多种电磁测深技术在深部控矿构造探测中的应用研究—以泥河铁矿为例

长江中下游成矿带是我国东部重要的铁、铜多金属矿产资源基地,使用现代地球物理探测技术对该成矿带典型矿床深部结构进行探测,对认识深部矿床成因、总结找矿方法和深部找矿的实践具有重要意义。本文选取位于长江中下游成矿带庐枞矿集区内的泥河玢岩铁矿为实验区,开展了音频大地电磁(AMT)、可控源音频大地电磁(CSAMT)和瞬变电磁(TEM)等电磁法探测实验;通过对AMT、CSAMT和TEM数据的处理和反演,发现3者相同测线反演结果反映的控矿地质体电性特征基本一致,但细节上存在一定差异。综合3种电磁测深反演结果,电性特征刻画了砖桥组火山岩地层分布,分辨出闪长玢岩体的隆起部位和基本形态,揭示了矿体的赋存位置。认为在合理的数据采集、处理和反演条件下,电磁测深能有效地区分复杂地质构造条件下次火山岩与围岩的电性差异,找到控矿构造界面,从而推断出矿体的位置。     

Prediction and analysis of the stimulated reservoir volume for shale gas reservoirs based on rock failure mechanism

The ultra-low-permeability shale gas reservoir has a lot of well-developed natural fractures. It has been proven that hydraulic fracture growth pattern is usually a complex network fracture rather than conventional single planar fractures by micro-seismic monitoring, which can be explained as the shear and tensile failure of natural fractures or creation of new cracks due to the increase in reservoir pore pressure caused by fluid injection during the process of hydraulic fracturing. In order to simulate the network fracture growth, a mathematical model was established based on full tensor permeability, continuum method and fluid mass conservation equation. Firstly, the governing equation of fluid diffusivity based on permeability tensor was solved to obtain the reservoir pressure distribution. Then Mohr–Coulomb shear failure criterion and tensile failure criterion were used to decide whether the rock failed or not in any block on the basis of the calculated reservoir pressure. The grid-block permeability was modified according to the change of fracture aperture once any type of rock failure criterion was met within a grid block. Finally, the stimulated reservoir volume (SRV) zone was represented by an enhancement permeability zone. After calibrating the numerical solution of the model with the field micro-seismic information, a sensitivity study was performed to analyze the effects of some factors including initial reservoir pressure, injection fluid volume, natural fracture azimuth angle and horizontal stress difference on the SRV (shape, size, bandwidth and length). The results show that the SRV size increases with the increasing initial pore reservoir and injection fluid volume, but decreases with the increase in the horizontal principal stress difference and natural fracture azimuth angle. The SRV shape is always similar for different initial pore reservoir and injection fluid volume. The SRV is observed to become shorter in length and wider in bandwidth with the decrease in natural fracture azimuth angle and horizontal principal stress difference.     

综合物探方法在内蒙古某铅锌矿勘查中的应用

在内蒙古某铅锌矿勘查中,采用地质、化探、激电法、EH-4电磁测深等综合方法,取得了较好的地质找矿效果。建立了物化探"两高一低二边"(即高极化率、铅锌多金属元素质量分数高,低电阻率积磁场梯级带、视电阻率梯级带)的综合找矿模型,结合地质因素,对在该地区找寻构造破碎蚀变岩型的铅锌多金属硫化物矿体(矿化体),具有明显的指导作用。     

