基于水力层析法的某煤矿承压含水层叠加放水试验分析

水文地质参数是衡量含水层富水性的重要指标,其空间分布特征的准确推算,对于矿井突水灾害预报与防治具有积极意义。传统放水试验分析方法得到的是等效水文地质参数,不能准确刻画含水层的空间异质性。基于随时间变化的水头数据与水文地质参数的互相关分析,将水力层析法应用在陕西榆林柠条塔煤矿井下承压含水层叠加放水试验数据分析中,获得了研究区水文地质参数的空间分布特征。结果表明,工作面南北富水性差异大,涌水区位于强导水带上;从涌水区往北,导水系数和储水系数整体上逐渐减小;南部导水系数和储水系数均较大,属于富水异常区。研究表明,水力层析法是一种有效的非均质含水层参数识别的新技术,将井下放水视为针对含水层的刺激源,结合水头与水文地质参数的互相关分析,联合多个观测孔的水头响应数据,反演刻画研究区域的主要地质结构特征。在矿井水文地质条件分析中,预先采用水力层析法识别富水异常区域,可以有效降低突水事故风险。     

浅层含水层导水系数空间变异分析——以河套平原呼和浩特市为例

水文地质参数空间变异性是影响地下水水流及溶质运移不确定性的主要因素。呼和浩特市浅层地下水导水系数空间变异研究对导水系数等值线的绘制与校正有实际意义。剔除异常值后,利用地质统计方法研究区域、N-S向、E-W向剖面的空间分布,利用GS+对其空间变异结构进行分析,得出以下结论:导水系数在区域上属于强变异程度,N-S向剖面属于强变异程度,E-W向剖面上属于中等变异程度;导水系数在区域上、N-S向剖面、E-W向剖面均近似服从对数正态分布;区域上变程为2910m,E-W向剖面变程为3729.92m,N-S向剖面变程为2478.74m。     

基于大地电磁法的水文地质结构及参数推断

大地电磁法已被广泛用于矿产资源勘探和工程勘查,但该方法在水文地质参数定量方面的成果文献尚不多见。以科尔沁沙丘—草甸相间地区巨厚第四系沉积层为研究对象,通过EH-4大地电磁法的测试结合地质钻探试验数据,划定出研究区埋深105 m范围内砂黏土层在空间上的分布;经检验大地电磁法探测总体误差在5.1%~7.2%,其精度足以满足水文地质勘察的需求。然后利用研究区已有的土壤传递函数(Pedo-transfer functions,PTFs)模型对测区埋深105 m范围内的饱和导水系数进行了估算,进而首次利用大地电磁法所得数据建立了视电阻率与饱和导水系数的拟合模型。利用该模型推断出研究区埋深200 m范围内含水层的富水性,刻画出饱和导水系数的空间分布,为研究区提供了更加丰富的水文地质信息,同时也极大地提升了水文地球物理方法在水力参数预测方面的尺度。     

新疆阿尔泰地区矿床分布的多重分形分析

对新疆阿尔泰地区 175个热液金、铜、铅、锌、稀有金属矿床的研究表明 ,该区矿床的空间分布为多重分形分布。在 q=- 2～ 14范围内 ,标度指数为 - 5.4 915～ 12 .80 71,奇异指数 a( q)随 q值变化较大 ,为 0 .92 4 8～ 2 .2 865,分维谱具单峰曲线特征。q=0时 ,在 1～ 150 km尺度范围内出现二个分形关系 ,在 1～ 16km尺度范围内 D0 值为 0 .2 3,在 16～ 150 km尺度范围内 D0 值为 1.51。导致该区矿床多重分形分布的主要原因是在不同尺度下矿床的形成控制机理的不同和矿床的勘探研究程度较低 ,该区还有较大的找矿前景。     

