强潮河口围海工程对水动力环境的影响

针对强潮河口边界地形复杂、岛屿众多、悬沙分布在口门以上、河段存在高含沙量浑浊带以及底沙级配分布宽的特点,给出了贴体正交曲线坐标系下非均匀悬沙、底沙数学模型的基本方程、初始条件、边界条件及动边界处理技术,对计算中经常遇到的几个关键问题提出了解决方法。计算的18个潮位站潮位过程与原型吻合良好,8个断面的46条垂线同步流速、流向过程计算值与实测值吻合较好。在此基础上,探讨了多连通域复杂边界条件下非均匀不平衡悬沙与底沙的长时期的底床变形模拟问题。以瓯江口温州浅滩围海工程为例,应用二维潮流泥沙数学模型,研究了强潮河口围海工程对水动力环境的影响问题,包括该工程引起的潮量变化、各水道流速变化及长时期的底床变形。     

北部湾南部海域近底悬沙输运及地貌演变

利用1个海洋沉积动力过程原位监测系统在北部湾南部浅海陆架海域采集了18个潮周期的波浪、潮流、悬浮沉积物浓度、底床变化数据,分析了悬沙浓度变化特征,计算了近底悬沙通量并分析了潮流和波浪对底床演变的影响,结果表明:观测期间近底悬沙浓度的变化主要受水位波动、潮流的共同影响,波浪作用较弱;悬沙浓度的异常高值可能是上游沙波表面的泥沙滑落沉降所致;观测期间悬沙通量的波动规律与近底潮流速度变化一致,潮周期和涨落潮之间的悬沙通量有显著差别;在潮流作用下观测期间悬沙向西的净输运量约为15 158 kg/m,向北净悬沙通量为2 934 kg/m,东西向净通量远大于南北向净通量;近东西向波谷地形对南北向悬沙输运的限制作用可能导致了输运通量的显著差异;底床高程的变化在潮周期之间有差异,变化值在0.8~16.7 cm之间波动,厘米级底床高程的快速变化主要是由潮流流速的大小及往复潮流的不对称性造成的。这种变化可能与沙纹的运移有关,沉积物向下游方向的运移以及沙纹剖面形态的改变可以较合理地解释底床高程的变化特点。     

北部湾南部海域近底悬沙输运及地貌演变

利用1个海洋沉积动力过程原位监测系统在北部湾南部浅海陆架海域采集了18个潮周期的波浪、潮流、悬浮沉积物浓度、底床变化数据,分析了悬沙浓度变化特征,计算了近底悬沙通量并分析了潮流和波浪对底床演变的影响,结果表明:观测期间近底悬沙浓度的变化主要受水位波动、潮流的共同影响,波浪作用较弱;悬沙浓度的异常高值可能是上游沙波表面的泥沙滑落沉降所致;观测期间悬沙通量的波动规律与近底潮流速度变化一致,潮周期和涨落潮之间的悬沙通量有显著差别;在潮流作用下观测期间悬沙向西的净输运量约为15 158 kg/m,向北净悬沙通量为2 934 kg/m,东西向净通量远大于南北向净通量;近东西向波谷地形对南北向悬沙输运的限制作用可能导致了输运通量的显著差异;底床高程的变化在潮周期之间有差异,变化值在0.8~16.7 cm之间波动,厘米级底床高程的快速变化主要是由潮流流速的大小及往复潮流的不对称性造成的。这种变化可能与沙纹的运移有关,沉积物向下游方向的运移以及沙纹剖面形态的改变可以较合理地解释底床高程的变化特点。     

