非洲中南部赞比西造山带地质演化及矿产资源现状

赞比西造山带位于非洲中南缘,是新元古代-早古生代泛非造山运动的重要组成部分,形成于冈瓦纳古陆中心陆块缝合期间。赞比西带大地构造位置位于刚果克拉通和卡拉哈里克拉通之间,东连莫桑比克带,北接卢弗里安弧,西部和纳米比亚的达马拉构造带相呼应。带内主要地层单元为基底杂岩和一套沉积在硅铝质基底上的浅变质沉积序列。岩石学及构造学证据证明沉积作用发生在陆内裂谷盆地中,大量同位素年龄限制了盆地演化时代大致为880～820Ma;赞比西带在600～450Ma的泛非造山事件中再次活化,韧性剪切和大范围糜棱岩化导致了角闪岩相变质作用和同构造期花岗质岩体侵入事件同时发生。赞比西带目前已发现的矿产包括岩浆通道型镍硫化物矿床和浅成低温热液型硅锌矿等。笔者通过对赞比西带的地质演化和矿床成矿作用进行系统总结,并将赞比西带内的主要矿床和国内类似矿床进行对比分析,以期为赞比西带找矿实践提供依据或线索。     

Geochronology of the mkushi gneiss complex,Central Zambia

Rb-Sr and K-Ar ages are reported from the Mkushi Gneiss Complex and its intrusives in central Zambia. Of the Rb-Sr whole-rock data of the Mkushi gneisses (three suites, 22 samples) only one suite (six samples) defines an isochron of 1777 ± 89 Ma with initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr of 0.713 ± 0.0006 (errors 95% confidence level; λ⁸⁷Rb = 1.42·10⁻¹¹ a⁻¹). The other samples scatter below this isochron, but above a 1480 Ma line. Four hornblendes from amphibolitic dykes yield K-Ar ages between 864 and 804 Ma. Whole-rocks of the ‘red facies’ of the intrusive Mtuga Granite (nine samples) define an isochron of 607 ± 39 Ma with initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr of 0.730 ± 0.005. The ‘white facies’ of the Mtuga Granite (four samples) and probably also the copper-bearing aplitic veins (seven samples) are of the same age, but with even higher initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios. Seven biotites from the Mkushi gneisses yield Rb-Sr and K-Ar ages between 469 Ma and 444 Ma. These data are interpreted to signal (1) about 1780 Ma ago: emplacement of the granitoid precursors of the Mkushi gneisses, derived from older continental material, (2) between about 1480 Ma and 860 Ma ago: formation of the Mkushi gneisses and the amphibolites (probably during the Irumide orogeny, about 1350 Ma ago); (3) between about 860 Ma and 800 Ma ago: closure of the hornblendes to K-Ar (490–550°C) after resetting (probably in relation to the c. 860 Ma old tectono-thermal event widespread in eastern and eastern-central Africa), (4) about 600 Ma ago: intrusion of the Mtuga Granite and the copper-bearing splites (post-tectonic Pan-African), possibly derived from the Mkushi gneisses, and (5) about 460-450 Ma ago: closure of the biotites to Rb-Sr and K-Ar (approximately 400°C), reflecting the final regional cooling (termination of the Pan-African events). Some regional implications are discussed.     

Late Pan-African magmatism and crustal development in northeastern Egypt

The voluminous Pan-African calc-alkaline granitic suite of the Ras Gharib crustal segment in northeastern Eygpt provides a typical example of orogenic magmatism. The 552 ± 7 Ma-old granodiorite–adamellite and leucogranite suite is compositionally broad (58 to 77 wt.% SiO₂) and exhibits calc-alkaline geochemical trends and trace-element characteristics typical of the volcanic-arc granites. The rocks contain oligoclase, albite, K-feldspar, calcic amphibole, biotite, titanite, zircon, and magnetite. The suite exhibits typical features characteristic of I-type granites. We contend that the magma was formed by partial melting of a modified oceanic crust at an active continental margin during the late stage of the Pan-African orogeny. The process may have involved assimilation of Early Pan-African dioritic country rocks. The more felsic units were produced by progressive fractionation of that magma. The petrological–geochemical evidence suggest that the Pan-African crust in northeastern Egypt did not develop in an extensional tectonic regime, as proposed recently.     

