海底热液多金属硫化物分布及控矿因素

基于最新公布的全球热液矿点数据讨论了海底热液多金属硫化物矿体形成的构造环境,探讨了深部岩浆活动、断裂构造以及沉积物盖层等控矿因素对洋中脊多金属硫化物矿体成矿的影响。研究结果表明:海底热液多金属硫化物矿点主要分布于离散型板块边界和汇聚型板块边界;深部岩浆活动和断裂构造是洋中脊热液多金属硫化物成矿最主要的控矿因素;快、慢扩张洋中脊环境深部岩浆活动和断裂构造的差异导致在海底形成了不同规模的多金属硫化物矿体。对认识海底热液多金属硫化物矿床分布与成矿规律、以及开展海底多金属硫化物资源勘查具有一定的指导意义。     

高孔隙多金属硫化物海水围压下切削模拟

考虑海底多金属硫化物(SMS)高孔隙率、受围压等特点,首先采用蒙特卡罗法,结合APDL语言建立了具有一定孔隙率的SMS矿体几何模型,然后基于LS-DYNA仿真平台建立了高海水围压条件下单截齿切削破碎具有一定孔隙率SMS矿体的仿真模型,并进行了相应的数值模拟。研究结果表明:在高海水围压条件下,多金属硫化物的切削难度明显增强,高围压作用使切屑更难从矿体基岩剥离,截齿受到的三向阻力明显增大;随着多金属硫化物矿体的孔隙率增大,截齿破碎矿体受到的切削阻力会减小。     

高海水围压下多金属硫化物切削动力学分析

为研究高海水围压条件下截齿切削多金属硫化物(SMS)的动力学特性,根据深海环境构建了镐形单截齿破碎多金属硫化物的切削力数学模型,同时考虑海底多金属硫化物高孔隙、非线性等特点,选取合适的材料本构模型及其相关参数,基于LS-DYNA数值模拟平台,利用有限单元法建立高海水围压条件下截齿切削多金属硫化物的数值仿真模型,模拟了不同海水围压条件下多金属硫化物的切削破碎过程。研究结果表明:截齿上的海水围压对矿体破碎的影响很小,矿体上的海水围压对矿体破碎影响较大;在高海水围压条件下,多金属硫化物的强度明显增大,切屑更难从基岩剥离,截齿受到的三向阻力明显增大,高围压作用限制了截齿切削破碎过程中的振动,截齿载荷波动性显著减小。     

海底多金属硫化物开发动态与前景分析

介绍了澳大利亚鹦鹉螺矿业公司和海王星矿业公司在西南太平洋区域对海底块状多金属硫化物 ( SMS ) 的商业勘探活动和开采计划等活动的最新进展,并从海底多金属硫化物的金属品质、开发的技术可行性与经济性、深海采矿的环境保护与法律政策等方面对海底多金属硫化物开发的前景作了分析.     

海底多金属硫化物自然电位观测方式研究

利用海洋自然电位法可以探测海底多金属硫化物矿体的位置和轮廓。在调查过程中,可以进行水平观测和垂直观测,本文对这两种观测方式的探测效果进行数值模拟分析,结果表明垂直观测异常大,对矿体的横向分辨率高。但在进行垂直观测时,电极离底低,工作风险大。所以在实际调查过程中,需要根据需求选择合适的观测方式。另外,在实际测量过程中,电极对会偏离垂直方向和水平方向,将导致异常结果发生变化,因此在数据资料处理与解释过程中要注意。本文可以为海底多金属硫化物自然电位调查提供参考。     

海底热液硫化物矿体内部流体混合过程的数值模拟:以大西洋TAG热液活动区为例

大型海底热液硫化物矿体的形成机制是涉及多种控制因素的复杂地质过程,其中热液流体同海水的混合扮演着重要角色。大洋钻探计划(ODP)资料表明在大西洋TAG区热液硫化物矿体内部,热液流体同经过改造的海水之间发生着广泛的混合作用,这个过程在很大程度上控制着海底热液硫化物矿体的内部结构和化学组成。以TAG热液硫化物矿体为例,利用数值模拟方法模拟了热液流体与经过不同程度改造的海水的混合过程,试图探讨海水与热液流体混合在热液硫化物矿体形成中的作用。模拟计算结果表明:(1)来自矿体深部的热液流体与经围岩加热的下渗海水的混合是造成TAG热液活动区硬石膏大量沉淀的重要原因;(2)在热液流体与海水的混合过程中,混合流体的化学性质和矿物沉淀情况在330~310℃上下发生了较大变化,330~310℃是一个特殊的温度区域;(3)利用数值计算结果探讨了TAG热液活动区不同区块(TAG-1,TAG-2和TAG-5等)的流体混合作用和热液活动过程。     

