浑河浮游植物时空分布特征研究

在探讨浑河浮游植物群落组成及其数量变化规律的基础上,本文对该流域上、中、下游3个采样点浮游植物的时空分布特征进行了一定研究。结果表明,在2017年5月~10月期间,3个采样点共发现8门50种(属)浮游植物,其中硅藻门的小环藻,直链藻,绿藻门的衣藻以及隐藻门的隐藻为优势物种,其群落组成及细胞密度受降雨,温度以及可溶性盐类等因素共同影响。三个采样点的浮游植物细胞密度之和在7月达到最大值,而在10月出现最低值,说明浑河浮游植物数量随月份的变化而改变。在空间分布上,上、中、下游3个采样点浮游植物的种类差异不大,但其细胞密度由上游至下游呈现明显的增加趋势,且汛期较非汛期有明显提高。     

应用特征光合色素研究东海和南海北部浮游植物的群落结构

应用高效液相色谱并结合二极管阵列检测器分析技术,研究了东海与南海北部典型断面浮游植物的光合色素组成,进而由CHEMTAX软件估算浮游植物群落结构。结果表明：东海断面浮游植物叶绿素a生物量大于南海北部断面。受海水层化结构影响,东海PN断面浮游植物群落结构形成上层和下层两种类型,上层以蓝藻为主要优势类群;下层以硅藻为主要优势类群。南海北部S断面浮游植物群落形成近岸与离岸两种类型,近岸以硅藻、隐藻、绿藻为主要优势类群;离岸以定鞭金藻、蓝藻、原绿球藻为主要优势类群。初步分析了研究海区浮游植物群落结构与环境因子的关系。     

海河口浮游植物生态学特征

研究了2014年5月和8月海河口9个站点的浮游植物物种及其群落特征。通过调查发现海河口有浮游植物48种,隶属于7门21科33属,以硅藻门、蓝藻门和绿藻门为主,总占比75.83%,优势种为鱼害微囊藻和中肋骨条藻。各断面浮游植物的平均密度为1 654.21×104cells/L,其中采样断面3号点位在8月份密度最高。生物量平均值5月份为1.235mg/L,8月份略高为1.262mg/L。浮游植物Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H′)平均值为0.97,Margalef丰富度指数(D)平均为2.24,Pielou均匀度指数(J)平均为0.25。研究结果表明,海河口水体处于中污型的中营养水平。     

石佛寺水库浮游植物时间分布相关研究

本文对2016-2020年五年间石佛寺水库浮游植物种类及其细胞密度进行了分析,共观察到浮游植物8门60种(属),以硅藻门和绿藻门类的浮游植物为主,其中硅藻门的小环藻以及绿藻门的栅藻在30次监测中多次均为优势物种,特别是小环藻作为优势物种多达25次。由此可见,石佛寺水库的生态环境更适宜硅藻门的小环藻的生存,且环境温度、降水量等周围环境的改变对其生长和繁殖影响不大。此外,经过对2016-2020年石佛寺水库浮游植物种类逐年分析及其细胞密度的分析可以看出,石佛寺水库五年间浮游植物种类相对稳定,且细胞密度变化符合随温度改变而改变的趋势,说明温度是影响浮游植物细胞密度的重要因素之一,但同时其他因素如降雨等对浮游植物细胞密度的影响也不容忽视。     

千岛湖流域不同土地利用方式对氮和磷流失的影响

从流域尺度研究氮、磷随地表径流的流失是国内外研究的热点.通过研究千岛湖流域降雨径流中总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、可溶氮(DN)和可溶磷(DP)浓度变化,探讨不同土地利用方式对氮素、磷素流失的影响,结果表明不同土地利用方式下日降雨量与径流水中的总氮、可溶氮、总磷和可溶磷浓度均呈显著正相关;不同土地利用方式下土壤中降雨径流中总氮和总磷浓度变异较大.红薯地和园地等有人工耕种的坡地氮磷流失浓度最大,草地和林地等受人工影响干扰少的土地利用方式氮磷流失浓度相对较少.高坡林地降雨径流中氮磷流失浓度大于缓坡林地,平均DN/TN值和DP/TP值变化较小,分别为0.45和0.22左右.     