新疆觉罗塔格构造带新元古代变质核杂岩锆石U-Pb年龄与地质意义

沙尔德兰变质核杂岩位于准噶尔板块东南部的觉罗塔格构造带西段。糜棱岩化花岗岩、斜长角闪岩、黑云母变粒岩等构成了变质核杂岩的内核系统,石炭系阿奇山组、雅满苏组、土古土布拉克组和下二叠统恰特喀尔组等构成了滑脱系统,下侏罗统八道湾组构成了盖层系统。变质核杂岩平面上呈椭圆形,滑脱构造系统围绕核部向外倾,构成叠瓦状、铲状正断层系统。滑脱系统的地层单元有不同程度的减薄和缺失。糜棱岩化花岗岩具有A₂型花岗岩地球化学特征,形成于板内环境。其锆石U-Pb SHRIMP 谐和年龄为921.7±8.1Ma,代表岩浆结晶年龄。746~721Ma和630~600Ma年龄可能分别代表糜棱岩化的时间和静态重结晶年龄。斜长角闪岩和黑云母变粒岩地层可能形成于中元古代。沙尔德兰变质核杂岩的存在证明觉罗塔格构造带存在前震旦纪结晶基底。这种结晶基底与准噶尔板块东北部的褶皱基底一起共同构成了该板块的双层基底。     

Petrology and geochemistry of Pan-African granitoids, Kab Amiri area, Egypt – implications for tectonomagmatic stages in the Nubian Shield evolution

Summary Three distinctive metaluminous granitic suites have been identified from the Pan-African belt of the Kab Amiri area, Eastern Desert, Egypt. These are: 1) a trondhjemite-tonalite suite, 2) a calc-alkaline granodiorite suite, and 3) an alkali leucogranite suite. The trondhjemite-tonalite and the granodiorite suites resemble I-type granitoids whereas the alkali leucogranites display A-type characteristics. Geochemical attributes and field aspects indicate that three independent magmas, at different tectonic stages of the Pan-African crustal growth, are required to explain the origin of these granitoid suites. Rocks of the trondhjemite-tonalite suite correspond to granites of the arc stage and possess a narrow range of SiO₂ with low K₂O, Sr, Rb, Ba, Nb and Zr. Its composition is consistent with 20–30% partial melting of a primitive low-K tholeiitic source, similar to the early formed tholeiitic metavolcanics of the Egyptian basement. The granodiorite suite belongs to the collision stage and displays higher K₂O, Rb, Ba, and Sr. Its magma was derived by 30–40% partial melting of LILE-enriched mafic island arc crust. The presence of abundant microdiorite enclaves in the trondhjemite-tonalite and the granodiorite suites suggests that mantle-derived mafic magma played an important role in their petrogenesis, acting as a heat source for melting via underplating and/or intrusion. The A-type leucogranites are post-collision highly fractionated granites. They exhibit low Al₂O₃, MgO, CaO, TiO₂, Sr, and Ba and high Rb, Nb, Y. The wide chemical variations within this suite are consistent with its evolution by fractional crystallization of plagioclase, K-feldspar, amphibole, Fe–Ti oxides, and apatite from a mafic magma. The parent magma was originated in the upper mantle due to crustal attenuation associated with extension in the late stage of the Pan-African crustal evolution. Received September 13, 2000; revised version accepted May 4, 2001     

Detrital zircon and monazite track the source of Mesozoic sediments in Kutch to rocks of Late Neoproterozoic and Early Palaeozoic orogenies in northern India

