珠江干流梯级开发对鱼类的影响与减缓对策

2013年6—7月对珠江龙滩库尾至长洲坝下江段干支流鱼类进行了调查,共采集到鱼类6418尾,隶属于10目23科82属122种.分析了渔获物的种类组成与分布、生态类型、珍稀濒危特有鱼类采样情况、各江段群落相似度和鱼类多样性等,并与该区域鱼类历史记录进行了对比分析.总体来看,珠江干流梯级开发后,由于大坝阻隔、水文情势改变等,鱼类资源发生了较大变化,河海洄游性鱼类和河口鱼类受大坝阻隔影响分布范围变窄;珍稀濒危特有鱼类由于生境破坏,种群规模变小,濒危程度加剧;库中江段流水性鱼类种类数和资源量显著下降,静缓流鱼类成为优势种;外来鱼类种类多、分布广.对导致珠江干流鱼类资源衰退的其他原因进行了分析,主要包括过度捕捞、生境破坏、水污染和外来鱼类入侵等.针对珠江干流梯级开发及鱼类资源现状,提出了栖息地保护、河流连通性恢复、鱼类增殖放流站建设、生态调度、渔政管理和生态补偿等措施建议.     

供给侧改革与科技创新耦合助推西藏渔业资源养护

由于西藏生态环境脆弱、生态系统结构简单、生产力低下以及高原鱼类生长缓慢、资源补充周期长、对生境高度适应和依赖等特点,高原水域水生生态更容易受到外界的影响.尤其近几十年以来,外来鱼类入侵、水电水利设施的兴建、过度捕捞、水质环境恶化,导致162种青藏高原鱼类中,处于极危、濒危、易危或野外绝灭鱼类就有35种,超过了20%,在雅鲁藏布江中游,常见的6种裂腹鱼类中,有3种鱼类处于濒危状态,因此推动西藏渔业资源养护刻不容缓.供给侧改革和科技创新,将为西藏渔业资源养护注入新的活力.通过科学引导放生行为,规范和加强增殖放流行为,积累和推广本土鱼类繁育技术,密切关注西藏水生态系统,将会推动西藏渔业资源养护工作迈上一个新台阶,也会助推西藏"精准扶贫"进程.     

长江渔业告急 急需休养生息

<正>长江流域是我国水生物多样性最为典型的区域之一,是我国重要的生态宝库,分布有鱼类370余种,其中170种为长江特有鱼类,多数受到生存威胁,其中白鳍豚、白鲟已经灭绝,中华鲟和江豚等极度濒危。鱼类是长江上生物链的关键环节之一,没有鱼类,以鱼类为生的其他动物就将无法存活。没有鱼来吃掉水体里的浮游生物,水体也将失去一项     

2022年第3期封面

鄱阳湖南矶湿地. 丰富的沉水植被、洲滩植物使鄱阳湖湿地成为白鹤、小天鹅等濒危鸟类重要的越冬地,众多鸟类来此觅食也加速了湿地植物参与到生态系统的物质和能量循环（摄影：林剑声）.     

广东肇庆西江珍稀鱼类省级自然保护区鱼类多样性

2006-2008年对西江珍稀鱼类自然保护区江段进行鱼类组成与生境调查,共采集鱼类81种,隶属于11且25科69属.其中洄游鱼类8种,外来种6种,土著淡水鱼类67种.以种类数及其多样性指数分析,表明西江保护区鱼类种类多样性较高.优势种是鲮鱼、赤眼鳟、广东鲂,主要经济鱼类为广东鲂、赤眼鳟、鲮鱼、黄尾鲴、花鰶,珍稀濒危物种有花鳗鲡.珠江长臀鮠、台细鳊及多种珠江水系特有鱼类.保护区鱼类生态类型多样,以定居性、杂食性和底栖鱼类为主.保护区江段水文动力条件独特,河床底质结构复杂,是西江鱼类栖息、产卵的理想场所,栖息地破坏、过度捕捞等是保护区鱼类生物多样性的主要胁迫因素.     

鄱阳湖长江江豚的现状和保护展望

长江江豚(Neophocaena asiaeorientalis asiaeorientalis)是一种小型齿鲸,仅分布在长江中下游干流和洞庭湖及鄱阳湖中,其种群数量仅约1000头,极度濒危.鄱阳湖是长江江豚最重要的栖息地之一,估算种群数量约450头,是长江江豚最后的避难所.本文系统地总结了鄱阳湖长江江豚种群生态学、保护遗传学和保护生物学的研究进展,着重探讨了各种人类活动对其种群迁移活动的影响,并对鄱阳湖长江江豚种群面临的威胁、保护对策和未来研究方向等进行了总结和展望,以期为今后的保护工作提供借鉴.     