成矿区三维可视化与立体定量预测——以钦-杭成矿带庞西垌地区下园垌铅锌矿区为例

矿产资源是人类生存与社会进步的根本物质保障。近年来,随着地表矿、浅部矿产资源的日益枯竭,采用新技术、新方法的深部矿产资源预测成为地质勘查的主要研究方向。基于数字化、三维可视化及矿产定量预测为主的三维地质建模技术,为当前矿产资源远景预测与找矿工作提供了有力的工具。本文在现代成矿预测理论研究基础上,运用三维地质建模技术建立了钦杭成矿带下园垌矿区地质、地球物理、地球化学、钻孔等三维模型,揭示了区内构造地质特征、地球化学异常表征及地层岩体要素,据此探讨了矿床的成因及矿体分布特征。并在此基础上,采用证据权方法对研究区地质、地球物理、地球化学等多源信息进行融合,运用断裂缓冲区、地球化学异常、东岗岭组沉积岩地层等为证据因子来计算单位体积成矿后验概率,进行立体成矿预测,并圈定出铁锰矿、方铅闪锌矿、铅锌银综合矿等3处找矿有利靶区及估算出预测区内矿产资源储量总量为88710吨。研究结果表明:综合分析地质、地球物理、地球化学及钻孔数据进行矿区的三维地质空间定位、定量预测研究,可以有效的识别矿致异常信息,圈定找矿远景区,为成矿预测研究领域提供了新方向,可以将此方法应用至其他矿山。     

Developing the tools for geological shape analysis,with regional‐ to local‐scale examples from the Kalgoorlie Terrane of Western Australia

Geological map data are often underused in mineral‐exploration programs, which rely increasingly on regolith geochemistry and geophysical and other remotely sensed data to generate exploration targets. However, solid geology maps, which are progressively being upgraded due to improved interpretations of superior, remotely sensed images and airborne geophysical data, can be useful in targeting specific types of mineral deposits, which formed late in the evolutionary history of the host terrane. In such terranes, the present map geometry is essentially the same as that at the time of deposit formation. This is the case for orogenic lode‐gold deposits, which commonly show predictable structural controls and/or structural geometry. Thus, the shape of a rock body, or combinations of structures and rock bodies, may provide an important guide to the exploration potential for orogenic lode‐gold deposits. However, until recently, there has been a dearth of techniques to quantify the various properties of shape, and hence test the potential of the two‐dimensional shape of geological bodies in map view as an exploration tool. Integrating techniques from the field of pattern recognition with a modern Geographical Information System (GIS) can provide the shape‐analysis tools required to investigate the geometries of geological shapes. Two‐dimensional shape analysis is now possible through the calculation of several shape metrics including, but not restricted to, aspect ratio, blockiness, elongation, compactness, complexity, roundness, spreadness and squareness. Methods are developed for describing the geometries of rock units about mineral deposits, or any geological features, at any scale, which for the first time makes it possible to compare shapes. These shape‐analysis techniques are tested using orogenic lode‐gold deposits, particularly those in the Kalgoorlie Terrane of the highly auriferous Late Archaean Norseman‐Wiluna Belt of Western Australia. On a global scale, shape analysis indicates that those greenstone belts whose volcanic rock sequences have high elongation and relative low roundness, complexity and aspect ratio (e.g. Kalgoorlie Terrane) are likely to be the most richly endowed in gold. On a more local scale, characteristics of the shape of geological features around the Golden Mile deposit are calculated and used to test the likelihood of occurrence of gold deposits with similar geometry elsewhere in the Kalgoorlie Terrane. The area with the most closely matching shape, on the basis of a 2 km clipping‐circle radius, chosen on the basis of available proximity‐analysis data, corresponds to the recently discovered Ghost Crab deposit, illustrating the potential of the shape analysis methodology in mineral exploration. Shape analysis is, at least in part, scale dependent, due to the inherent problem of being able to define rock boundaries more precisely in units that have strong geophysical signatures than those with weak signatures in poorly exposed terranes. Overcoming this problem is a challenge to the application of this methodology.     

内蒙古甲乌拉火山岩型铅锌矿资源潜力评价

依据甲乌拉铅锌矿已有的地质、矿产、物探、化探等资料,建立了典型矿床预测模型,采用火山岩型预测方法类型对其深部及外围资源潜力进行了预测.预测深部Pb+Zn资源量656741t;外围Pb+Zn资源量2516870t.矿区深部及外围资源潜力较大.     

