the fresh groundwater resources in the South West district of NCT Delhi, India: a case study

The future availability and sustainability of fresh groundwater resources in the South West district of the national capital territory (NCT) Delhi, India, have been projected. Due to a rapid decline in groundwater level and quality, the district has been required by the Government of India to regulate development of groundwater resources. Shallow groundwater is mostly saline and water resources in the area are limited. The methodology applied here involves microzonation of the district in terms of thickness of fresh groundwater and then quantification of present and future availability of freshwater in different freshwater zones, including tentative timescales. The calculation method has been aided by data on historic trends in water level at representative groundwater monitoring stations, located either in fresh groundwater zones or near to them. It is estimated that the presently available 481 million m³ of resources will be reduced to 374 million m³ by year 2007 and to 303 million m³ by the year 2012, and by the year 2022 the district will have only 176 million m³ of available fresh groundwater resources.     

Emergency Plan for Water Supply in Consecutive Droughts and Sustainable Water Resources Management in Beijing

Beijing, the capital city of China, has suffered from acute water shortage, with only 300 m3/a of water resources available per capita. In addition, Beijing has experienced a prolonged period of consecutive droughts from 1999 to 2010. Water crisis has constrained the socio-economic development of Beijing. Meanwhile, the national "South-to-North Water Transfer"(STNWT) project, which is expected to provide some relief to the water crisis in Beijing, is still under development. In order to ensure the security of water supply in Beijing before the completion of the STNWT project, several measures have been implemented to cope with droughts, including pumping groundwater from emergency well fields,water saving, recycling of water, rain and flood water harvesting, and the diversion of water from neighboring rivers and groundwater basins. Groundwater from four emergency well fields contributes the most to the public and domestic water supplies in Beijing, supplying a total volume of 1.8×10~9 m~3.The water crisis is supposed to be mitigated by the completion of the STNWT project. After the completion of this project, more sustainable management of water resources will be implemented,including the use of aquifers as groundwater reservoirs and conjunctive use of surface water and groundwater resources.     

Hydrologic characteristics of floods in Ganges–Brahmaputra–Meghna (GBM) delta

In the middle of 2007, a severe flood affected the People’s Republic of Bangladesh. This is a natural disaster that takes people’s lives, destroys livestock, infrastructures and communication systems and, damages crops and fish ponds. Despite many adverse impacts, the flood situation is an accepted phenomenon to the citizens of Bangladesh, due to the immense increase of soil fertility due to the flood, plus, the recharge of aquifer, ecosystem and fish. The flood of 2007 was the 5th major flood of the last 20 years when more than thirty-five percent of the area of the country was inundated with flood water. As in the past, the flood of 2007 had its own significance. The geography of the country contains a floodplain delta of three major river basins: the Ganges, the Brahmaputra and the Meghna (GBM). The mean monthly rainfall plot from the TRMM satellite data has shown that for both the Meghna and Brahmaputra basins, the rainfall was higher during July 2007 than any other months of the last 2 years. This excess rainfall had accumulated in the Brahmaputra and Meghna rivers and carried downstream to Bangladesh. This was the main cause of the flooding in 2007. The first crossing above the danger level of the river waters was observed at Durgapur station of the Someswari and at Sunamganj station of the Surma on the nineteenth of July, 2007 inside Bangladesh. In terms of magnitude of the peak and duration of the flood, the Brahmaputra was higher in 2007 than during 2004. However, the Ganges river water level never crossed the danger level during flood of 2007. The Meghna was lower during the flood peak for the duration of the flood in 2007. The year–to-year variability in both the magnitude and duration of the flood suggests changes in rainfall and landuse pattern of the catchment.     

中小河流山洪预警预报系统开发设计及应用

我国中小河流众多,山洪频发,洪灾损失严重,是造成人员伤亡的主要灾种。目前,我国中小河流山洪预报预警技术研究还处于初步阶段,山洪监测预警系统尚在试点建设中。介绍水利部公益性项目"中小河流突发性洪水监测与预警预报技术研究"开发的中小河流山洪预警预报原型系统,包括基于分布式水文模型、动态临界雨量的山洪预警预报方法,山洪预警预报原型系统的总体结构、软件设计与功能实现,以及在其中一个示范区江西遂川江的试运行情况,并对其实际应用进行了分析,以期为当前所开展的中小河流洪水易发区水文监测预警项目及全国山洪灾害防御非工程措施建设等工作提供参考。     