Detrital zircon and monazite dating of clastic rocks in the Mesozoic Kutch Basin at the western continental margin of India reveals predominant sediment derivation from rocks of Neoproterozoic Pan-African orogeny, followed by those of Cambro-Ordovician Bhimphedian (or Kurgiakh) orogeny and 850–1000 Ma rocks, with subordinate input from rocks of 700–800 Ma, 1500–1600 Ma, 2400–2500 Ma and 2800–3300 Ma. This finding refutes the existing idea regarding the predominant Mesoproterozoic source inferred for this basin. The dominance of southwesterly palaeocurrent data of Mesozoic rocks in Kutch Basin rules out sediment supply from south or west. Th/U ratios of detrital zircon grains indicate predominantly magmatic and subordinately metamorphic source rock. Petrographic data, particularly the QFR plot supports this interpretation of source rock. Rocks belonging to the Pan-African orogeny are poorly exposed in northwestern India while isolated outcrops of peralkaline granites in the Himalayan region bear testimony of the Bhimphedian orogeny. While the paucity of records of the Pan-African orogeny in western India possibly relates to either burial under the Deccan Flood Basalts or extensive erosion during Mesozoic greenhouse climate, the dearth of rocks of Bhimphedian orogeny results from its occurrence along the present-day Himalayan thrust belt. The absence of detrital zircon grains younger than 458 Ma indicates that post-Ordovician tectono-thermal events skipped the source area. The large gap between youngest detrital zircon and the depositional age of the Mesozoic sediments, suggests long-distance sediment transport as well as sediment recycling. This study, therefore, indicates the existence of widespread younger magmatic rocks to the north during the deposition of Mesozoic of Kutch.     

Source contributions to Devonian granite magmatism near the Laurentian border, New Hampshire and Western Maine, USA

Radiogenic isotope data (initial Nd, Pb) and elemental concentrations for the Mooselookmeguntic igneous complex, a suite of mainly granitic intrusions in New Hampshire and western Maine, are used to evaluate petrogenesis and crustal variations across a mid-Paleozoic suture zone. The complex comprises an areally subordinate monzodiorite suite [377±2 Ma; ε_Nd (at 370 Ma)=−2.7 to −0.7; initial ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb=15.56–15.58] and an areally dominant granite [370±2 Ma; ε_Nd (at 370 Ma)=−7.0 to −0.6; initial ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb=15.55–15.63]. The granite contains meter-scale enclaves of monzodiorite, petrographically similar to but older than that of the rest of the complex [389±2 Ma; ε_Nd (at 370 Ma)=−2.6 to +0.3; initial ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb 15.58, with one exception]. Other granite complexes in western Maine and New Hampshire are 30 Ma older than the Mooselookmeguntic igneous complex granite, but possess similar isotopic signatures.

Derivation of the monzodioritic rocks of the Mooselookmeguntic igneous complex most likely occurred by melting of Bronson Hill belt crust of mafic to intermediate composition. The Mooselookmeguntic igneous complex granites show limited correlation of isotopic variations with elemental concentrations, precluding any significant presence of mafic source components. Given overlap of initial Nd and Pb isotopic compositions with data for Central Maine belt metasedimentary rocks, the isotopic heterogeneity of the granites may have been produced by melting of rocks in this crustal package or through a mixture of metasedimentary rocks with magmas derived from Bronson Hill belt crust.

New data from other granites in western Maine include Pb isotope data for the Phillips pluton, which permit a previous interpretation that leucogranites were derived from melting heterogeneous metasedimentary rocks of the Central Maine belt, but suggest that granodiorites were extracted from sources more similar to Bronson Hill belt crust. Data for the Redington pluton are best satisfied by generation from sources in either the Bronson Hill belt or Laurentian basement. Based on these data, we infer that Bronson Hill belt crust was more extensive beneath the Central Maine belt than previously recognized and that mafic melts from the mantle were not important to genesis of Devonian granite magma.     

Lower crustal melting and the role of open-system processes in the genesis of syn-orogenic quartz diorite–granite–leucogranite associations: constraints from Sr–Nd–O isotopes from the Bandombaai Complex, Namibia

The Bandombaai Complex (southern Kaoko Belt, Namibia) consists of three main intrusive rock types including metaluminous hornblende- and sphene-bearing quartz diorites, allanite-bearing granodiorites and granites, and peraluminous garnet- and muscovite-bearing leucogranites. Intrusion of the quartz diorites is constrained by a U–Pb zircon age of 540±3 Ma.