深海多金属硫化物采矿研究进展及其前景探讨

随着陆地金属矿产资源的日渐枯竭,深海多金属硫化物逐渐成为海洋矿产资源勘探的新趋势。文章介绍了全球主要海底多金属硫化物矿床的成因及分布特点,阐述了多个国际矿业公司和国际海洋组织对西南太平洋、大西洋和印度洋海底块状多金属硫化物勘探活动的最新进展。从海底多金属硫化物的金属品质、深海采矿的法律政策和环境保护等方面对海底多金属硫化物的开发前景进行探讨,并提出积极投身国际海底资源开发规章制定,进一步细化国内法律制度,为深海采矿提供良好的法律制度环境;提升深海治理能力,增强我国在深海领域的话语权;完善深海技术装备体系,提高深海开发创新能力等建议。     

海底多金属硫化物材料本构模型研究

为得到适用于数值模拟的海底多金属硫化物材料本构模型,针对海底多金属硫化物试样进行了不同围压下的单/三轴压缩实验,得到物理力学特性参数,对比分析常用描述岩石物理力学行为的本构模型及岩石微元强度准则,选择了合适的材料本构模型并确定了相应参数,并通过单个单元的仿真验证了模型的正确性,且仿真结果表明当海水围压超过20~25MPa区间内的某特定值时,多金属硫化物将会产生明显的脆-延转化。进一步基于该模型开展了高围压条件下双截齿切削海底多金属硫化物数值模拟的动力学特性研究,仿真结果表明随着围压增大,截齿受到的截割阻力及进给阻力显著增大,载荷波动性降低。     

Nautilus矿业公司在海底块状硫化物勘探中采用的取样技术与装备

海底块状硫化物(SMS)富含铜、锌、铅等金属,特别是富含贵金属金、银,引起了国际采矿业的浓厚兴趣.近年来,以澳大利亚Nautilus矿业公司为先驱的国际大型资源开发商和投资商已介入海底多金属硫化物的商业化开采.介绍了Nautilus公司在巴布亚新几内亚专属经济区针对海底块状硫化物矿床开展的一系列以商业开采为目的的勘探取样活动,详细介绍了勘探中所采用的基本方法与技术,并重点对其地质调查中所应用的拖网挖掘取样、ROV海底表面取样、大洋钻探船岩心取样和专门开发的ROV岩心钻探取样的装备、取样结果及作业效率进行了较为系统全面地介绍。     

电磁方法在海底多金属硫化物探测中的应用

海底硫化物矿体的三维展布是当前大洋调查急需解决的关键问题,在陆地上电磁方法一直是解决矿产资源三维问题的重要手段之一。2011年我国自主研发了调查海底多金属硫化物的瞬变电磁设备,并于2011年6月在中国大洋第22航次第5航段中的大西洋中脊“贝利珠”热液区( 13.2°S、14.4°W)进行了试验,取得了我国首批海底热液区的瞬变电磁资料。本文对这批资料进行初步分析,阐述一种新的海底硫化物探测方法及其试用结果,得到的视电阻率断面与热液区的实际有很好的对应关系,从2条测线的实测结果来看,设备的探测深度达到海底面以下50~100 m。在本次试用过程中,较好验证了自主研发的深海瞬变电磁设备、获得的数据以及探测深度的可靠性。     

Control of the stress field on shallow seafloor hydrothermal paths: A case study of the TAG hydrothermal field

The stress state and rock mechanical properties govern the growth of faults and fractures, which constitute shallow hydrothermal pathways and control the distribution of seafloor massive sulfide (SMS) mounds in the seafloor hydrothermal field. The stress field has an important influence on the formation and persistence of hydrothermal pathways. Based on multibeam bathymetric data from the Trans-Atlantic Geotraverse (TAG) field, we establish two three-dimensional geological models with different scales to simulate the stress field, which investigate the characteristics of hydrothermal pathways and associated SMS mounds. The simulation results show that oblique faults and fissures form in the tensile stress zone and that mounds, including active and inactive hydrothermal mounds form in the compressive stress zone. Fault activity, which is related to the stress field, affects the opening and closing of hydrothermal channels and changes the permeability structure of subseafloor wall rock. Therefore, the stress field controls the development and persistence of shallow hydrothermal pathways. The features of shallow hydrothermal pathways in the stress field can provide geomechanical information that is useful for identifying favorable zone for SMS deposit formation.     