含水层中弥散系数的尺度效应

为确定研究区含水层的弥散系数,进一步开展咸水体运移的数值模拟,根据研究区的地质背景和水文地质条件,针对含水层中咸水体分布格局设计并开展了示踪试验。利用试验获得的数据初步分析了咸水体垂向和横向运移特征,提出了依赖于单尺度示踪试验结果推求多尺度下弥散系数的内推-外延法,据此计算了试验尺度上的弥散系数。示踪试验结果直观地反映了咸水体对抽水井中氯离子质量浓度的影响,确定了试验尺度上的横向弥散度为7.42 m,垂向弥散度为41.4 m。基于弥散方程的解析解,采用半程拟合的方法进行尺度效应的分析,确立了横向及垂向弥散度与试验尺度关系分别为y=0.007 5·e^{0.129 3x}和y=0.102 9e^{0.049 2x}。根据上述定量关系可进行同类地区相似条件下的弥散系数计算和尺度效应分析,从而为进一步开展咸淡水交互地带水盐运移的模拟和预测提供参数基础。     

基于同位素与水化学分析法的地下水补径排研究——以苏锡常地区浅层地下水为例

在分析研究区浅层地下水空间分布特征的基础上,采用同位素与化学分析相结合的方法研究苏锡常浅层地下水的补径排条件。利用氢氧同位素的分析结果,建立潜水与微承压水的δD-δ18O关系曲线,分析潜水含水层与河流、湖泊等地表水体关系以及微承水的蒸发程度;利用放射性同位素氚与14C研究微承水与现代水的补给关系;利用常规的水化学分析方法研究浅层地下水补给源的变化问题。结合研究区地下水水位、地层岩性、地形、地貌等多方面因素综合分析了浅层地下水的补径排条件,从而指导苏锡常地区浅层地下水合理开发利用。     

用模糊综合评判法确定导水系数的尝试

该文试图用模糊综合评判法,研究确定承压含水层的导水系数 T 值。方法是通过分析确定承压含水层导水系数 T 值的影响因素,给出备择集,并建立确定导水系数 T 值的模糊变换器,最后用加权平均法求得承压含水层的导水系数 T 值。     

煤层底板隔水层阻抗高压水侵入机理及其控制因素

通过专门设计的物理模型,模拟了不同水文地质与工程地质性质的阻水岩层对其底板高压水侵入过程的阻抗能力,以及不同水压条件下高压水侵入导升过程中的水头损耗。得出了高压水在侵入导升带内的水头损耗分布特点及数量特征;研究了高压水在其上覆阻水岩层中的侵入高度及其最终驻点的残余水头压力;重新评价和改进了突水系数的计算方法。结果表明:隔水层的原始导高带对含水层水头具有较大的消减作用,作用于有效隔水层的实际水头压力远小于含水层的水头压力。      

焦作地区浅层地下水铬(Ⅵ)污染机理及迁移预测

通过对焦作地区浅层地下水中铬(Ⅵ)污染物分布特征进行调查,分析了研究区浅层地下水中铬(Ⅵ)的污染机理,并运用Visual MODFLOW建立地下水流模型及溶质运移模型,模拟预测了浅层地下水中铬(Ⅵ)的迁移规律。结果表明:研究区浅层地下水铬(Ⅵ)污染严重,污染源是位于老君庙西南方向的焦作某电厂堆灰场,主要原因是露天堆放的粉煤灰中的铬(Ⅵ)污染物在长期淋滤作用下下渗污染含水层。气候条件、包气带岩性、地下水化学环境以及人为因素等也间接使浅层地下水铬(Ⅵ)浓度升高;模拟结果显示在未来的五年时间内,受地形和地下水动力场的影响,浅层地下水中铬(Ⅵ)的迁移方向与地下径流方向一致,沿大沙河水流方向上扩散速度更快,污染区域面积逐渐增大。      