近壁面柔性圆柱流致振动—拍击耦合特性试验研究

大跨度柔性悬跨海管的振动响应及管床碰撞会加剧管道的疲劳损伤,影响管道油气的安全输运。基于高速摄像非介入测试方法捕捉了近底床柔性悬跨海管的振动响应特征及管床拍击过程,对比分析了间隙比G/D及约化速度U_r对振动—拍击耦合响应的影响,辨识并提出了试验观测的管床拍击模式。研究结果表明：悬跨管的均方根振幅A_{z, rms}/D在前二阶主导模态下随约化速度U_r的升高先增大后减小;当间隙比减小时,共振区的振动频率减小,且一阶振动向二阶振动的过渡在更高的约化速度时发生,过渡时存在时间上的模态切换现象。振动平衡位置向远离壁面一侧偏移。根据悬跨管振动的主导模态与拍击特性,通过试验辨识了6种管—床拍击模式,包括一阶模态主导的小段拍击、大段拍击,一阶向二阶模态过渡时的Ⅰ、Ⅱ型拍击,以及二阶模态主导的单段拍击、双段交替拍击。     

黄河三角洲海底土波致再悬浮研究

在现代黄河三角洲采集土样,制备室内水槽试验的底床,施加波浪作用,观测波致悬沙含量的变化规律,分析不同波高、作用时间对单位面积底床再悬浮量的影响,及波浪停止作用后悬浮泥沙的静水沉降规律。研究发现,在水深一定条件下底床再悬浮量呈现随波高增大而增大的特性,两者线性拟合的相关性很好;在一定波高的波浪连续作用下,约5 000~6 000个波周期底床再悬浮过程完成;在波浪作用初始阶段底层悬沙含量与中上层的相差很大,悬沙含量垂线结构呈斜线型,稳定阶段的悬沙浓度垂向结构呈准直线型,底层与表层含沙量比值为0.98~1.25,整个水层含量分布均匀;静水沉降过程中当悬沙含量大于1 g/dm3,悬沙含量(SSC)呈现出随时间指数衰减的规律,悬沙浓度与沉降通量呈线性关系。研究结果对认识黄河水下三角洲泥沙运移规律具有一定的科学意义。     

深海悬链线立管涡激疲劳损伤研究

讨论海洋平台钢质悬链线式立管SCR(Steel Catenary Riser)的涡激疲劳损伤问题。对于悬链线立管外的流体,给出涡脱落频率和升力对立管作用的计算方法。悬链线立管采用索结构模型,进行动力学分析并利用模态叠加法对其进行动力响应分析。根据Palmgren-Miner线性累积损伤准则并结合S-N曲线,分析在不同流速下立管的涡激疲劳损伤。以工程中实际使用的1 500 m Spar海洋平台悬链线立管为例,对立管的涡激疲劳损伤进行了预报。并通过立管的参数研究,分别就立管外不同来流速度、立管壁厚、内部流体密度和柔性接头刚度对其疲劳损伤的影响进行了分析,得到了一些有意义的研究结果。     

风暴过程中潮滩悬沙浓度和悬沙输运的变化及其动力机制——以长江三角洲南汇潮滩为例

悬沙浓度是淤泥质海岸重要的环境指标。为探讨潮滩悬沙浓度和悬沙输运对风暴事件的响应过程及其动力机制,于2014年9月"凤凰"台风过境前、中、后在长江三角洲南汇潮滩进行了现场观测,获得同步高分辨率的水深、波高、近底流速和浊度剖面时间序列(9个潮周期)。结果表明,风暴中平均和最大波高、波-流联合底床剪切应力、悬沙浓度和悬沙输运率可比平静天气高数倍;风暴期间高潮位低流速阶段悬沙沉降导致近底发育数十厘米厚的浮泥层(悬沙浓度大于10 g/L)。研究认为风暴事件中淤泥质海岸悬沙浓度和悬沙输运的剧烈变化其根本动力机制是风暴把巨大能量传递给近岸水体,进而显著增大波-流联合底床剪切应力,导致细颗粒泥沙再悬浮。     