冲绳海槽中、南部热液活动区金属硫化物的地球化学特征

对新近(2014年)采自冲绳海槽南部Yonaguni Knoll IV热液活动区和中部伊平屋热液活动区的金属硫化物样品分别进行了X射线荧光光谱(XRF)和等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)分析,旨在通过对比分析两个热液活动区金属硫化物的元素地球化学特征,探讨两个不同热液活动区成矿元素的富集规律、热液成矿的作用过程及其区域差异。研究结果表明:在冲绳海槽中部和南部热液区分布有两种金属硫化物,分别为富Fe-Zn型硫化物和Ba-Zn-Pb型硫化物(+硫酸盐);相较于大洋中脊和其它弧后盆地的热液硫化物,研究区硫化物中Pb的含量明显较高,而Cu和Fe的含量相对较低,这与冲绳海槽存在较厚的沉积盖层有关;无论是常量元素、微量元素、还是稀土元素(REE),其含量和相关的特征值都变化较大,表明研究区热液硫化物形成于不同的热液成矿阶段;富Fe-Zn型硫化物是在高温热液活动阶段形成的,而Ba-Zn-Pb型硫化物(+硫酸盐)则形成于热液喷出海底与海水混合的过程中,成矿温度较低;即使在同一热液活动区,成矿环境也有较大变化,主要表现在成矿温度的波动上;研究区热液硫化物中REE的配分模式特征表明硫化物中REE的物源相同,但经历的过程(REE的迁移和富集)有所不同,反映了热液硫化物形成于不同的热液成矿阶段;热液成矿作用存在区域性差异,海槽南部的成矿温度较中部低,成矿物质来源方面,南部热液区硫化物的Pb含量较中部高,表明其成矿物质可能部分来源于沉积物。     

Numerical simulation for fluids mixing within seafloor hydrothermal sulfide deposit: taking the Trans-Atlantic Geo-Traverse (TAG) field for example

The formation mechanism of the large hydrothermal sulˉde deposit is a complex geological process involving many controlling factors. Mixing between hydrothermal °uid and seawater plays a key role in this process. The results of the Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) indicate that mixing of the evolved seawater and hydrothermal °uid, which is wildly developed within the Trans-Atlantic Geo- Traverse (TAG) hydrothermal deposit, governs the internal structure and chemical compositions of the deposit to great extent. Taking the TAG ˉeld for example, the mixing processes of hydrothermal °uid with the seawater heated to di?erent extent are calculated, so as to discuss the impact of hydrothermal °uid/seawater mixing on the formation process of the sulˉde deposit. The results indicate that: (1) mixing between the heated seawater and hydrothermal °uid derived from the deep deposit is largely responsible for the wild precipitation of anhydrite within the TAG hydrothermal deposit; (2) 330{310 ±C is a special temperature range in the mixing process; (3) the mixing and hydrothermal processes in di?erent zones of the TAG hydrothermal deposit (TAG-1, TAG-2 and TAG-5, etc.) have been discussed based on the simulated results.     

Basic mathematical model for the normal black smoker system and the hydrothermal megaplume formation