Quartz diorites, granodiorites and granites display heterogeneous initial Nd- and O isotope compositions (_{Nd (540 Ma)}=−6.3 to −19.8; δ¹⁸O=9.0–11.6‰) but rather low and uniform initial Sr isotope compositions (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr_initial=0.70794–0.70982). Two leucogranites and one aplite have higher initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios (0.70828–0.71559), but similar initial _Nd (−11.9 to −15.8) and oxygen isotope values (10.5–12.9‰). The geochemical and isotopic characteristics of the Bandombaai Complex are distinct from other granitoids of the Kaoko Belt and the Central Zone of the Damara orogen. Our study suggests that the quartz diorites of the Bandombaai Complex are generated by melting of heterogeneous mafic lower crust. Based on a comparison with results from amphibolite-dehydration melting experiments, a lower crustal garnet- and amphibole-bearing metabasalt, probably enriched in K₂O, is a likely source rock for the quartz diorites. The granodiorites/granites show low Rb/Sr (<0.6) ratios and are probably generated by partial melting of meta-igneous (intermediate) lower crustal sources by amphibole-dehydration melting. Most of the leucogranites display higher Rb/Sr ratios (>1) and are most likely generated by biotite-dehydration melting of heterogeneous felsic lower crust. All segments of the lower crust underwent partial melting during the Pan-African orogeny at a time (540 Ma) when the middle crust of the central Damara orogen also underwent high T, medium P regional metamorphism and melting. Geochemical and isotope data from the Bandombaai Complex suggest that the Pan-African orogeny in this part of the orogen was not a major crust-forming episode. Instead, even the most primitive rock types of the region, the quartz diorites, represent recycled lower crustal material.     

Paleogeographic forcing of the strontium isotopic cycle in the Neoproterozoic

The period spanning from 825 to 540 Ma is characterized by major changes in the surficial Earth system. This extraordinary interval starts with the breakup of the Rodinia supercontinent and eruption of a series of large igneous provinces and ends with the assembly of Gondwana, giving rise to the Pan-African orogenies. This paleogeographic reorganization is accompanied by a global climatic cooling, including the paroxysmal Cryogenian “snowball” glacial events. The ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr of seawater displays a major long-term rise over this interval that is punctuated by episodic, smaller declines and inflections. We use a coupled deep time climate-carbon numerical model to explore the complex role of tectonics and climate on this distinct evolution in seawater ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr. We show that the modulation of the weathering of the erupted large igneous provinces by continental drift explains the changes in seawater ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr from 800 to 635 Ma. The subsequent sharp rise in seawater ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr from 635 to 580 Ma is the result of erosion of radiogenic crust exposed in the Pan-African orogens. Coeval evolution of atmospheric CO₂ displays a decrease from about 80 times the pre-industrial level around 800 Ma to 5 times just before the beginning of the Phanerozoic.     

Age,composition, and source of continental arc- and syn-collision granites of the Neoproterozoic Sergipano Belt,Southern Borborema Province,Brazil

The Sergipano belt is the outcome of collision between the Pernambuco-Alagoas Domain (Massif) and the São Francisco Craton during Neoproterozoic assembly of West Gondwana. Although the understanding of the Sergipano belt evolution has improved significantly, the timing of emplacement, geochemistry and tectonic setting of granitic bodies in the belt is poorly known. We recognized two granite age groups: 630–618 Ma granites in the Canindé, Poço Redondo and Macururé domains, and 590–570 Ma granites in the Macururé metasedimentary domain. U–Pb SHRIMP zircon ages for granites of first age group indicated ages of 631 ± 4 Ma for the Sítios Novos granite, 623 ± 7 Ma for the Poço Redondo granite, 619 ± 3.3 Ma for the Lajedinho monzodiorite, and 618 ± 3 Ma for the Queimada Grande granodiorite. These granitoids are dominantly high-K calc-alkaline, magnesian, metaluminous, mafic enclave-rich (Queimada Grande and Lajedinho), or with abundant inherited zircon grains (Poço Redondo and Sitios Novos). Geochemical and isotope data allow us to propose that Sítios Novos and Poço Redondo granites are product of partial melting of Poço Redondo migmatites. Sr-Nd isotopes of the Queimada Grande granodiorite and Lajedinho monzodiorite suggest that their parental magma may have originated by mixing between a juvenile mafic source and a crustal component that could be the Poço Redondo migmatites or the Macururé metasediments. Other 630–618 Ma granites in the belt are the mafic enclave-rich Coronel João Sá granodiorite and the Camará tonalite in the Macururé sedimentary domain. These granites have similar geochemical and isotopic characteristics as the Lajedinho and Queimada Grande granitoids. We infer for the Camará tonalite and Coronel João Sá granodiorite that their parental magmas have had contributions from mafic lower crust and felsic upper crust, most probably from underthrust São Francisco Craton, or Pernambuco-Alagoas Domain. The younger 590–570 Ma granite group is confined to the Macururé metasedimentary domain. Although these granites do not show typical features of S-type granites, their U–Pb age, field relationships, geochemical and Sr-Nd data suggest that their parental magmas have originated from high degree melting of the Macururé micaschists. Field observations support a model in which the Macururé domain, limited by the Belo Monte-Jeremoabo and São Miguel do Aleixo shear zones, behaved as a ductile channel flow for magma migration and emplacement during the Neoproterozoic, very much like the channel flow model proposed for emplacement of leucogranites in the Himalayas.     