青藏高原湖泊沉积物色素与湖泊环境的响应

本文通过对青藏高原湖泊表层沉积物色素、有机碳含量和环境因子的测定和分析,初步探讨了青藏高原湖泊中色素的来源特征和该地区湖泊浮游植物群落组成结构等信息。结果表明,青藏高原湖泊沉积物TOC含量多在4%~6%之间,藻类植物是沉积物色素的重要来源。颤藻科和蓝藻科在青藏高原湖泊浮游植物中生长优势明显,颤藻科在数量上相对蓝藻科有明显优势。青藏高原湖泊溶解氧(DO)、电导率(SC)对湖泊中藻类生长状况影响明显,其中SC的升高对该地区湖泊中藻类生长有抑制作用。     

潮白河中游沉积物氮磷和有机质分布特征及评价

潮白河是京津冀地区的重要河流。本研究以潮白河中游段为研究区,针对该区段沉积物有机质、氮磷污染程度不明的问题,通过对研究区130个采样点表层沉积物中有机质(OM)、总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)的测定,分析了表层沉积物中有机质和氮磷的分布特征及污染来源,将有机指数和有机氮污染指数评价法相结合开展污染及生态风险评价。结果表明:(1)潮白河中游表层沉积物中OM含量变化范围为0.17%~13.15%,平均含量为5.32%; TN的含量为0.005~1.028 g/kg,平均含量为0.192 g/kg;TP的含量为0.367~4.825 g/kg,平均含量为1.662 g/kg。(2)相关性分析表明,OM与TP、OM与TN均呈弱相关,而TN与TP呈强相关。这是因为TN和TP来源相近,主要来自外源,与OM来源有一定差异。根据TOC/TN特征分析,OM主要受藻类、浮游植物和非纤维束植物等影响。(3)有机指数评价结果显示,潮白河中游段表层沉积物监测点中60%为清洁,33.85%为较清洁,4.62%为尚清洁,1.54%为有机污染。有机污染点主要位于运潮减河入潮白河口和田贾庄排干渠入潮白河口。区域有机氮评价结果以清洁级别为主,整体较好。     

洪湖流域冬季浮游植物多样性调查与评价

为了解洪湖水体中浮游植物的群落结构特征,于2021年10月在洪湖布设10个采样点进行调查,并采用多样性指数对浮游植物群落进行评价。研究结果表明,洪湖水体中共鉴定出浮游植物6门、49属、66种,其中蓝藻门浮游植物种类最多,其次为硅藻门。洪湖冬季浮游植物生物量变化范围为7.85～42.45 mg/L,平均生物量为22.35 mg/L。根据马格勒夫多样性指数(M)、香农维纳多样性指数(H)、辛普森多样性指数(D)、物种均匀度指数(J)和物种优势度(Y)对水体营养状态进行综合评价,结果表明,洪湖水体为中污染—重污染水平。建议从3个方面改善洪湖水质：(1)加大洪湖水体保护力度,严格控制下游和周边地区各类水污染物入湖量,对湖区内农村水污染开展及时、高效防治,合理组织水生浮游植物平衡收割;(2)加强水环境治理,逐渐恢复水体自净能力;(3)加强宣传力度,定期开展水污染防治教育进农村、进社区、进校园。     