A tube model to simulate the normal black smoker system has been built, where the Darcy flow equation, the Ergun equation and the turbulent pipe flow equation are used respectively to describe the dynamic process of different key areas in the hydrothermal circulation system. At the same time, a convection-diffuse Equation for the temperature field is used for describe the exchange of thermal energy and the law of temperature variation. Combining the above facts and using efficient mathematical algorithms and programming with the MatLab programming language, the variation curves of temperature, pressure and mass flow rate are determined, while also the dynamic heat equilibrium and pressure equilibrium within the black smoker system are analyzed. On the basis of the model of the normal black smoker system, a megaplume formation model is further built. For instance, the hydrothermal venting plume on the Juan de Fuca Ridge has been simulated and the simulation results are fairly consistent with Baker's imputed data in 1986. On the basis of the above productive simulation, a series of factors for megaplume formation and the effectiveness of the main parameters of the periodicity of the megaplume formation, temperature and the maximum mass flow rate are systematically discussed. Main conclusions are as follows: The normal black smoker system can evolve into a megaplum eruption. In fact, the passageway of the hydrothermal discharge is blocked by the hydrothermal sediments during the black smoker period, which leads to a hydrothermal fluid accumulation, rise of temperature and increase of buoyancy pressure under the seabed. After a period of 2~3 a, the megaplume hydrothermal eruption will occur when the increasing buoyancy pressure is high enough to crack the blockage (cap).Meanwhile, the temperature of the heat source must exceed 500 ℃, while the highest temperature of the eruption fluid may be high up to 413 ℃, which is fairly consistent with the surveying data.If the temperature of the heat source were to be higher than 500 ℃, then the critical period for the megaplume formation could be obviously curtailed to be less than 1 a, while the critical temperature and the maximum mass flow rate are nearly invariable. As the permeability increases, the maximum mass flow rate increases gradually close to a steady value.     

Sulfur isotopic composition of seafloor hydrothermal sediment from the Jade hydrothermal field in the central Okinawa Trough and its geological significance

Eighteen samples of hydrothermal sediments from the Jade hydrothermal field in the central Okinawa Trough have been analyzed. Sulfur isotopic values for 10 sulfide samples vary from 5.2 × 10~(-3) to 7.2× 10(-3), δ~(34)S values for 7 sulfate samples vary from 16.3 × 10~(-3) to 22.3 × 10~(-3), and 1 native sulphur sample has a δ~(34)S value of 8.2× 10~(-3). The major sources of sulfur for hydrothermal sediment are intermediate to acid volcanic rocks and sea water sulfate, and it is possible that the partial sulfur of hydrothermal sediment is from the pelagic sediment by the interaction between hydrothermal fluid and sediment. The reasons of causing the distinct differences in sulfur isotopic values for sulfide samples from hydrothermal sediment ( compared with other hydrothermal fields), are the differences in the sources of sulfur, the magmatic activity and the tectonic evolution in different hydrothermal fields. The sulfur evolution is a long and complex process in the seafloor hydrothermal system     

西南印度洋脊龙旂热液区蚀变岩岩石学特征及对热液流体循环的指示

慢速?超慢速扩张洋脊的海底热液活动区多出露类型多样的蚀变岩石,记录了地壳深部的流体与围岩的相互作用,为研究深部热液流体特征以及循环过程提供了样本。本研究选取了中国大洋第30、34和40航次在超慢速扩张西南印度洋脊龙旂热液区(A区、B区和C区)利用电视抓斗采集的蚀变玄武岩、蚀变辉长岩、蚀变辉石岩和蛇纹岩等蚀变岩样品,利用光学显微镜、电子探针开展了岩相学和矿物化学分析。岩相学结果表明,龙旂热液区蚀变岩石样品约95%发生了地壳浅部的脆性变形作用,靠近龙旂1号热液区(A区)约有5%的蚀变岩石混合发育了脆性变形及脆性?塑性变形特征。研究区岩石蚀变属于中?低温变质作用,变质相近似绿片岩相,变质矿物组合为绿泥石?绿帘石?钠长石?阳起石?榍石。其中,A区的蚀变岩中的绿泥石形成温度(201～341℃)以及蛇纹石、阳起石、绿泥石等蚀变矿物的Fe元素含量(17.5%～27.5%)都高于龙旂3号热液区(B区和C区)的绿泥石形成温度(239～303℃)和Fe元素含量(16.8%～26.5%),这也与在该区观测到高温的热液喷口相符合。本研究认为龙旂热液区所在洋脊段发育的拆离断层为热液流体的向上运移提供了通道,洋壳扩张后期轴部的岩浆熔体在轴侧区域的岩浆侵入或喷发活动可能为热液循环提供了热源。     