1956—2018年中国江河径流演变及其变化特征

地表水资源是维系区域生态平衡和促进经济社会发展的制约性要素,河川径流是地表水资源的主要形式,二者的丰枯变化均直接影响流域水资源管理。基于江河实测径流量资料和水资源公报资料,初步分析了1956—2018年中国主要江河实测径流量和中国十大水资源区地表水资源的变化和演变特征。结果表明:① 除长江大通站外,中国主要江河代表性水文站实测年径流量均呈现下降趋势。② 黄河上游唐乃亥站实测年径流量为非显著性减少趋势,黄河花园口站实测径流量呈现显著性减少趋势;1980—2000年和2001—2018年唐乃亥站实测径流量较基准期1956—1979年分别变化1.8%和-5.9%,而同时期花园口站实测径流量分别减少26.7%和41.0%。③ 地理分布上,黄河是中国南北地区径流变化的分水岭,黄河以南地区江河径流量为非显著性变化,黄河以北江河径流量为显著性减少趋势,特别是海河流域,实测径流量减少最为显著;21世纪以来,黄河以北河流实测径流量较1980年之前减少幅度超过25%,海河减幅高达80%以上。④ 1956—2018年全国地表水资源量约为27 266亿m³,较第二次全国水资源评价结果偏少122亿m³。21世纪以来,海河、黄河、辽河地表水资源明显减少,进一步加重了区域水资源供需矛盾。     

Groundwater occurrence in cold environments: examples from Nunavik,Canada

Water availability and management issues related to the supply of drinking water in northern communities are problematic in Canada. While rivers and lakes are abundant, they are vulnerable to contamination and may become dry in winter due to freezing. Groundwater can often provide a more secure and sustainable water source, however its availability is limited in northern Canada due to the presence of permafrost. Moreover, the exploitation of northern aquifers poses a dual challenge of identifying not only permafrost-free areas, but also permeable areas which will allow groundwater recharge and exploitation. Suitable aquifers are not as common in northern Canada since the shallow subsurface is mostly composed of low-permeability crystalline rocks or unconsolidated sediments of glacial origin that are highly heterogeneous. In order to investigate groundwater occurrence and associated geological contexts in Nunavik (northern Quebec, Canada), along with exploring how these resources will evolve in response to climate change, field and compilation work were conducted in the surroundings of the four villages of Salluit, Kuujjuaq, Umiujaq and Whapmagoostui-Kuujjuarapik. These villages are located in different permafrost zones, ranging from continuous to discontinuous, as well as in different geological environments. It was found that despite the ubiquitous presence of permafrost, unfrozen aquifers could be identified, which suggests that groundwater may be available as a source of drinking water for small communities. Expected climate change, with predicted permafrost thawing and increases in temperature and precipitation, should enhance groundwater availability and may contribute to a more secure source of drinking water for northern communities.     

1956-2018年中国江河径流演变及其变化特征

地表水资源是维系区域生态平衡和促进经济社会发展的制约性要素,河川径流是地表水资源的主要形式,二者的丰枯变化均直接影响流域水资源管理。基于江河实测径流量资料和水资源公报资料,初步分析了1956—2018年中国主要江河实测径流量和中国十大水资源区地表水资源的变化和演变特征。结果表明:①除长江大通站外,中国主要江河代表性水文站实测年径流量均呈现下降趋势。②黄河上游唐乃亥站实测年径流量为非显著性减少趋势,黄河花园口站实测径流量呈现显著性减少趋势;1980—2000年和2001—2018年唐乃亥站实测径流量较基准期1956—1979年分别变化1.8%和-5.9%,而同时期花园口站实测径流量分别减少26.7%和41.0%。③地理分布上,黄河是中国南北地区径流变化的分水岭,黄河以南地区江河径流量为非显著性变化,黄河以北江河径流量为显著性减少趋势,特别是海河流域,实测径流量减少最为显著;21世纪以来,黄河以北河流实测径流量较1980年之前减少幅度超过25%,海河减幅高达80%以上。④1956—2018年全国地表水资源量约为27266亿m 3,较第二次全国水资源评价结果偏少122亿m 3。21世纪以来,海河、黄河、辽河地表水资源明显减少,进一步加重了区域水资源供需矛盾。     

关于黑河流域洪水资源化问题的分析探讨

黑河是我国第二大内陆河,流域内水资源短缺、生态环境恶化、水事矛盾尖锐。对黑河干流莺落峡站最大30d、60d洪量对年径流量的比率和洪水水资源比率与日均流量倍比关系作了分析研究,并提出了洪水资源利用的思考,这对深入认识黑河流域洪水资源,加快洪水资源化进程是十分有益。