电法测定水文地质参数的尝试

1. 含水层导水系数(T)的确定在相同条件下,含水层厚度大,视横向电阻(R_t)大,颗粒粗Rt也大,公式R_t＝P₂·H₂;含水层导水系数(T)也取决于含水层厚度和结构,即T=K·h.可见T与R_t存在着正相关关系.这样求取了T-R_t相关曲线,其导水系数便可求出.解释野外所做的电测深曲线确定出R_t;利用7个已知抽水孔的资料确定含水层导水系数;将计算出的T值与R_t值对比,分别建立Q₃砂卵石层和Q₂泥质卵石层中T-R_t相关曲线(直线).经计算,Q₃层中T－Rt相关系数γ=0.964(Q₂层略),证明相关曲线可靠.依据T=R_t相关关系绘制了“导水系数分布图”,计算出Q₃层的渗透系数(K)值80-120m/d,R_t/T值2.13-2.68,Q₂层的K值40-50m/d,R_t/T 值5-8.2.含水层有效孔隙度(ψ)的求取利用阿尔奇公式ρ=ψ^-mS^-nρ_w求取.野外采用电测深法.先求出11个已知孔含水层电阻率(ρ_s);野外采水样,室内分析,依据16℃时地层水(ρ_w)与矿化度(C)关系图确定各孔ρ_w;取m=1.5,利用上述公式求出各孔ψ值.Q₃层 值0.1769-0.3444,多数0.2-0.25.此值与室内试验得出的值0.25一致,与重力给水度经验值0.23-0.26相近.     

Groundwater nitrate vulnerability assessment in alluvial aquifer using process-based models and weights-of-evidence method: Lower Savinja Valley case study (Slovenia)

This paper describes the implementation of process-based models reflecting relative groundwater nitrate vulnerability of the shallow alluvial Lower Savinja Valley (LSV) aquifer in Slovenia. A spatially explicit identification of the potentially vulnerable priority areas within groundwater bodies at risk from a chemical point of view is being required for cost-effective measures and monitoring planning. The shallow LSV unconfined aquifer system consists of high-permeable Holocene and middle- to low-permeable Pleistocene gravel and sand, with a maximum thickness of about 30 m, mainly covered by shallow eutric fluvisoils or variously deep eutric cambisoil. The hydrogeological parameters, e.g. the depth to the groundwater, hydrological role of the topographic slope, etc. usually used in different point count schemes are, in the case of the lowland aquifer and shallow groundwater, spatially very uniform with low variability. Furthermore, the parametric point count methods are generally not able to illustrate and analyze important physical processes, and validation of the results is difficult and expensive. Instead of a parametric point count scheme, we experimentally used the Arc-WofE extension for weights-of-evidence (WofE) modelling. All measurement locations with a concentration higher than the value of 20 mg NO₃ ⁻ per litre of groundwater have been considered as training points (173), and the three process-based models generalized output layers of groundwater recharge (GROWA), nitrate leached from the soil profile (SWAT) and groundwater flow velocity (FEFLOW), served as evidential themes. The technique is based on the Bayesian idea of phenomena occurrences probability before (prior probability) and after consideration of any evidential themes (posterior probability), which were measured by positive and negative weights as an indication of the association between a phenomena and a prediction pattern. The response theme values describe the relative probability that a 100 × 100 m spatial unit will have a groundwater nitrate concentration higher than the training points’ limit values with regard to prior probability value. The lowest probability of groundwater nitrate occurrence is in the parts of the LSV aquifer, which are known as anoxic condition areas with very likely denitrification processes. The cross-validation of the dissolved oxygen and dissolved nitrate response theme confirmed the accuracy of the groundwater nitrate prediction. The WofE model results very clearly indicate regional groundwater nitrate distribution and enable spatial prediction of the probability for increased groundwater nitrate concentration in order to plan the groundwater nitrate reduction measures and optimize the programme for monitoring the effects of these measures.     