广南县幅岩溶区与非岩溶区土壤碳氮磷生态化学计量比空间变异分析

借助1∶25万云南省广南县幅土壤地球化学调查数据,并利用单因素方差分析、多重比较法以及地统计学方法,对岩溶区和非岩溶区土壤碳氮磷生态化学计量特征及其空间分布进行了对比分析。结果显示:广南县幅岩溶区土壤中有机碳（SOC）、全氮（TN）、全磷（TP）含量显著高于非岩溶区,而碳氮比（C∶N）、碳磷比（C∶P）、氮磷比（N∶P）显著低于非岩溶区;无论是岩溶区还是非岩溶区,表层（0～20 cm）SOC、TN、C∶N、C∶P、N∶P均显著高于深层（＞100 cm）。克里格空间插值结果表明,研究区表层土壤中SOC、TN、TP含量具有东高西低的特征,而C∶N、C∶P、N∶P具有低值区集中于东部、高值区散布在西部的空间分布格局。成土母质和土壤类型等自然因素严重制约了研究区土壤碳氮磷的空间变异,同时土地利用变化等人为因素也起到了不可忽视的作用。      

内蒙古典型湖泊夏季浮游植物群落结构特征及变化

2011年8月对呼伦湖、乌梁素海和岱海等3个内蒙古代表性湖泊的浮游植物群落结构进行了调查,共发现浮游植物92种,隶属于6门24科47属。3个湖泊的优势种都较单一,呼伦湖的优势种为平裂藻、鱼腥藻和束丝藻;乌梁素海为颤藻、假鱼腥藻和项圈藻;岱海为卵囊藻。3个湖泊的浮游植物平均密度为1.09×108个/L。各站点Shannon-Wiener多样性指数为0.62~3.57,该指数不宜单独用于内蒙古湖泊水质生物评价。经聚类和多维尺度分析,各个湖泊的站点被分为一组。One-wayANOSIM检验结果显示3个湖泊的浮游植物群落结构存在显著差异。与以往调查结果相比,内蒙古湖泊的浮游植物都表现出优势种单一,总密度和蓝藻密度上升的趋势,与近年来内蒙古湖泊面积萎缩、水量锐减、水环境恶化密切相关。     

Effects on nutrient regime in two recipients of nitrogen-rich mine effluents in northern Sweden

The question of the limiting nutrient(s) for production of phytoplankton and macrophytes was explored in two contrasting freshwater systems receiving N- and P-rich mine effluents from the Boliden and Kiruna mine sites, northern Sweden. For both sites, total N (TN), total P (TP) and TN:TP mass ratios in water, sediment and macrophytes were used to examine (1) spatial variations within the systems, (2) differences between the systems and (3) seasonal variations. The TN concentration from the discharge point at the Kiruna site was about seven times higher than at the Boliden discharge point, while the TP concentration was 10 times lower than in the discharge point at the Boliden site. The majority of the studied lakes showed elevated biomass of phytoplankton, with maximum values found in Lake Bruträsket (Boliden). Mining activities have affected the nutrient regime of the two recipients by contributing to elevated TN and TP concentrations and TN:TP mass ratios as well as elevated production of phytoplankton and macrophytes compared to the reference sites. Depending on the NH₄ concentration in the effluent at the Boliden site, water column TN:TP mass ratios shifted from being >22, indicating P-deficiency, to between 9 and 22, indicating a transition from N- to P-deficiency (co-limitation). However, water column TN:TP mass ratios at the Kiruna site always indicated P-deficiency, while TN:TP mass ratios of macrophytes indicate that both sites may vary from N- to P-limitation. The study suggests that for the design of efficient monitoring programmes and remediation measures, it is important to consider the major N and P species in water, phytoplankton, sediment and macrophytes.     

The characteristic and environmental pollution records of phosphorus species in different trophic regions of Taihu Lake, China