东洞庭湖4种濒危鹤类近30年种群动态及栖息地景观格局变化

东洞庭湖是4种濒危鹤类：白头鹤（Grus monacha）、白枕鹤（G.vipio）、白鹤（G.leucogeranus）和灰鹤（G.grus）的越冬地,但尚无东洞庭湖越冬鹤类种群动态及栖息地变化的系统研究.本研究调查收集了近30年来东洞庭湖4种鹤类的种群状况,并选取相应越冬季的东洞庭湖卫星图片,提取不同时期东洞庭湖湿地景观格局数据,分析鹤类种群动态与湿地景观格局之间的关联.结果表明：近30年来,东洞庭湖4种濒危鹤类种群数量均呈不同程度的下降.目前4种鹤类集中分布于采桑湖、丁字堤一带,灰鹤种群数量尚维持有二百余只,而白头鹤、白枕鹤和白鹤仅有不足10只的零星分布.1999-2000年后东洞庭湖水域及泥滩面积迅速下降并快速破碎化是导致鹤类种群下降的重要原因.未来应从保护及恢复东洞庭湖鹤类栖息地入手,加大鹤类保护,逐渐恢复东洞庭湖鹤类种群.     

庆阳北石窟寺濒危岩体变形特征分析

危岩体发育会对石窟寺的稳定和游客安全造成威胁,利用变形监测分析石窟濒危岩体变形特征对岩体稳定性评估起重要作用。文章以甘肃庆阳北石窟寺为例,采用全球导航卫星系统(Global Navigation Satellite System,GNSS)变形监测、测缝计和非接触式裂隙监测等技术,从北石窟寺分布区域地质体、石窟赋存崖体和洞窟关键块体三个尺度研究濒危岩体的变形特征。监测周期内,区域地质体上部位移呈突发性变化,连续降雨后产生5.2 mm的沉降,中部基岩出露部位位移遵循先缓慢增长后逐渐恢复的变化规律,变形量维持在±1 mm以内。崖体内构造裂隙底部变形量呈波动式上升,于次年1—2月达到全年最高值,且随着温度降低,裂隙中部变形速率大于底部。32窟内浅表性裂隙变形量在0 mm附近±2 mm范围内持续波动,无进一步扩张或闭合趋势。区域地质体变形与降雨有高度相关性,崖体变形与温度呈强烈负相关,洞窟关键块体变形也易受温湿度和人为扰动影响。目前三个尺度的岩体变形量均在小范围内变化,相互之间影响较小,无协同性。对濒危岩体变形特征的分析可为北石窟寺稳定性评估和预测分析工作提供数据参考。     

什么是国家级自然保护区?

正《中华人民共和国自然保护区条例》第二条定义的"自然保护区"为"对有代表性的自然生态系统、珍稀濒危野生动植物物种的天然集中分布区、有特殊意义的自然遗迹等保护对象所在的陆地、陆地水体或者海域,依法划出一定面积予以特殊保护和管理的区域"。第十一条规定:"其中在国内外有典型意义、在科学上有重大国际影响或者有特殊科学研究价值的     

中华绒螯蟹病原鳗利斯顿氏菌生物学特性

2004年3月-2005年7月对抚仙湖鱼类资源进行了调查,共采集到鱼类33种,隶属于13科30属,其中土著鱼类14种,特有鱼类4种．渔获物种类主要为:太湖新银鱼、云南倒刺鲃、抚仙鲇、黄颡鱼和鲫等．抚仙湖鱼类群落结构发生了显著变化,鱇浪白鱼等土著鱼类资源严重衰竭．与1995年相比,11种土著鱼类未采到,其他鱼类增加5种．     