构造地质过程对冲绳海槽热液活动及成矿作用的控制研究综述

在对冲绳海槽及邻区构造地质学和热液地质学调查研究成果进行全面总结的基础上,将深部地球动力学机制、冲绳海槽形成演化、岩浆作用过程、热液系统结构、流体循环模式和成矿作用特征等多方面的问题,纳入到统一的框架下,探讨了冲绳海槽构造地质过程对热液活动和成矿作用的控制机理。分析认为,区域中尺度地幔流引起了东亚大陆边缘岩石圈向东的蠕散,并驱动了菲律宾海板块沿琉球海沟向欧亚板块之下的俯冲。在弧后小尺度地幔对流、岩石圈减薄、板片反卷和俯冲后退的共同作用下,冲绳海槽发生弧后张裂。张裂作用在岩石圈内形成了网状破裂系统,为岛弧和弧后岩浆上涌提供了通道,并且引起了不同来源岩浆的干扰和混合。侵位到地壳浅部的岩浆为热液活动提供了热源和主要成矿物质来源,是影响热液活动分布的主要因素。沉积层覆盖改变了流体的浅部循环结构和原始流体成分。热液区内普遍存在的流体相分离过程,导致了广域成矿作用的发生。     

普通黑烟囱热液系统及巨羽流形成的基本数学模型

建立了一种新的管状模型来模拟普通黑烟囱体的热液循环系统,分别用达西方程、湍流方程、Ergun方程和“浮压力差”方程来描述热液循环不同关键环节处的动力学系统,用一个温度场的对流-扩散方程来描述反应区的热能交换及系统的温度变化规律.在联立几个方程并用有效的数值算法及Matlab语言编程求解后,得出了系统中温度、压力及物质流速随时间的变化曲线,并对黑烟囱体内部的动态热平衡和压力平衡进行了分析.在普通黑烟囱体系统模型的基础上进一步建立了巨型羽状流(巨羽流)生成的数学模型.选择胡安·德富卡(Juan de Fuca)洋脊热液喷口对巨羽流的形成进行了模拟,其结果与Baker根据实测数据估算的近似值吻合很好.在上述模型的基础上进一步探讨了巨羽状流形成的一系列条件及主要参数对巨羽流生成周期、温度和最大物质流速等的影响.主要结论如下:巨羽流系统可以由普通黑烟囱系统发展演化而成,其实际过程是普通黑烟囱流系统活动所形成的热液沉积在一定程度上会堵塞热液喷溢通道(相当于形成盖层),造成热液在海底之下积蓄和升温,从而导致浮压力差增大,经过2~3 a(浮压力差达到盖层破裂极限值)则可形成巨羽流系统,巨羽流产生时的热源温度必须超过500℃,喷出热液的最高温度为413℃左右(与实际观测到的海底热液的最高温度一致).当反应区热源温度增大时,产生巨羽流的临界时间明显变短(可能不到1 a),而临界温度(巨羽流生成时的温度)及巨羽流的最大物质流速几乎不随其变化;随着渗透率的增大,巨羽流的最大物质流速也随之增大,但其增速随渗透率的进一步增大而变缓,并逐渐趋向一个相当于下渗流无摩擦阻力时的极限稳定值.     

Newly discovered hydrothermal fields along the ultraslow-spreading Southwest Indian Ridge around 63°E

The ultraslow-spreading Southwest Indian Ridge(SWIR) to the east of the Melville fracture zone is characterized by very low melt supply and intensive tectonic activity. Due to its weak thermal budget and extremely slow spreading rate, the easternmost SWIR was considered to be devoid of hydrothermal activity until the discovery of the inactive Mt. Jourdanne hydrothermal field(27°51′S, 63°56′E) in 1998. During the COMRA DY115-20 cruise in2009, two additional hydrothermal fields(i.e., the Tiancheng(27°51′S, 63°55′E) and Tianzuo(27°57′S, 63°32′E)fields) were discovered. Further detailed investigations of these two hydrothermal sites were conducted by Chinese manned submersible Jiaolong in 2014–2015. The Tiancheng filed can be characterized as a lowtemperature(up to 13.2°C) diffuse flow hydrothermal field, and is hosted by fractured basalts with hydrothermal fauna widespread on the seafloor. The Tianzuo hydrothermal field is an inactive sulfide field, which is hosted by ultramafic rocks and controlled by detachment fault. The discovery of the three hydrothermal fields around Segment #11 which receives more melt than the regional average, provided evidence for local enhanced magmatism providing heat source to drive hydrothermal circulation. We further imply that hydrothermal activity and sulfide deposits may be rather promising along the easternmost SWIR.