Total organic carbon (TOC), Total nitrogen (TN) and the phosphorus species concentrations of sediment cores taken from Zhushan Bay, Meiliang Bay, and East Taihu Lake regions in Taihu Lake, a large shallow lake in China, were determined. Experimental results showed a conspicuous eutrophication trend in the northern area of Taihu Lake. Inorganic P was found to be the main phosphorus form. Fe-bound P accounted for the largest proportion of Inorganic P in Meiliang Bay, an alga-type lake region. In East Taihu Lake, a macrophytic lake region, Ca-bound P was found in higher proportions than in other lake regions, with Organic P present in similarly large proportions. With respect to Taihu Lake sediment cores, the date at approximately 20 cm layer depth was roughly identified as 1950s, while upper 5 cm layers corresponded to the turn of the century. The drastic increase in phosphorus species concentration except for Ca-bound P was indicative of the large quantities of effluent discharge into Zhushan Bay owing to the increased industrial and agricultural production from the 1950s onwards. TN, Inorganic P, Organic P, and total phosphorus (TP) concentrations increased by over 2, 2.5, 2 and 2.5-fold, respectively, over the past five decades. A large proportion of Organic P accounted for TP, and high C/N ratios indicated that East Taihu Lake can be properly classified as an oligotrophic lake.     

平水期东洞庭湖主要入湖口藻类群落结构特征对环境因子的响应

为了更深入的了解流速、水深等水文条件对湖泊浮游藻类分布特征的影响,选择平水期东洞庭湖为研究对象,研究了该湖泊7个不同断面处的浮游生物群落结构特征、生物量、生物多样性等多方面的内容,并结合湖泊水体环境指标调查,深入分析了环境因子对浮游植物优势种群分布的影响规律。结果表明,就2017年平水期东洞庭湖的调查而言,湖泊水体流速的大小对优势种群的浮游藻类密度影响较大,水体流速越大,优势种的浮游植物密度越小;平水期的东洞庭湖中较小的水量和流速,加上充足的营养,容易导致湖泊水体水质变差;不同的浮游植物优势种群的分布受各种环境因子影响的程度不同。     

中大西洋营养盐富集实验中浮游植物生长的营养盐限制作用

借助中国首次环球科学考察航次,在中大西洋航段现场对表层海水进行了添加N、P、Si的营养盐富集实验,通过实验过程中水体营养盐浓度、叶绿素a（Chl-a）浓度以及温度等参数的分析,探讨了实验海区浮游植物生长的营养盐限制作用。结果表明,添加N、P、Si都可造成实验水体中Chl-a浓度明显增大,且N对浮游植物生长的限制作用最明显,其次为P,Si的作用最弱。实验过程中水体N／P值的变化同叶绿素a浓度及浮游植物生长速度（R）没有可对比性,N／P值与后两者之间的相关性都差,可以认为水体中N／P值并不能单独限制浮游植物生长。实验水体温度同Chl-a浓度和R值间也缺乏相关性,表明水体温度同样不能控制浮游植物生长。     

Historical change of phytoplankton in a eutrophic lake in Japan as determined by analysis of photosynthetic pigments in a lakebed sediment core

No pre-1977 quantitative data exist that describe phytoplankton biomass in the water column of Lake Suwa, a Japanese eutrophic lake, although several studies have been conducted since. To assess recent environmental changes with time in the lake, phytoplankton composition was determined from analysis of photosynthetic pigments in the sediment core. Specifically, the total chlorophyll a (TCh-a) concentration in the water column before 1977 was estimated for comparison with that of the water column and sediment deposited since 1977. The depth profile of zeaxanthin, a potential indicator of cyanobacteria activity, substantially increased from 1960 to 1973 (from 9.53 to 76.7?nmol?g^?1). Additionally, the concentration of fucoxanthin, diadinoxanthin and diatoxanthin, originating from diatoms and dinoflagellates, increased slightly during this period (from 1.64 to 4.90, 1.86 to 3.54, and 4.00 to 3.26?nmol?g^?1). Cyanobacteria have been the major algal species in the lake since 1949; however, the ratio of fucoxanthin versus total algal carotenoids has gradually increased since 1981 indicating diatoms have increased relative to cyanobacteria since 1979, and that organic matter inflow and nutrient concentrations have resulted in changes in the phytoplankton composition. Since 1977, the chlorophyll a concentration in water in the lake had a very similar pattern as the TCh-a concentration in the sediment. The concentration in the water column also corresponds to those in the sediment even before 1977. These results indicate that it might be possible to predict the phytoplankton biomass of the water column based on the TCh-a in the water and sediment in this lake.     