长江的生物多样性危机——水利工程是祸首,酷渔乱捕是帮凶

长江是我国第一大河流,全长达6300 km.长江是一条生命之河,它的活力来自于干流、支流、湖泊和湿地的血脉沟通形成的独特生命系统.长江流域是世界生物多样性的热点区域,分布有鱼类400余种,其中纯淡水鱼类350种左右,特有鱼类多达156种.长江中下游是东亚季风气候下形成的洪泛平原区域,湖泊星罗棋布,并与江河相连,生活有珍稀水生哺乳动物——白鱀豚和江豚.1980s初中下游湖泊面积约有23123 km~2.1950—1970年间,沿江大建闸节制,除鄱阳湖(2933 km~2)和洞庭湖(2625 km~2)等外,绝大多数湖泊失去了与长江的自然联系,江湖阻隔使支撑长江鱼类的有效湖泊面积减少了76%.1981年,长江上建成了第一个大坝——葛洲坝;2003年,三峡大坝开始蓄水.长江干流的渔业捕捞量从1954年的43万t下降到1980s的20万t,最后到2011年的8万t(降幅为81%).与此完全不同的是,1950s以来,洞庭湖和鄱阳湖的渔产量分别在2~4万t之间徘徊.长江干流的饵料生物丰度不足两湖的1/7,因此干流对物种的承载力十分有限,以鱼为生的白鱀豚和江豚种群的衰退属于情理之中,加上酷捕误杀,白鱀豚已经灭绝,江豚也危在旦夕.葛洲坝的建设阻挡了鲟鱼和胭脂鱼等的生殖洄游通道,中华鲟和白鲟的灭绝已近在咫尺.长江上游建有1万多座水坝,大部分鱼类的生存受到威胁.根据对长江生物多样性危机成因的粗略估算,节制闸和水电站等水利工程"贡献"了70%,酷渔乱捕等其它因素"贡献"了30%.所谓的生态调度、鱼道或人工放流等也难以拯救膏肓之疾,即使在长江干流十年禁渔也难有根本改观.如果鄱阳湖和洞庭湖相继建闸,将使长江中下游的渔业资源量进一步衰退,江豚的灭绝在所难免,其它物种的灭绝将难以预料.长江在哭泣,众多的物种需要生态文明的呵护!     

新疆乌伦古湖河鲈二十年来种群生长变化及原因

新疆乌伦古湖是中国内陆主要渔业基地之一,为了充分开发其渔业资源,在过去的40余年中共引进鱼类15种;乌伦古湖土著鱼类的生态位大部分已经为外来鱼类所占据,曾为乌伦古湖最重要的土著经济鱼类的河鲈物种濒临灭绝,为了探讨河鲈种群数量锐减的原凶和外来鱼类对乌伦古湖土著鱼类的入侵机制,2007-2008年对乌伦古湖河鲈的生长状况进行了调查,并与1987-1989年的调查数据进行了比较分析,调查结果表明:除1+龄组外,乌伦古湖河鲈其它各龄组的平均体长和体重均明显减小;拟合Von Bertalanffy生长方程的各参数,L∞=41.317cm,W∞=15475.1g,k=0.1649,t0=-0.2626;求得生长特征指数Φ=2.4493.L∞和Φ值明显减小,k值有所增加;但生长式型没有改变,生长拐点与1987-1989年一致,仍为tIP=7.探讨了乌伦古湖河鲈种群生长变化的主要原因及作用机制.     

青海省外来鱼类调查(2001—2014年)

2001-2014年对青海省主要水体中外来鱼类组成、分布和生态习性进行了系统调查.野外调查采集到外来鱼类30种,隶属6目12科25属,已建群外来鱼类16种.其中,黄河水系拥有的外来鱼类最多,共26种;长江上游有4种,为该河段首次记录;可鲁克湖12种,是内陆水体中外来鱼类最多的水域.结合历史文献记录,截至2013年,全省记录外来鱼类7目13科31属36种,已远超土著鱼类物种数(50种和亚种)的一半.调查分析发现外来鱼类呈现数量持续增多、分布范围向高海拔扩张的趋势.已建群外来鱼类主要是分布于我国东部平原地区的广布型物种.虹鳟(Oncorhynchus myskiss)是代表性外来种,现已在黄河上游干流部分河段形成自然繁殖群体,其食物组成包括水生无脊椎动物和高原鳅等土著鱼类.建立水产种质资源保护区和开展外来鱼类影响研究是防控高原地区外来鱼类的必要措施.     

我国水库渔业对水质的影响及其生态控制对策

我国水库资源丰富,水质优良,是极佳的淡水养殖水体;实施科学合理的渔业可降低水库氮磷营养负荷,是合理利用水面和生物资源的需要.我国水库渔业自1950年代起步,1979年后快速发展,水库养殖面积迅速扩大、养殖产量显著增加、养殖品种多样化,先后发展形成6种不同的渔业模式.由于片面追求水库渔业的产量,大量施肥和投饵带来过量外源氮、磷等营养元素导致水库水体的富营养化,水质下降,有的水库甚至暴发了蓝藻水华.针对库区水质保护的要求,数项生态控制对策被提出以降低水库渔业对水质的负面影响.     

European freshwater mussels (Unio spp., Unionidae) in Siberia and Kazakhstan: Pleistocene relicts or recent invaders?

