厄尔尼诺和南方涛动对中国水稻产量的影响

This paper aims to demonstrate the relationships between ENSO and rice production of Jiangxi province in order to identify the reason that ENSO might have little effect on Chinese rice production. Using a data set with measures of Jiangxi's climate and rice production,we find the reason that during 1985 and 2004 ENSO's well correlated with rainfall did not promote Chinese rice production. First,the largest effects of ENSO mostly occur in the months when there is no rice in the field. Second,there is almost ...     

Impacts of El Nino-Southern Oscillation events on China＇s rice production

This paper aims to demonstrate the relationships between ENSO and rice production of Jiangxi province in order to identify the reason that ENSO might have little effect on Chinese rice production. Using a data set with measures of Jiangxi’s climate and rice production, we find the reason that during 1985 and 2004 ENSO’s well correlated with rainfall did not promote Chinese rice production. First, the largest effects of ENSO mostly occur in the months when there is no rice in the field. Second, there is almost no temperature effect. Finally, the monthly distribution of rainfall is almost the same in ENSO and neutral years because the largest effects are during months when there is the least rain. In addition, due to the high irrigation share and reliable and effective irrigation facilities of cultivated land, China’s rice production is less climate-sensitive.     

两种形态ENSO对南半球热带外气候变化特征的影响

本研究利用1979—2012年欧洲中期天气预报中心(ECMWF)的ORAP5(Ocean Reanalysis Pilot 5)海洋/海冰再分析资料和ERA-Interim气象再分析资料,采用回归分析方法,分1979—1998年和1999—2012年两个时间段探讨了南半球热带外地区气候变化对两种不同形态ENSO的响应特征。结果表明,南半球热带外区域气候在1999年前后两个时段对ENSO的响应表现出了较大的年代际变化特征。1979—1998年南半球热带外气候变量对Nio3指数在时间上的相关性和空间上的响应强度都普遍大于Nio4指数,说明这一时段东部型ENSO对南半球热带外区域气候变化的影响要更强一些。在1999—2012年,不同形态ENSO与气候变量的相关性大小并无明显的规律,而且空间响应场的差异性并不大。海平面气压、风场和气温对ENSO变化的响应在南半球冬季表现最为强烈,在夏季最弱。三者在1999—2012年秋季对Nio3指数和Nio4指数的响应场中出现了纬向三波数结构。1999—2012年冬季,有异于海平面气压和风场,在罗斯海和阿蒙森海海域海表气温对Nio4变化的正响应明显强于对Nio3的响应,该特征在混合层温度中也有体现,表明海表气温随ENSO的变化受海洋特征变化影响较大。混合层深度和混合层温度的响应场之间存在很大的相关性,混合层温度响应在秋季表现最强,春季最弱,混合层深度响应与之相反。在1979—1998年,海冰密集度对不同Nio指数变化的响应差异主要出现在海冰结冰季节,而海冰厚度对不同Nio指数变化的响应差异在夏季表现较强。海冰密集度和厚度对Nio3变化响应的年代际差异在秋冬季节更加明显,对Nio4变化响应的年代际差异在秋、冬、春季都较明显。     

基于投入产出技术的中国部门生产链平均能耗

温室气体导致全球气候异常变化是全球目前的热点问题,而能源消耗排放的CO2成为首要的温室气体。为理解产业结构对我国能源消耗及其碳排放的影响机制,本文创建了一个基于投入产出技术的AECPC模型,提出了平均能耗的概念。该模型从节能效果直接且易于调控的角度反映了不同层次的生产环节对部门生产链能耗的影响,它综合了直接能耗和完全能耗两种方法的优点。通过该模型对中国2005年各产业部门的测算,找出了9条不同能源产品平均能耗最大的生产链,这些生产链主要集中在传统的高能耗部门,但也包含一些其他部门,如自来水的生产与供应业部门。AECPC模型为产业转型对碳排放的影响提供了有力的分析指导工具。     

南方水稻复种指数变化对国家粮食产能的影响及其政策启示

中国南方地区水稻生产的变化对国家粮食安全具有重要影响。本文利用Landsat数据提取1990-2015年南方地区水稻种植制度分布及变化,并分析其对粮食产能的影响。结果表明：① 1990-2015年,水稻复种指数从148.3%下降到129.3%,双季稻改种单季稻（“双改单”）损失的播种面积为253.16万hm²,区域上以长江中下游地区变化最为突出。南方地区水稻种植制度整体呈现由北向南“双退单进”的变化格局;② 1990-2015年,“双改单”导致全国水稻产量减少6.1%,粮食产量减少2.6%。水稻主产区湖南省和江西省以及经济发展较好的浙江省因“双改单”水稻减产幅度较大,均超过13%;③ 充分利用“双改单”稻田的粮食产能相当于新增耕地223.3万hm²,为2001-2015年通过土地整治项目新增耕地总量的54%,是2016-2020年全国新增耕地规划目标的1.7倍,可节省约1674.4亿元新增耕地开垦费用。因此,与其追求低质量的“新”耕地,不如充分利用已有的高质量“旧”耕地,政府应转变耕地占补平衡的考核方式,将因提高复种指数增加的播种面积纳入补充指标。     