高频声学仪器底床高度野外测量及室内验证

河口海岸地区底床的冲淤变化是沉积动力学研究主要内容之一,而野外观测是准确获得现场底床冲淤变化信息的关键。本文利用观测近底边界层三维水动力信息的声学三维多普勒流速仪（Acoustic Doppler Velocimetry,ADV）对长江口南槽底床高度变化进行了野外测量,为验证野外现场实测数据的可靠性,设计了2个室内试验,并对ADV测量底床高度的可行性进行了验证：试验一对比了人工测量的ADV换能器实际距离底床高度H与ADV自身记录的其换能器距离底床高度h,确定了ADV测量底床高度的范围;试验二利用ADV测量静置的高浊度水体,确定了含沙量对ADV测量造成影响。试验结果表明：①由ADV内部存储的vhd数据文件可以直接获取换能器距离底床的高度,但是这一测量结果存在适用范围,换能器实际距离底床高度H需要满足150 mm≤H≤370 mm;②当换能器实际距离底床高度H <150 mm时,可通过提取pck数据文件获取换能器距离底床的高度;③当换能器实际距离底床高度H>370 mm时,仪器无法获取该数值;④当水体含沙量超过14.36 kg/m³时,ADV测量同样无法获取到换能器距离底床高度信息。     

三门湾猫头深潭及附近海域底床冲淤演变及其动力机制

对1995年采自三门湾猫头深潭及附近海域的原状土样的沉积结构、沉积速率的计算及在历史海图地形对比、剖面重复水深测量等结果进行了分析,研究了该区底床的冲淤演变及其动力机制,结果表明:强劲的水动力条件维持了三门湾猫头深潭及附近海域底床冲淤的动态平衡,近百年来该区冲淤平衡且略有淤积,平均沉积速率为1～3cm/a。由于水体中的悬沙浓度和水动力条件存在季节性差异,使得底床存在冬、春季微淤,夏、秋季微冲的季节性循环。近30年来,围涂等频繁的人为活动使该区内湾纳潮面积和纳潮量分别减少了15%和22%,削弱了落潮优势流,造成深潭中心出现了较快的淤积,平均沉积速率超过10cm/a,且以风暴残留沉积为主。     

深水钢悬链立管疲劳寿命评估分析

在时域内分析深水钢悬链立管在平台运动和波流载荷共同作用下的非线性动力响应;采用雨流计数法处理立管节点应力的时间历程,选用DoE.E型S-N曲线分析立管在单一海况和平台运动联合作用下的疲劳损伤;将各方向含概率分布的疲劳损伤进行叠加,得到立管整体的全方向疲劳损伤及疲劳寿命。平台的运动为六自由度的运动预报数据,波流载荷由某海域实际的波浪统计数据采用Morison公式计算所得。计算结果表明钢悬链立管疲劳寿命的极值点分别位于悬挂点附近和触地点附近,对立管疲劳寿命极值点各方向疲劳损伤分布情况进行了分析。所提方法为钢悬链立管疲劳分析提供了新思路,给出的结论对钢悬链立管设计分析有一定借鉴意义。     

黄河水下三角洲埕岛油田海底管线悬空分析

现代黄河三角洲埕岛油田海底管线的调查发现了许多管线悬空现象。分析表明,悬空主要在3种条件下产生,其中平台周围冲刷坑导致的管线悬空是最主要的。经计算可知,所调查管线的最大允许悬空长度为18．6m,其中有3条管线悬空长度已超过此值,应及时进行治理。     

悬跨海底管道疲劳寿命分析研究

海底管道在服役期间由于各种原因会在某些管段形成悬跨。这些悬跨在海流力作用下,将产生涡激振动。这种涡激振动最终可能导致管道疲劳失效。管道在海流力作用下发生的涡激振动是管道振动和漩涡尾流振动耦合的结果。在建立管道振动模型和Matteoluca尾流振子模型基础上,对管道涡激振动动力响应特性进行分析。依据Miner线性损伤累积理论,采用S—N曲线法分析计算管道疲劳寿命。最后,针对海洋油气开发与生产,提出延长海底管道疲劳寿命的方法和措施。     

Study on Model Tests and Hydrodynamic Force Models for Free Spanning Submarine Pipelines Subjected to Earthquakes

A test rig is built to model the dynamic response of submarine pipelines with an underwater shaking table in the State Key Laboratory of Coastal and Offshore Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, China. Model tests are carried out to consider the effects of exciting wave directions and types. Based on the experimental results, two hydrodynamic force models derived from Morison equation and Wake model are presented respectively. By use of hydrodynamic force models suitable for free spanning submarine pipelines under earthquakes, discretized equations of motion are obtained and finite element models are established to analyze dynamic response of free spanning submarine pipeline subjected to multi-support seismic excitations. The comparison of numerical results with experimental results shows that the improved Morison and Wake hydrodynamic force models could satisfactorily predict dynamic response on the free spanning submarine pipelines subjected to earthquakes.     