阿尔金山地区构造单元划分和前寒武纪重要地质事件

阿尔金山地区构造单元从北至南划分为敦煌地块、阿尔金北缘蛇绿混杂岩带、中阿尔金中—新元古代构造岩片、阿尔金构造杂岩带和阿尔金南缘基性超基性岩带5个构造单元,它们具有不同的岩石组合和变质变形特征。在正确识别地质事件的性质和特征的基础上,根据现有同位素年龄资料甄别出5期重要地质事件。3600～2500Ma的数据表明敦煌地块内存在始太古代、古太古代、中太古代、新太古代古老地壳和多期的岩浆活动;2500～1800Ma的古元古代是敦煌地块遭受强烈改造和中基性侵入岩形成的时代;1000～800Ma存在新元古代碰撞造山和大规模的岩浆活动;530～500Ma是阿尔金北缘蛇绿混杂岩带、高压变质泥质岩和榴辉岩的变质时代,形成的构造杂岩带是古生代早期秦岭-柴达木盆地北缘巨型碰撞带的西延部分;400Ma的柴水沟辉长岩的斜锆石年龄代表了碰撞后的裂解事件。     

An example of very consistent brittle deformation over a wide intracontinental area: The late Pan-African fracture system of the Tuareg and Nigerian shield

Brittle deformation during the latter part of the Pan-African orogeny in the Hoggar and Nigeria was characterized by a conjugate strike slip fault system, consisting of NE—SW dextral and NW—SE sinistral trending sets of faults. This system is considered to be the result of a horizontal maximum stress axis $\text{σ}{}_1$ orientated E—W.In the crystalline basement, the faults have offset the N—S trending Pan-African mylonitic shear zones, and have cut the late orogenic granites (Taourirt) and ring complexes of Adrar des Iforas.In the western Hoggar, folding of the post-orogenic molassic “série pourprée” considered as Cambrian in age (Caby, 1970), is probably associated with the same stress regime. A similar fault system also affects the Phanerozoic sedimentary cover of the North-Saharian platform, the Ténéré desert, and the Djado basin. Later reactivation of this fault system by phanerozoic epeirogenic events, and recent uplift is demonstrated.The geometry of this late Pan-African brittle deformation is very consistent over a large area and may reflect the stress field operative during indentation of a “plastic” Pan-African shield, by a more rigid West-African craton.     

Post-Brasiliano (Pan-African) high-K granitic magmatism in Central Brazil: the role of late Precambrian-early Palaeozoic extension

In western Goiás, Brazil, the emplacement of large, high-K postorogenic granites and associated small gabbro-dioritic intrusions, followed immediately after the last deformational events of the Brasiliano-Pan-African orogeny at 600 Ma. Well-fitted whole-rock Rb---Sr isochrons indicate ages which suggest two discrete intrusive events: the older between 588 and 560 Ma and the younger between 508 and 485 Ma. The older granites display general petrographic and geochemical characteristics of highly differentiated calc-alkaline I-type granitoids, whereas the younger intrusions are more alkaline, similar to A-type granites.Initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios vary from 0.703 to 0.710 and initial Nd isotope ratios yield ε_Nd(T) values in the range between −4.0 and +3.0. There are no major differences in initial isotopic compositions between the two granite groups, suggesting that the parental magmas for both groups of rocks mostly originated by refusion of crustal sources isotopically similar to the 940-640 Ma basement arc-type metatonalites-metagranodiorites and associated arc metavolcanics.The major and trace element compositional differences between the two granite groups is explained in terms of modifications in the melting conditions within the crust, with younger melts being produced by the refusion of anhydrous, depleted crustal sources left after the extraction of previous batches of more hydrated calc-alkaline magmas. The heat input required to promote extensive remelting of the continental crust was, most likely, provided by mantle-derived mafic magmas that invaded and probably underplated the crust, during uplift and extension.The two intrusive events are bimodal in nature and are interpreted as shallow-level extension-related events associated with regional uplift and denudation occurring just after two orogenic pulses at the end of the Proterozoic and early Palaeozoic, the older at 600 Ma and the younger between 550 and 510 Ma. The onset of the granite magmatism at 590 Ma, shortly post-dating the Brasiliano orogeny (600 Ma), is broadly coeval with the initial stages of sedimentation of the terrigenous and carbonatic rocks of the ensialic Paraguay Belt in Brazil and its correlative in Bolivia, the Tucavaca Belt, which probably correspond to rift deposits related to the break up of Laurentia from Gondwana at the end of the Proterozoic and beginning of the Palaeozoic. Granites of the younger group cut the deformational structures of the Paraguay Belt metasediments and pre-date, by between 40 and 20 Ma, the initial stages of subsidence and sedimentation of the Paraná Basin.     