Unionidae is a species-rich family of large freshwater mussels with an almost worldwide distribution. In many regions of the world, these mussels are imperiled. Northern Asia, excluding the Far East, is an excellent example of a region with a sharply impoverished fauna of the Unionidae as recently thought with one native species. Since the end of the 19th century, two freshwater mussel species of the genus Unio (U. pictorum and U. tumidus) were repeatedly recorded in Siberia. In the course of this study, these finds are confirmed both morphologically and genetically, the number of known occurrences of these mussels in the waterbodies of Asiatic Russia and Kazakhstan has drastically increased, and the third species, globally endangered U. crassus, was found in the Ob’ River basin. The unique U. tumidus haplotype discovered from the Upper Irtysh River basin is of probable relic origin, which may indicate the presence of a Pleistocene refugium there. Due to natural environmental changes during the last century, several genera of freshwater Mollusca that previously inhabited Western Siberia, but went completely extinct in the Pleistocene, have started to recover the North Asiatic part of their former ranges. The case of Unio is exceptional since the recovery of its lost range goes not exclusively with the humans’ help but also involves the natural mechanisms of dispersal and range extension, and also because these mussels are disappearing in other parts of the world and are placed in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.     

Ground water dependence of endangered ecosystems: Nebraska's eastern saline wetlands

Many endangered or threatened ecosystems depend on ground water for their survival. Nebraska's saline wetlands, home to a number of endangered species, are ecosystems whose development, sustenance, and survival depend on saline ground water discharge at the surface. This study demonstrates that the saline conditions present within the eastern Nebraska saline wetlands result from the upwelling of saline ground water from within the underlying Dakota Aquifer and deeper underlying formations of Pennsylvanian age. Over thousands to tens of thousands of years, saline ground water has migrated over regional scale flowpaths from recharge zones in the west to the present-day discharge zones along the saline streams of Rock, Little Salt, and Salt Creeks in Lancaster and Saunders counties. An endangered endemic species of tiger beetle living within the wetlands has evolved under a unique set of hydrologic conditions, is intolerant to recent anthropogenic changes in hydrology and salinity, and is therefore on the brink of extinction. As a result, the fragility of such systems demands an even greater understanding of the interrelationships among geology, hydrology, water chemistry, and biology than in less imperiled systems where adaptation is more likely. Results further indicate that when dealing with ground water discharge-dependent ecosystems, and particularly those dependent on dissolved constituents as well as the water, wetland management must be expanded outside of the immediate surface location of the visible ecosystem to include areas where recharge and lateral water movement might play a vital role in wetland hydrologic and chemical mixing dynamics.     

Reproductive traits and conservation needs of the endemic gammarid Laurogammarus scutarensis () from the Skadar Lake system,Balkan Peninsula

Europe is one of the global hotspots of freshwater amphipod diversity with a number of endemic species, yet many of European freshwater ecosystems are under extreme anthropogenic pressure. Studying the biology and ecology of endemic species may substantially help to assess risk of extinction and define proxies for their conservation. Laurogammarus scutarensis is a Balkan endemic and the only species within the genus Laurogammarus G. Karaman 1984. Its distribution is restricted to temperature-stable, cool waters of the springs, streams and lower sections of a few rivers emptying to the north-western part of the Skadar Lake in Montenegro – an area under heavy anthropogenic pressure in recent years. We examined life history of the species in a limnocrene spring with year-round stable temperature (10 °C ± 0.5) by estimating its population structure over a year, fecundity, reproductive period and relationship between photoperiod and reproduction. These parameters were compared to those of other gammarids, including invasive species, in order to estimate the role of photoperiod in shaping life history of L. scutarensis, and to give insight into the possible conservation needs for that species. Our results show that the species is univoltine and its reproduction continues round the year. However, its intensity is synchronised with seasonal day length changes with the highest share of females breeding in spring and early summer. The population sex structure is strongly female biased in most of the year. Number of eggs laid depends positively on the female body length; however the mean brood size (15.53 eggs) of L. scutarensis is rather low when compared to other species. Also partial fecundity and mean body length at which individuals start to reproduce indicate that its reproductive potential is much lower than that of many other gammarid species, including those colonising many European water bodies in recent years. Concluding, the studied life history traits of L. scutarensis combined with its very narrow distribution range and peculiar thermal requirements reported in the literature provide as with the hint to define the species as vulnerable to threats posed by the habitat degradation and competition with other species. Taking into account the risk of invasion by alien species and progressive habitat loss, we are of the opinion that L. scutarensis should be recognised as an endangered species and that a conservation plan should be implemented to prevent its possible extinction.