岩浆中心成矿系——岩浆岩体和矿床组合的空间分带理想模式

系统总结和分析了当前大量热液金属矿床与岩浆岩体的空间和成因关系,参考首先由俄罗斯地球化学家提出的以矿床为中心的元素地球化学理想分带模式,提出了以岩浆岩为中心的矿床理想分布模式--“岩浆中心成矿系”。该模式以侵入近地表含水围岩的岩浆岩体顶部为中心,一个完整的高温矿床→中温矿床→低温矿床从内带-过渡带-中带-外带有规律分布。内带主要为Nb、Ta、Hf、Li等经常在岩浆岩体内生成的矿床,形态受岩浆岩体控制,多为等轴状;过渡带为W、Sn、Mo、Bi等高温热液矿床,形态以三维等轴状为主;中带为Cu、Pb、Zn等中温矿床,以透镜状、脉状为主;外带为Au、Hg、Sb等低温矿床,矿体呈脉状、串珠状,受构造线控制,顺从构造线分布。矿床系列围绕岩浆中心成矿有独特的形成过程：岩浆岩侵入含水围岩后,形成局部高温度场并导致热液和矿床物质循环和温度场内的时空温度差是岩浆中心成矿系形成的关键。在理想模式下产生的个体(岩体矿床组合体）同时受到形成条件的影响：岩浆体侵入的深度、围岩的岩性或含水性,岩浆的物理化学性质、侵入温度、岩浆规模都会导致岩浆中心成矿系的完整性和形态等变异。     

造岩矿物性质对岩体可破坏性的影响

工程地基的选址依据,本世纪中叶以前是地基范围内没有断裂,即避免断裂原则。６０年代以后,工程选址的条件由避免断裂转变为考察断裂是否活动。美国率先制定了工程地基范围内活动断裂指标规范,认为具有非活动性断裂的岩体上可以构筑大型工程。花岗岩体规模大,整体性好...     

华南隐伏-半隐伏脉钨矿床的地表标志带

一、脉钨矿床的形态分带和标志带概念华南地区的脉钨矿床,多与花岗岩有成因上的联系。按工业矿脉与成矿岩体的空间关系,可将脉钨矿床分成三类,即外接触带矿床、内接触带矿床和内外接触带矿床。这三类矿床都具有形态分带性。外接触带和内外接触带矿床的形态分带特征基本相同,发育良好、保存完全者在垂直方向上综观可作五形变分带,即自上而下为线脉带、细脉带、薄脉带、大脉带、消失带。下部大、薄脉是上部线、细脉合并变大而成的。内接触带矿床只能分出三个     

滇西“碱质热液型”金多金属矿床地质特征与找矿模型

滇西地区地质构造演化复杂，成矿地质条件优越，经历了多期次、多类型成矿作用，形成了多条各具特色的金多金属成矿带。文章通过对区内金沙江-哀牢山金多金属成矿带内北衙、马厂箐、姚安、长安等典型矿床的解剖和对比研究，发现带内金多金属矿床与经典的斑岩型矿床相比具有显著的差异性，主要表现是：成矿岩体岩性以碱性系列为特征，w(K₂O+Na₂O)超过8%；成矿流体碱质含量偏高，流体阳离子（K⁺+Na⁺）含量约占流体总量的87%~95%；成矿过程中，除岩浆热液参与成矿外，岩浆气水热液与围岩间的水岩反应，是导致矿质沉淀的主体；自成矿岩体向外依次发育裂隙脉型、矽卡岩型、构造破碎带型和石英硫化物脉型矿化，组成多位一体。文章基于典型矿床特征的系统总结，提出了“碱质热液型”金多金属矿床的概念，并对其成矿作用过程进行了初步探讨。最终，文章构建了滇西地区碱质热液型金多金属矿地物化遥综合找矿模型，并指导相关矿床找矿勘查取得了重要进展。     