龙感湖沉积物中人类活动导致的营养盐累积通量估算*

通过LL-4孔沉积环境指标研究表明,近100年来龙感湖地区人类活动加强,导致营养元素磷、碳、氮以及铁在沉积物中的浓度均呈增长趋势,特别是1950年以来,随着大量人口的迁入,围湖造田、破坏湖滨湿地等造成水土流失加剧,沉积物质量累积速率加快,同时营养元素累积量急剧增加。根据营养元素与参比元素Al, Fe和Ti之间的关系,以及不同营养元素之间的相互关系,人类活动引起的累积量得以从自然背景上区分出来,结合沉积物质量累积速率计算,人类活动引起的磷、有机碳和氮的累积通量分别在151.0~889.4mg/m²a,4.3~149.0g/m²a和0.5~18.6g/m²a间变化。碎屑物质的累积稀释了沉积物中营养盐的富集浓度,龙感湖草型湖泊的特点,使湖泊沉积环境易于呈氧化环境,生物和地球化学作用,也削弱了人类活动累积营养盐的变化幅度,使沉积中营养盐呈平稳上升的趋势。     

Geochemical records of decadal variations in terrestrial input and recent anthropogenic eutrophication in the Changjiang Estuary and its adjacent waters

Increasing eutrophication and seasonal anoxia in bottom water in the Changjiang Estuary and its adjacent waters has progressed in recent decades, caused by elevated anthropogenic N and P input. Sedimentary biogenic elements were investigated to determine whether the biogenic proxies could be used in paleoenvironmental studies in an energetic estuary, as well as to reconstruct the histories of environmental changes in the East China Sea (ECS). Two ²¹⁰Pb-dated cores from the coastal and offshore waters were analyzed for organic C (TOC) and its stable isotope (δ¹³C), total N (TN), biogenic Si (BSi), total P (TP) and P species. In coastal sediment, the variations of P species, especially Fe-P, Al-P and detrital apatite P (Det-P), reflected the dry–wet oscillations in the Changjiang River for the past century, which has influenced the sediment grain size and terrestrial material input. Much lower BSi content (0.756%) at 16–22 cm likely recorded the pronounced decrease in silicate flux in the Changjiang River and its lower flow in the late 1980s. In offshore sediment, higher concentrations of TOC, TN, BSi, Ex-P, Fe-P and Lea-OP indicated higher primary productivity in response to the strong winter monsoons during the 1960s–1980s, and their 20-a fluctuations were in agreement with the decadal variations of the winter monsoon. Low contents and little variations of Al-P and Det-P indicated the slight influence of the terrestrial sediment input in offshore waters. The influence of human activities on the environment in recent decades has also been recorded in coastal sediment. Grain-size normalized concentrations of TOC, TN, TP, Ex-P, Fe-P and Lea-OP increased by 24%, 23%, 15%, 13% and 51% in the upper 16 cm of coastal sediment, indicating elevated P and N load and primary productivity since the 1990s. Elevated TN/TP ratios and decreased BSi/TOC recorded the changed nutrient structure and the decrease in the proportion of the diatom to phytoplankton community. However, the sediment record indicated that the eutrophication might actually have started from the end of the 20th century rather than the reported middle of 20th century. In contrast, biogenic elements in offshore sediment did not reflect disturbance by human activities. This study revealed that multi-nutrient proxies in sediment in the ECS could indicate natural environmental changes including runoff and the winter monsoon over the past century, as well as the influence of human activities in recent decades. Phosphorus species with distinct origins and biogeochemical behaviors could effectively reflect different aspects of past environmental conditions.     