Two orogenies in the Meatiq area of the Central Eastern Desert,Egypt

The Pan-African basement exposed in the Meatiq area west of Quseir, Egypt, consists of an infracrustal basement overthrusted by a supracrustal cover. The infracrustal rocks were developed as a result of an old orogeny referred to as the Meatiqian orogeny where granite—gneiss, migmatitic gneisses and migmatized amphibolites were formed. The granite—gneiss represents a deformed granite pluton emplaced at 626±2 Ma, whereas the migmatitic gneisses and amphibolites are of mixed igneous and sedimentary parentage. In view of the data so far available, the nature of the Meatiqian orogeny could not be deciphered. In spite of the young isotopic ages, it is suggested that at least the metasedimentary gneisses represent older rocks in the stratigraphic sequence of the infracrustal basement.The supracrustal cover represents a part of an extensive ophiolitic mélange obducted onto the infracrustal basement during the next orogeny (Abu Ziran orogeny) which culminated at 613±2 Ma. An active continental margin-type regime can adequately explain the evolution of such a supracrustal cover. During obduction, the ophiolitic mélange and the upper 2 km thick part of the infracrustal basement were intensely deformed and metamorphosed under PT conditions of the greenschist—epidote amphibolite facies. The deformed infracrustal basement was converted into mylonitic—blastomylonitic rocks and schists composing five thrust sheets, and subsequently intruded by synkinematic granitoid sheets. Later, both the infracrustal basement and the overlying supracrustal cover were isostatically uplifted, subjected to complex shallow folding giving rise to the major Meatiq domal structure, and were intruded by a postkinematic adamellite pluton at 579±6 Ma.     

Insight into the nature of Indian crust underthrusting the Himalaya

ABSTRACT The nature of the Indian crust underthrusting the Himalaya may be studied in xenoliths within Ordovician granites in the external part of the Himalaya. These peraluminous S-type granites have travelled for c . 200 km in the Main Central (or related) thrust. The granites and xenoliths sample Indian basement now buried beneath the High Himalayan thrust pile. In low-strain granites the xenoliths reveal polyphase tectonite fabrics older than the fabrics in the country rocks. Most xenoliths show greenschist/lower amphibolite facies assemblages; none is typical granulite facies of the Indian Shield. Therefore, the portion of the Indian crust underthrusting the Himalaya may be early/middle Proterozoic reworked Indian Shield, as in peninsular India. Alternatively reworking may be assigned to the Pan-African (late Proterozoic) orogeny. This prospect is raised by recent work in East Antarctica but evidence in the Himalaya is rather ambiguous. If confirmed, a Pan-African event calls for reassessment of the geological history of the Himalayan region, particularly with respect to the placing of India in Gondwanaland.     