含金剪切带型金矿床的成矿作用

对辽宁省阜新市排山楼金矿床及含金剪切带型金矿床的研究成果进行对比,重新理顺了有关含金剪切带、含金剪切带型金矿床的概念和判别标准.提出了含金韧性或韧脆性剪切带是表壳岩、含金基底岩系形成期或同构造旋回变质变形期的特定产物,故可称之为含金同韧性剪切带.含金同韧性剪切带是一种含金流体的储集构造样式,其成矿作用需要进入浅层次的抬升、成矿流体的汇聚与成矿沉淀的过程.成矿作用过程的差异性（抬升速率不同）导致各种矿化类型的金矿的形成.     

The use of the weights-of-evidence modeling technique to predictive porphyry Cu potential mapping in Ahar–Arasbaran zone,Iran

The weights-of-evidence is a data-driven method that provides a simple approach to integration of diverse geo-data set information. In this study, we will use weights-of-evidence to build a model for predicting tracts in the Ahar–Arasbaran zone of Urumieh-Dokhtar orogenic belt (northwestern Iran) that are favorable for porphyry copper deposits. Weights of evidence are a data-driven method requiring known deposits and occurrences that are used as training points in the evaluated area. This zone hosts two major porphyry Cu deposits (The Sarcheshmeh deposit contains 450 million tonnes of sulfide ore with an average grade of 1.13 % Cu and 0.03 % Mo and Sungun deposit, which has 500 million tonnes of sulfide reserves grading 0.76 % Cu and 0.01 % Mo), and a number of subeconomic porphyry copper deposits are all associated with Mid- to Late Miocene diorite/granodiorite to quartz-monzonite stocks. Five evidential layers including geology, alteration, geochemistry, geophysics, and faulting are chosen for potential mapping. Weight factors were determined based on the applied method to generate last mineral prospectivity map. The studied area reduces to less than 11.78 %, while large zones are excluded for further studies. This result represents a significant area reduction and may help to better focus on mineral exploration targeting porphyry copper deposits in the Ahar–Arasbaran zone.     

松散堆积体隧道围岩变形破坏细观特征研究

隧道穿越复杂松散堆积体地层时,如何确保隧道施工过程的安全是工程人员普遍关心的课题。依托云南省罗打拉隧道,基于Monte Carlo随机原理,结合数字图像处理技术,建立了考虑接触面单元及抗拉强度的堆积体地层隧道开挖细观结构模型,并探讨了隧道开挖引起的堆积体围岩变形、破坏过程以及失稳机制,并在现场进行应用验证。研究结果表明,构建的堆积体地层隧道开挖细观结构模型可有效反映隧道开挖过程中围岩的破坏过程,围岩位移等值线呈波动性与非对称性分布;围岩破坏以剪切破坏为主,局部存在拉裂?剪切复合破坏,且破坏区由边缘块石尖端向深层逐步扩展,形成包裹块石的剪切楔形区及拉剪松动圈,在施工扰动下易发生局部失稳。针对堆积体地层破坏特征,提出了围岩注浆加固措施,地层加固后土石颗粒间胶结良好,开挖轮廓周边形成有效的注浆加固圈,开挖支护过程围岩变形可控,支护结构稳定,效果良好,可为后续类似松散堆积体地层隧道的设计、施工提供新思路。     

磁法勘探在新疆尉犁县且干布拉克蛭石、磷灰石矿床普查评价中的应用效果

尉犁县且干布拉克蛭石矿为特大型,磷灰石矿为大型.蛭石、磷灰石均赋存于磁性较强的透辉石岩及超基性岩中,矿体与围岩间有较明显的磁性差异,含矿母岩70%被第四系覆盖.利用地面磁测,较好地圈定了含矿母岩的边界,提供了含矿体的平面形态及产状,为勘查缩小了靶区.磁法勘探不仅是直接找磁铁矿床及某些有关金属矿床的有效方法,而且在间接寻找非金属矿床上亦能发挥作用.     