Allowable span length of submarine pipeline in shallow water

Because of the complex geological conditions of the seabed, submarine pipelines buried beneath the ocean floor become suspended over the seabed under the long-term scour of waves eroding the surrounding sediment. Further, most oil fields were built in offshore areas while the country was developing. This gives the waves seen in shallow water obvious nonlinear features, and the abnormal characteristics of these waves must be considered when calculating their hydrodynamic forces. Particularly under such conditions, these suspended spans of submarine pipelines are prone to damage caused by the action of the external environment load. Such damages and eventual failures may result not only in great property losses but also pollution of the marine environment. The span length of these areas is a key predictive factor in pipeline damages. Therefore, determining the allowable span length for these submarine pipelines will allow future projects to avoid or prevent damage from excessive suspended span lengths. Expressions of the hydrodynamic loads placed on suspended spans of pipeline were developed in this work based on the first-order approximate cnoidal wave theory and Morison equation. The formula for the allowable free span length was derived for the common forms of free spanning submarine pipeline based on the point where maximum bending stresses remain less than the material’s allowable stress. Finally, the allowable free span length of real-world pipelines was calculated for a subsea pipeline project in Bohai Bay. This research shows that, with consideration for the complicated marine environment, existing suspended spans are within allowable length limitations. However, continuing to limit the length of these submarine pipeline spans in the Nanpu oil field will require ongoing attention.     

Experimental Study on Free Spanning Submarine Pipeline Under Dynamic Excitation

Seismic load has a significant effect on the response of a free spanning submarine pipeline when the pipeline is con-structed in a seismically active region. The model experiment is performed on an underwater shaking tahle to simulate the response of submarine pipelines under dynamic input. In consideration of the effects of the terrestrial and submarine pipeline , water depth, support condition, distance from seabed, empty and full pipeline, and span on dynamic response, 120 groups of experiments are conducted. Affecting factors are analyzed and conclusions are drawn for reference. For the con-trol of dynamic response, the span of a submarine pipeline is by far more important than the other factors. Meanwhile, the rosponse difference between a submarine pipeline under sine excitation and that under random excitation exists in ex-periments.     

高雷诺数下近壁圆柱绕流数值模拟与分析

近壁圆柱绕流问题在海底悬跨管道的研究中具有重要的意义。在绕流阻力、升力以及海底土壤的耦合作用下,海底管道所发生的移位、悬跨等现象对于海底管道的安全运行构成了很大的威胁。正确预测各种绕流条件下管流之间的作用力是保证油气管道安全的首要任务。海底管道在极端海洋环境条件下的管、流相互作用为高雷诺数绕流问题,处于高雷诺数下的绕流模拟比处于低雷诺数下的绕流模拟要复杂很多,它需要更精细的网格以及合适的湍流模型。此文对处于悬跨状态下的海底管道进行数值研究,给出不同间隙比下海流绕流海底管道的流场结构形态,分析了间隙比对绕流阻力和绕流升力的影响,为进一步研究海底悬跨管道的受力和变形提供载荷边界数据。     