Pb and Nd isotopic composition of the Jigongshan granite: constraints on crustal structure of Tongbaishan in the middle part of the Qinling–Tongbai–Dabie orogenic belt, Central China

The Qinling–Dabie–Sulu belt is the world's largest ultrahigh pressure (UHP) metamorphic belt. The UHP metamorphism is well dated at 220–245 Ma in the Dabie–Sulu belt but at 507 Ma in the Qinling belt. The Tongbaishan is located between the Qinling orogenic belt to the west and the Dabie–Sulu UHP metamorphic belt to the east. It is the key area for studying the tectonic relation between the Qinling and Dabie–Sulu belts and the diachronous UHP metamorphism. The Jigongshan granitic pluton (t=128 Ma) with a total area of 1200 km², composed of monzogranite, was mostly emplaced into the Tongbai complex, an exposed basement in the Tongbaishan. The Jigongshan granites have SiO₂=69.85–72.35%, K₂O/Na₂O=0.87–1.13, A/CNK=0.91–1.03, Rb/Sr=0.14–0.25 and Th/U=3.3–12. Their REE compositions show strongly fractionated patterns with (La/Yb)_N=14–58 and Eu*/Eu=0.79–1.05. The granites are characterized by low radiogenic Pb isotopic composition. The present-day whole-rock Pb isotopic ratios are ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb=16.707–17.055, ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb=15.239–15.326 and ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb=37.587–37.853, which are similar to that of the continental lower crust. Their _Nd(t) values range from −16 to −20, and depleted-mantle Nd model ages (T_DM) from 1.8 to 2.2 Ga. The above evidence indicates that the magma of the Jigongshan granites was derived from the partial melting of the continental crust. The Pb and Nd isotopic compositions of the Jigongshan granites resemble those of the Dabie core complex in the Dabieshan but are distinct from those of the Tongbai complex in the Tongbaishan. Thus, the Dabie core complex would be the magma source of the Jigongshan granites. The result implies that the Dabie core complex is extended to the west and constitutes the unexposed basement underlaying the Tongbai complex in the Tongbaishan.     

Contribution to a geodynamic reconstruction of the Anti-Atlas (Morocco) during Pan-African times with the emphasis on inversion tectonics and metallogenic activity at the Precambrian–Cambrian transition

New geochronological analyses (U–Pb SIMS zircon ages) have yielded ages of 552 ± 5 Ma for the Bou Madine rhyolitic dome (Ougnat, eastern Anti-Atlas), 543 ± 9 Ma for the Tachkakacht rhyolitic dyke (Saghro–Imiter, eastern Anti-Atlas), and 531 ± 5 Ma for the Aghbar trachytic sill (Bou Azzer, central Anti-Atlas). Inherited zircon cores from the Aghbar trachytic sill and from the Bou Madine rhyolitic dome have been shown to be of Statherian age (ca. 1600–1800 Ma) and Palæoproterozoic (>2100 Ma) age, respectively, suggesting that a significantly older protolith underlies the Pan-African rocks in the Central and Eastern Anti-Atlas. Granodiorites and rhyolites from the Saghro–Imiter area have similar low ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr (0.702–0.706) and ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd (0.5116–0.5119) initial ratios, suggesting a mixture of mantle and lower crust sources. This can also be inferred from the low ¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os ratios obtained on pyrite crystals from the rhyolites.A recently published lithostratigraphic framework has been combined with these new geochemical and geochronological data, and those from the literature to produce a new reconstruction of the complex orogenic front that developed at the northern edge of the Eburnian West African craton during Pan-African times. Three Neoproterozoic magmatic series can be distinguished in the Anti-Atlas belt, i.e., high-K calc-alkaline granites, high-K calc-alkaline to shoshonitic rhyolites and andesites, and alkaline-shoshonitic trachytes and syenites, which have been dated at 595–570, 570–545 and 530 Ma, respectively.The accretion of the Pan-African Anti-Atlas belt to the West African super continent (WAC) was a four-stage event, involving extension, subduction, moderate collision and extension. The calc-alkaline magmatism of the subduction stage was associated with large-scale base metal and gold mineralisation. Metallogenic activity was greatest during the final extensional stage, at the Precambrian–Cambrian boundary. It is characterised by world-class precious metal deposits, base–metal porphyry and SEDEX-type occurrences.     