东秦岭汝阳南部钼铅锌矿集区综合找矿信息及成矿模式研究

东秦岭汝阳南部钼铅锌矿集区包括4个大中型矿床和45个小型矿床(点),已知矿床(点)大都产于中元古界长城系熊耳群鸡蛋坪组火山岩中,近EW向断裂构造是区内的控岩、控矿断裂,燕山晚期的复式花岗岩控制了矿集区的产出,而第3阶段侵入的钾长花岗斑岩与钼铅锌矿的成矿具有密切的成因联系;区内矿床大部分处于熊耳群火山岩分布的杂乱磁场区,重要的铅锌矿床均产于太山庙花岗岩造成的重力负值异常区的外围;水系沉积物的Mo-Pb-Zn-Ag-Au-As综合异常几乎囊括了杨坪—王坪所有的钼铅锌矿床;自然重砂异常以高温矿物组合异常为中心,中温铅族异常环绕,向外重晶石、毒砂等低温矿物异常依次分布,显示出清晰的矿物温度分带特点;基于矿集区的综合找矿信息建立了钼铅锌矿的成矿模式,为进一步的找矿勘查提供依据。     

安徽北淮阳地区金成矿地质背景地质条件和成矿作用

安徽北淮阳地区位于大别山碰撞造山带北坡，其南北分别以磨子潭-桐城深断裂和金寨-舒城深断裂为界，向东被郯-庐断裂带截切。区内晚侏罗世火山岩带中发育一系列金矿床（点），可划分为浅成侵入热液型、次火山热液型和火山热液型三类金矿床。火山岩带基底为古元古界大别群杂岩和震旦系佛子岭群变质岩系，其原岩为基性火山-沉积岩建造，夹有大量镁铁质和超镁铁质岩块，含金丰度较高，为良好的原生矿源层。磨子潭-桐城深断裂对本区的地质构造发展、中生代岩浆作用及金成矿作用起着重要的控制作用。研究表明，本区晓天金矿田三种类型金矿床在垂向上可能具有"三层楼"结构分布特征，这对本区找矿方向将具有重要意义。     

阿尔泰成矿区大型、超大型矿床成矿规律综合信息研究

在综合信息矿产预测理论与方法指导下,通过地质、物探、化探资料综合信息解译工作,对阿尔泰成矿区大型、超大型矿床成矿规律进行了综合研究。绝大多数金、铜、铅（锌）矿床具有相同或相似的控矿因素,矿床我有共生或伴生的特点。它们处于：大地构造相对抬升的单元背景;不同大地构造单元相结合的部位;前寒武系变质岩系出露基底和隐伏基底及其边缘;泥盆纪火山岩或沉积岩组成的盆地边缘;中酸性继承性岩体及其接触带附近;重力场梯度带附近与重、磁资料推断相吻合的断裂构造及交汇处,以晚期重、磁构造为主;高、中、低温元素组合异常汇水盆地密集区。     

中南地区矿产资源潜力评价主要成果与认识

“中南地区矿产资源潜力评价”项目按照《全国矿产资源潜力评价技术要求》的统一规定,对中南地区铁等20个重要矿种,从成矿地质背景、地球物理、地球化学、遥感、自然重砂、成矿规律、资源预测、成矿作用和找矿方向等方面进行了全面、系统的资料汇总和综合研究; 在分析重要矿产的成矿地质背景和划分构造单元的基础上,提出了对扬子陆块与武夷-云开造山带西南段界线等的新认识及其证据; 通过总结区内不同大地构造相、不同时代重要矿产的成矿作用和时空分布规律,圈定了物探、化探、遥感和自然重砂的各类综合异常,编制了系列图件,研建了各类数据库系统; 客观评价和定量预测了重要矿产的资源潜力,圈定了找矿远景区,指出了找矿方向。该项目取得的各项成果为今后开展更加深入的区域成矿规律研究和矿产勘查提供了翔实可靠的地质依据。