Geophysical characterization of the complex dynamics of groundwater and seawater exchange in a highly stressed aquifer system linked to a coastal lagoon (SE Spain)

Anthropogenic pressure influences the two-way interactions between shallow aquifers and coastal lagoons. Aquifer overexploitation may lead to seawater intrusion, and aquifer recharge from rainfall plus irrigation may, in turn, increase the groundwater discharge into the lagoon. We analyse the evolution, since the 1950s up to the present, of the interactions between the Campo de Cartagena Quaternary aquifer and the Mar Menor coastal lagoon (SE Spain). This is a very heterogeneous and anisotropic detrital aquifer, where aquifer–lagoon interface has a very irregular geometry. Using electrical resistivity tomography, we clearly identified the freshwater–saltwater transition zone and detected areas affected by seawater intrusion. Severity of the intrusion was spatially variable and significantly related to the density of irrigation wells in 1950s–1960s, suggesting the role of groundwater overexploitation. We distinguish two different mechanisms by which water from the sea invades the land: (a) horizontal advance of the interface due to a wide exploitation area and (b) vertical rise (upconing) caused by local intensive pumping. In general, shallow parts of the geophysical profiles show higher electrical resistivity associated with freshwater mainly coming from irrigation return flows, with water resources mostly from deep confined aquifers and imported from Tagus river, 400 km north. This indicates a likely reversal of the former seawater intrusion process.     

LOTUS 1-2-3 在非稳定流抽水试验参数计算中的应用

用高斯-牛顿迭代算法分析非稳定流抽水试验数据,使用LOTUS1-2-3的电子报表、数据库管理、图形技术、矩阵运算等功能,可计算出多次迭代运算后最佳含水层导水系数T,储水系数μe和渗透系数k,计算过程简洁、省时、高效。     

Hydrogeologic characteristics of groundwater aquifers in Kathmandu Valley,Nepal

This paper reviews, compiles and comprehensively analyzes spatial variations in hydrogeologic characteristics of shallow and deep groundwater aquifers in Kathmandu Valley. To estimate transmissivity (T) (and then hydraulic conductivity) as a function of specific capacity (SC), an empirical relationship between T and SC is developed for shallow and deep aquifer. The results show that T and SC are log linearly related by an equation T = 0.8857(SC)^1.1624 [R ² = 0.79] in shallow and T = 1.1402(SC)^1.0068 [R ² = 0.85] in deep aquifer. The estimated T ranges from 163 to 1,056 m²/day in shallow aquifer and 22.5 to 737 m²/day in deep aquifer. Finally, mapping of spatial distribution in hydrogeologic characteristics (thickness, T, hydraulic conductivity and storage coefficient) in shallow and deep aquifers are accomplished using ArcGIS9.2 and such maps would be useful in delineating potential areas for groundwater development and simulating groundwater flow in the aquifer system.     

Research on Migration Features of Ammonia-Nitrogen in Shallow Groundwater of Coastal Area of Tangshan Fengnan

The ammonia-nitrogen in shallow groundwater of coastal area of Tangshan Fengnan exceeds the content limit at varying degrees. To analyze the the migration features of ammonia-nitrogen in the groundwater, a two-dimensional groundwater flow and quality model has been established on the basis of investigation and analysis of hydeogeological conditions in this region. Ammonia-nitrogen in the first aquifer groundwater migrates slowly and is difficult to diffuse during the migration process for the low exploitation, the small hydraulic gradient, the relatively fine aquier rock particles and poor permeability of the aquifer     

Assessment of groundwater vulnerability using a specific vulnerability method: Case of Maritime Djeffara shallow aquifer (Southeastern Tunisia)

Groundwater resources are vulnerable to contamination especially in shallow aquifers. The aquifer hydrogeological parameters and the Land Uses category combinations lead to subdivide areas according to their contamination likelihood. In arid and semi-arid regions, shallow aquifers are more exposed to groundwater contamination due to high population densities (extensive uses) and agricultural activities (nitrate contamination). Moreover, these regions are characterized by low rainfall and high evaporation. Furthermore, the spread of farmland, industrial and domestic sectors, is the principal contaminant producer which threats the groundwater quality. To protect these limited resources, the groundwater vulnerability assessment was developed in Maritime Djeffara shallow aquifer (Southeastern Tunisia). The study area is essentially occupied by agricultural areas (intensive use of chemical fertilizers) in addition to the discharge of industrial zones. The main objective of this study is to assess the aquifer vulnerability using the Susceptibility Index (SI) method as a specific vulnerability model. The results show that the study area is classified into five classes of vulnerability: very low, low, medium, high, and very high (1.54, 20, 41.54, 35.9, and 1.02%, respectively) with an uneven spatial distribution. The risk results exhibit three degrees: low, moderate, and high. The validation of the vulnerability model was performed by using salinity values and nitrate concentrations with a correlation coefficient of about 57 and 55%, respectively. This study could serve as a scientific basis for sustainable land use planning and groundwater management in the study area.     