特提斯喜马拉雅构造带雅拉香波穹隆构造热事件LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄证据

雅拉香波穹隆位于特提斯喜马拉雅构造带东部,出露显生宙不同时期的岩石地层,发育强烈韧性剪切变形和多期岩浆热事件,良好地记录了印度大陆俯冲导致的构造变形和岩浆热历史。对雅拉香波穹隆不同构造部位的花岗质岩石进行LAICP-MS锆石U-Pb同位素测年,获得4期构造岩浆事件的高精度测年数据。早期锆石年龄520.4±6.3Ma与536±12Ma指示喜马拉雅地块结晶基底泛非期岩浆侵位时代,晚期锆石年龄揭示新生代碰撞造山不同阶段构造热事件的发生时代。其中,45.6±1.2~44.16±0.88Ma反映印度大陆向北俯冲的起始时代,35.00±0.48Ma对应于始新世晚期增厚地壳深部构造热事件年龄,15.67±0.50Ma指示雅拉香波核部花岗岩侵位及穹隆的形成时代。     

Evolution of the Mesozoic Granites in the Xiong＇ershan-Waifangshan Region, Western Henan Province, China, and Its Tectonic Implications

Based on the new data of isotopic ages and geochemical analyses, three types of Mesozoic granites have been identified for the Xiong'ershan-Waifangshan region in western Henan Province: high-Ba-Sr I-type granite emplaced in the early stage (～160 Ma), I-type granite in the middle stage (～130 Ma) and anorogenic A-type granite in the late stage (～115 Ma).Geochemical characteristics of the high-Ba-Sr I-type granite suggest that it may have been generated from the thickened lower crust by partial melting with primary residues of amphibole and garnet. Gradual increase of negative Eu anomaly and Sr content variations reflect progressive shallowing of the source regions of these granites from the early to late stage. New 40Ar/39Ar plateau ages of the early-stage Wuzhangshan granite (156.0±1.1 Ma, amphibole) and middle-stage Heyu granite (131.8±0.7 Ma, biotite) are indistinguishable from their SHRIMP U-Pb ages previous published, indicating a rapid uplift and erosion in this region. The representative anorogenic A-type granite, Taishanmiao pluton, was emplaced at ～115 Ma. The evolution of the granites in this region reveals a tectonic regime change from post-collisional to anorogenic between ～160 Ma and ～115 Ma. The genesis of the early- and middle-stage I-type granites could be linked to delamination of subducted lithosphere of the Qinling orogenic belt, while the late-stage A-type granites represent the onset of extension and the end of orogenic process. In fact, along the Qinling -Dabie-Sulu belt, the Mesozoic granitoids in western Henan, Dabieshan and Jiaodong regions are comparable on the basis of these temporal evolutionary stages and their initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios,which may suggest a similar geodynamic process related to the collision between the North China and Yangtze cratons.     

The stratoid granites of central Madagascar: paleomagnetism and further age constraints on neoproterozoic deformation

A paleomagnetic and ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar study of a 630-Ma alkaline granite suite in Madagascar, the so-called ‘stratoid’ granites, reveals a complex history of remagnetization during the formation of the Antananarivo Zone de Virgation at ∼560 Ma (D₂) and the Angavo shear zone at ∼550 Ma (D₃). ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar dating of hornblende, biotite and potassium feldspar from rocks affected by D₂/D₃ show initial cooling rates of 8 °C/Ma during the 550–520 Ma interval followed by slower cooling of 2.5 °C/Ma. The thermal effects of the D₂ and D₃ events appear to be restricted to regions surrounding the shear zones as evidenced by a ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar biotite age of 611.9±1.7 Ma north of the virgation zone. The paleomagnetic data from the stratoid granites are complex and some sites, particularly in areas to the north of the virgation zone, may have been rotated about non-vertical axes following their emplacement and cooling. Because of these possible rotations, our best estimate for the paleomagnetic pole for Madagascar is derived from sites within the virgation zone. This pole falls at 6.7°S, 352.6°E (a₉₅=14.2°). A post-metamorphic cooling history for the virgation zone indicates a magnetization age of 521.4±11.9 Ma. Our work in central Madagascar, coupled with previous studies, suggests that emplacement of the 630 Ma stratoid granites followed a collisional (?) tectonic event beginning around 650 Ma, recently recognized in southern Madagascar and in Tanzania. Subsequently, the stratoid granites in the Antananarivo virgation zone were reheated (∼750–800 °C) at pressures between 3.5 and 3.6 kbars resulting in a pervasive remagnetization. We suggest that the younger shear events are genetically related to collisional tectonics elsewhere during the final stages of Gondwana assembly and are a consequence of the Kuunga Orogeny further south.