1月北极涛动异常程度特征及其对北半球同期温度的影响

将1月北极涛动（AO）大气遥相关型的强度分为：正常、异常和极端异常3类典型年进行讨论,发现其同期大气环流及其对北半球温度影响存在显著的异同性：当AO呈异常和极端异常时,均表现为东亚大槽、乌拉尔山、贝加尔湖阻塞高压、阿留申低压的持续、稳定异常,但对应极区涡旋的强度、面积及其向南、向北的扩展等有所差异,与NPO、NAO正、负位相对应,致使冷空气在极地和中、高纬度活动范围不同。极端异常年的影响强度和范围较异常年偏大、偏南,高低空配置使冷空气向北半球中低纬度地区延伸,异常低温可扩展至北太平洋暖池区。     

The influence of ENSO and PDO on tropical Andean glaciers and their impact on the hydrology of the Amazon Basin

Recent decades, particularly since the late 1970s, have witnessed a rapid retreat of glaciers in the tropical Andes. We compiled the changes in glacier surfaces along the eastern cordilleras of the tropical Andes of Peru and Bolivia since the early 1980s from the literature. Water levels from two Brazilian river basins in the Amazon basin (one (Madeira River) glacially fed by meltwater from the Andes and the other (Envira River) non‐glacially fed), were analysed for a 30‐year period between 1985?2014. Furthermore, precipitation data near these two basins were also analysed in order to understand the differential contributions of glacier melting and rainfall. Variations in the water levels from the glacially fed Madeira River showed that some years were associated with higher water levels even when the precipitation remained low during the corresponding season (May‐October). This observation was common when El Niño events occurred during the positive phase of Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). Water levels in glacier‐fed Madeira River were slightly higher during the periods where El Niño and warm PDO co‐occurred. On the other hand, water levels in the Envira River were precipitation dependent; water levels were higher when the rainfall was high.     

Change analysis of rice area and production in China during the past three decades

Rice＇s spatial-temporal distributions, which are critical for agricultural, environ- mental and food security research, are affected by natural conditions as well as socio-eco- nomic developments. Based on multi-source data, an effective model named the Spatial Production Allocation Model （SPAM） which integrates arable land distribution, administrative unit statistics of crop data, agricultural irrigation data and crop suitability data, was used to get a series of spatial distributions of rice area and production with 10-km pixels at a national scale -it was applied from the early 1980s onwards and used to analyze the pattern of spatial and temporal changes. The results show that significant changes occurred in rice in China during 1980-2010. Overall, more than 50% of the rice area decreased, while nearly 70% of rice production increased in the change region during 1980-2010. Spatially, most of the increased area and production were in Northeast China, especially, in Jilin and Heilongjiang; most of the decreased area and production were located in Southeast China, especially, in regions of rapidly urbanization in Guangdong, Fujian and Zhejiang. Thus, the centroid of rice area was moved northeast approximately 230 km since 1980, and rice production about 320 km, which means rice production moved northeastward faster than rice area because of the significant rice yield increase in Northeast China. The results also show that rice area change had a decisive impact on rice production change. About 54.5% of the increase in rice pro- duction is due to the expansion of sown area, while around 83.2% of the decrease in rice production is due to contraction of rice area. This implies that rice production increase may be due to area expansion and other non-area factors, but reduced rice production could largely be attributed to rice area decrease.     

The effect of terrain factors on rice production: A case study in Hunan Province

Journal of Geographical Sciences - Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the most important staple crop of China, and its production is related to both natural condition and human activities. It is fundamental...     

The comprehensive evaluation of China’s urbanization and effects on resources and environment

This paper constructs a comprehensive evaluation index system for the urbanization level in China in terms of four aspects of urbanization connotation: population, economy, society, and land. A comprehensive measurement is carried out for the Chinese urbanization between 1981 and 2006 based on the Entropy method. The results show that the comprehensive level of urbanization in China has a continuous increase with the major features of economic growth and a rapid evolution of the geographical landscape, followed by population urbanization and then social urbanization of health care standard; the distinguished evolutional characteristics can also be found in each of the subsystems. The integrated evolution of urbanization has a profound effect on the resources, energy and the environment, making the land resources and energy security situation under severe pressure. The environment pressure is also increased further.     