海底管道掏空与波浪力变化关系试验

鉴于海底油气管道在海洋能源开发中的特殊意义,前人开展了大量管道安全试验研究,特别注重不同底床、不同波浪条件、不同埋置深度等方面的组合试验,本次试验针对危害管道安全的掏空和悬跨开展了波浪水槽试验,探讨黄河三角洲为主的粉土海床上掏空与管道受力关系,弥补这方面研究的不足,结果表明,海底管道受力变化与掏空过程密切相关。连续试验过程表明,海底管道与海床土、波浪水体之间存在密切关系。海底管道在波浪作用下冲刷掏空经历了3个演变阶段:泥沙起动阶段、水流隧道发育阶段、快速掏空阶段和冲刷平衡阶段。水流隧道伴随的管涌对冲刷掏空起重要作用。伴随冲刷掏空,管道波浪力出现规律性转化,从正向作用逐渐过渡到负向作用,也可以分出4个演化阶段:冲刷初始阶段,管道波浪力以正向为主,管道表现为正向力作用下的振动;隧道发育阶段,管道受到的作用力主要是波峰上举力和波谷下拉力,表现为上下振动;管道悬空阶段,波峰负向作用力和波谷正向力交替出现,管道在波浪作用下表现为前后振动;冲刷平衡阶段,管道主要在负向作用力下振动。     

Condition Identification Based on Vibration Measurements for Free Spanning Submarine Pipelines

Free spanning pipelines are suspended between two points on an uneven seaffoor. The variations of structural conditions, such as the changes in soil property, flow velocity, axial force and span length etc., directly affect working performance of the whole submarine pipeline system. But until now few researches have focused on condition identification for free span （CIFS）. A method to identify the operational conditions of free spanning submarine pipelines based on vibration measurements is proposed in this paper. Firstly, the ill-posedness of CIFS is analyzed in detail. Secondly, the framework for CIFS based on the nonlinear kernel discriminant analysis （KDA） is established. Thirdly, the internal structural characteristics of natural frequencies, normalized frequencies and frequency change ratios are studied. And then the condition feature vector for CIFS is extracted by use of the vibration measurements. Finally, the validity of the proposed approach is evaluated by a case study. The results demonstrate that the proposed approach can effectively identify each condition of free span when condition variation occurs even if under measurement noise. It is concluded that the proposed method is a promising tool for CIFS in real applications.     

东方1-1海管悬跨分布特征及治理效果分析

海底管道对海上油气田安全生产有着非常重要的作用,对东方1-1海管进行了连续6年的无人有缆遥控水下机器人(remote operatedvehicle,ROV)调查,根据调查数据,分析了海管悬跨的分布特征以及变化情况,按海管悬跨严重程度进行了风险等级分区。结果表明在受水动力影响最大的深水平坦区海管悬跨分布密集,并有逐年加剧趋势,安全风险较大。并对悬跨形成机理和极限悬跨长度进行了分析和阐述。介绍了沙袋支撑和局部抛石填埋悬跨治理方法的原理和优缺点,对比分析了治理效果情况,认为局部抛石治理方法效果优于沙袋治理。     

Numerical simulation of local scour around two pipelines in tandem using CFD–DEM method

In the field of offshore oil and gas engineering, the arrangement of multiple pipelines are becoming more common, the spacing between the pipelines and the incoming stream velocity will significantly affect the scouring process around the pipelines. In this study, the effect of space ratio (G/D) and the stream velocity on the scouring process around two pipelines in tandem are investigated using the coupled approach of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and discrete element method (DEM). Here G is the spacing between the pipelines and D is the diameter of the pipeline. Specifically, the effect of space ratio and the stream velocity are discussed by simulating the gap ratio (G/D) between two pipelines ranging from 1 to 3 with an interval of 1, under the stream velocity U = 0.5,1 and 2 m/s, The results indicate that when G/D ≤ 2, the equilibrium scour depth below the upstream pipeline (S1) is slightly larger than that under the downstream pipeline (S2), S1 and S2 slightly increase as the gap ratio increases. Whereas for G/D > 2, the equilibrium scour depth beneath the upstream pipeline is slightly smaller than that under the downstream pipeline, S1 and S2 slightly decrease as the gap ratio increases. Furthermore, the scour depths are highly dependent on and positively related to the incoming stream velocity, the equilibrium bed profiles are similar under the same incident stream velocity with different gap ratios.