Estimation of effective aquifer hydraulic properties from an aquifer test with multi-well observations (Taiwan)

The representative anisotropic parameters for an aquifer located at the campus of the National Yunlin University of Science and Technology in Taiwan have been acquired. A constant-rate pumping test was carried out, and drawdown-time data were collected from ten observation wells. Applications of the conventional aquifer test analysis, which assumes aquifer homogeneity for each observed well hydrograph, yielded spatially varying transmissivity and storage coefficient estimates, contradicting the homogeneous assumption. A direct approach and a nonlinear-least squares minimization of distance-drawdown data were then employed to analyze anisotropy of the transmissivity of an equivalent homogeneous aquifer. Results show that the direction and values of anisotropic transmissivities vary with time and the estimates depend on the number of observation wells used. These field results are consistent with results from recent theoretical investigations which questioned the suitability of the conventional aquifer test analysis.     

华北煤田矿山开采导致含水层破坏风险评估:以淄博洪山煤矿为例

煤矿由建设到关闭后多年的生命过程都对含水层具有破坏作用,造成生态环境破坏、影响社会经济发展,其风险具有长期性.在华北煤田水文地质结构及矿山地质环境问题分析的基础上,总结了含水层破坏形式及其风险组成,提出了含水层破坏风险评估与管理的技术思路.利用淄博洪山煤矿从开采到关闭多年的试验和监测数据开展了实证研究.结果表明:（1）矿业活动对含水层破坏形式表现为含水层结构破坏、地下水流场变化和地下水污染3类,洪山煤矿奥灰水遭受破坏的可能性高,危险性低、中等和高的危险区面积分别为20.61、22.39、19.26 km2;（2）社会、经济和生态易损性由破坏性、脆弱性和可恢复性三项指标表达,洪山煤矿社会经济高度依赖奥灰水,其易损性高.（3）含水层破坏风险是可利用地下水资源量减少、生态环境恶化、社会经济负面影响及其长期效应的综合表达,洪山煤矿关闭后奥灰水遭受破坏的风险高.      

非稳定流抽水试验参数计算的优化算法

提出根据非稳定流抽水试验资料确定含水层参数的优化算法。该法不同于现有的配线法,其根据最小二乘法及0.618法原理进行优化计算,从而确定承压含水层的导水系数和弹性给水度及渗透系数等。优点是计算结果比较客观,计算精度比较高。给出了实例计算及与其他相比较的结果。     

基于解析法和数值法的非稳定流抽水试验参数反演

含水层的水文地质参数是进行地下水资源计算、地下水污染防控等所必需的基础数据,结合数值模拟技术进行含水层参数反演很有必要.按照1:5万水文地质调查规范在江汉平原仙桃市杨林尾镇复兴水厂不同含水层位开展抽水试验,包括深层含水层单孔抽水试验以及浅层含水层中群孔(2孔)抽水试验.对于单孔抽水试验,应用第1类越流系统井流理论进行参数反演;对于群孔抽水试验,推导了特定综合井函数,并利用特定标准曲线匹配法和直线图解法求解了含水层参数.随后利用FEFLOW软件建立了相应数值模型,拟合了含水层参数.结果表明:浅层含水层的渗透系数变化范围为21.66~54.00 m/d,贮水率变化范围为1.28×10-5~8.00×10-4 m-1;深层含水层渗透系数变化范围为1.27~7.00 m/d,贮水率变化范围为3.90×10-6~5.00×10-6 m-1.对于深层承压含水层而言,越流补给量较大.采用数值模拟方法结合抽水试验数据求参,综合考虑了含水层结构,拟合效果好,所得结果更加可靠.