长江河口及其上海岸带水体沉积物中磷的存在形态

讨论了磷的 5种存在形态及其分布规律。河口及岸带水体沉积物中磷主要是以有机磷 (OP)和无机磷 (IP)形式存在的 ,有机磷是有机质的组成部分 ,无机磷又可分为可溶性磷(DP)、铁结合磷 (Fe P)、铝结合磷 (Al P)、钙结合磷 (Ca P)。研究发现 ,沉积物中总磷含量水平在 6 92 79～ 1570 99μg/g之间 ,无机磷含量在 2 2 0 0 2～ 92 8 33μg/g之间 ,占总磷含量的31 8%～ 6 0 5% ,而有机磷含量在 394 89～ 6 4 2 6 6 μg/g之间 ,为总磷含量的 39 5%～ 6 8 2 %。在分析水体沉积物中各形态磷的含量和变化的基础上 ,对磷在时空上的变化、与有机碳、总氮的关系以及污水输入影响等进行了初步的论述 ,并提出沉积物中铁结合磷 (Fe P)和铝结合磷 (Al P)可作为判断污染的指标之一。     

Nutrient limitation in the lower Housatonic River estuary

One of the most serious threats to freshwater and marine ecosystems is high rates of anthropogenic nutrient loading, particularly nitrogen (N) and phophorus (P). One of the major freshwater sources of nutrients to Long Island Sound (LIS) is the Housatonic River (HR). Current management plans that call for reducing N inputs without reducing P inputs may change the N: P ratio in the water column and the pattern of algal nutrient limitation and species composition in the tidal portion of the river. To assess the current pattern of algal nutrient limitation in the HR estuary, nutrient bioassays were conducted in spring, summer, and fall at 5 sites throughout the tidal portion and adjacent LIS. Diatoms were a dominant taxon at all sites throughout the sampling period. Other seasonally important taxa include cyanobacteria, cryptophytes, and euglenoids. Phytoplankton in LIS were always strongly N limited and were co-limited by P in spring. During low flow (summer), phytoplankton in the lower HR estuary were N limited. Phytoplankton in the middle reaches showed no evidence of N or P limitation and were likely limited by other factors. In spring, phytoplankton in the upper HR estuary were P limited. Periods of N or P limitation were better correlated with periods of lower concentrations of nitrate or phosphate than with differences in N: P ratio. These results suggest that decreases in N concentration could increase the prevalence of N limitation throughout the estuary that in turn may reduce phytoplankton biomass and alter species composition of the phytoplankton.     

Carbon,nitrogen and phosphorus coupling relationships and their influencing factors in the critical zone of Dongting Lake wetlands,China

Wetland is a transition zone between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, and is the source and sink of various biogenic elements in the earth’s epipelagic zone. In order to investigate the driving force and coupling mechanism of carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) migration in the critical zone of lake wetland, this paper studies the natural wetland of Dongting Lake area, through measuring and analysing the C, N and P contents in the wetland soil and groundwater. Methods of Pearson correlation, non-linear regression and machine learning were employed to analyse the influencing factors, and to explore the coupling patterns of the C, N and P in both soils and groundwater, with data derived from soil and water samples collected from the wetland critical zone. The results show that the mean values of organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) in groundwater are 1.59 mg/L, 4.19 mg/L and 0.5 mg/L, respectively, while the mean values of C, N and P in the soils are 18.05 g/kg, 0.86 g/kg and 0.52 g/kg. The results also show that the TOC, TN and TP in the groundwater are driven by a variety of environmental factors. However, the concentrations of C, N and P in the soils are mainly related to vegetation abundance and species which influence each other. In addition, the fitted curves of wetland soil C-N and C-P appear to follow the power function and S-shaped curve, respectively. In order to establish a multivariate regression model, the soil N and P contents were used as the input parameters and the soil C content used as the output one. By comparing the prediction effects of machine learning and nonlinear regression modelling, the results show that coupled relationship equation for the C, N and P contents is highly reliable. Future modelling of the coupled soil and groundwater elemental cycles needs to consider the complexity of hydrogeological conditions and to explore the quantitative relationships among the influencing factors and chemical constituents.