湖南省地形因素对水稻生产的影响

作为一种人工生态系统,水稻的生产受自然条件和人为管理的共同影响。其中,地形因素不仅决定了水稻生长必须的光热等资源的再分配,而且还影响人类的农业管理活动。以中国水稻主产区中地形较为复杂的湖南省为研究对象,基于多种数据,从生态学的“格局—过程”思想出发,讨论了地形因素对水田分布、水稻生长过程及水稻产量的影响。研究发现,地形因素对水田分布的空间格局影响最为明显,对水稻生长过程影响次之,而对水稻产量影响较弱。在各地形因素中,高程对于水稻生产的影响最为突出。研究结果还反映出地形因素造成了湖南省水田分布和热量分配在北部平原地区的不匹配,政府部门应根据区域特征,因地制宜采取措施,提高该地区水稻生产效益。     

江淮地区气温变化对一季中稻产量和产量构成的影响

在气候变暖背景下,最高和最低气温不同的变化特征会对水稻产量和产量构成产生明显影响。根据江淮地区代表性站点近50年来一季中稻产量形成阶段最高和最低气温的统计分析表明,1991年以来,最低气温升温速率大于最高气温,日较差减小,极端高温事件强度、频率有所增强。利用安徽省农科院2000~2004年中稻分期播种试验水稻产量和产量构成数据与产量形成阶段的最高与最低气温不同步长滑动平均值进行动态相关统计分析。结果表明,气温对水稻产量构成和产量在始穗前和始穗后各有一个负影响时段,其影响程度始穗前大于始穗后;对结实率影响最大,其次是千粒重,再次是产量;最低气温的影响大于最高气温。随着滑动步长的增加,最高气温负影响程度的增大主要体现在抽穗前,最低气温则贯穿于整个产量形成过程中。     

中国集装箱多门户港口区域空间结构的形成与机理

运用港口首位度和修正的赫希曼-赫芬达尔指数, 从箱流的角度对1998-2010 年中国集装箱港口体系的空间结构转型进行了定量测度。结果表明:① 集装箱港口体系的重心由珠三角地区向长三角地区缓慢转移;② 集装箱港口体系总体进入“边缘挑战阶段”, 箱流的分散化成为中国集装箱港口体系空间变化的主流倾向, 但7 大港区首位港的极辐作用存在显著差异;③ 中国集装箱港口体系空间结构呈现低级均衡、单门户、多门户并存的多样化特征, 其中, 长三角、珠三角地区形成集装箱多门户港口区域的空间结构已成事实。政府宏观调控与政策引导, 枢纽港资源瓶颈约束, 边缘港口的设施、服务趋同, 港航企业网络扩展和腹地交通网络拓展与完善等因素是多门户空间结构形成的主要动力。     

与跨国企业技术互动对本土企业创新绩效的影响 ——以中国高技术制造业为例

在技术溢出和技术互动效应理论辨析的基础上,以中国高技术制造业为例,基于分行业面板数据,在多元回归模型中引入连乘变量,从技术能力互动、研发行为互动2个方面,对与跨国企业技术互动对本土企业创新绩效的影响进行实证分析。结果显示：1）以双方技术实力为基础的技术能力互动对本土企业的创新绩效具有显著的正效应;2）研发行为互动同时促进双方研发行为的强化,对本土企业创新绩效也具有显著的正效应。3）控制变量中,产品进入国际市场能力与企业创新绩效存在显著的负相关,本土企业规模、资本强度及市场结构对企业创新绩效的影响在统计学上不显著。研究结果同时支持了跨国资本对地方企业研发行为的“控制变量,有助于丰富全球化与地方创新相互作用与机制的理解。     

Sediment and Water Discharge Assessment on Santiago and Pánuco Rivers (Central Mexico): The Importance of Topographic and Climatic Factors

This study explores the main factors controlling sediment and water discharge in the Santiago and Pánuco Rivers, the two largest rivers of central Mexico. Both Santiago and Pánuco Rivers are sourced in the Central Plateau of Mexico and flow in an opposite direction. Santiago River flows over a tectonically active margin draining to the Pacific Ocean, and Pánuco River flows into the passive margin of the Gulf of Mexico. Mean annual and monthly values of suspended sediment load and water discharge spanning around 50 years were used to evaluate sediment load and water discharge in these two rivers. Our findings indicated that Santiago River delivers to the ocean around 45% more sediment than Pánuco River. However, we found that Santiago River has about half the water discharge of Pánuco River. The high river gradient along Santiago River is likely to enhance the net erosion and sediment transport capacity. Water discharge at Pánuco Basin is higher than in Santiago Basin because the annual rainfall is higher for the former. The difference in sediment and water discharge for both rivers are also related to El Niño Southern Oscillation events. Our results indicated that water discharge in Santiago River increases during El Niño and La Niña events. In contrast, Pánuco River is mostly affected by La Niña events.