青海高原东部河湟谷地生态风险评价——以海东市为例

以位于青海高原东部河湟谷地的海东市为研究区,在土地利用变化分析的基础上构建生态指数,利用移动窗口法获得区域空间连续的生态风险指数,再结合GIS空间分析获得与土地利用空间尺度相一致的生态风险评价结果。结果表明：1999-2009年,青海高原东部农业区土地利用变化明显,有林地、灌木林地、建设用地面积迅速增加,耕地、水浇地、草地面积持续大幅减少,土地利用变化区域占总面积的42.04%;生态高风险区面积增加显著,增长率达27.11%,主要位于未利用地和建设用地区域;生态中风险地区面积减少,主要位于旱地、水浇地、草地分布区域;生态微、低风险区域主要位于林地、灌木林地区域。     

青海高原东部的滑坡

青海高原位于亚洲中部晚期第三纪以来巨大隆起——青藏山原之东北部。本区东与陇西黄土高原为邻,西与青海湖盆地、共和盆地毗连,是祁连、昆仑两大山系接坏地带,地貌上总的特点是北西西向的块断山脉与断陷盆地相间。由于晚近强烈的正向振荡运动,     

青海高原东部的滑坡

青海高原位于亚洲中部晚期第三纪以来巨大隆起——青藏山原之东北部。本区东与陇西黄土高原为邻,西与青海湖盆地、共和盆地毗连,是祁连、昆仑两大山系接坏地带,地貌上总的特点是北西西向的块断山脉与断陷盆地相间。由于晚近强烈的正向振荡运动,     

低碳背景下露天煤矿土地利用结构优化——以乌海市骆驼山矿区为例（英文）

人类对全球碳循环的影响主要来自于土地利用活动,随着露天煤矿开采进程加快,矿区内碳排放量增加、生态系统功能下降等问题显著,亟需探索低碳下生态效益最佳的土地利用优化结构,为西北干旱荒漠矿区土地利用结构优化调整提供理论支持。本研究以乌海市骆驼山矿区为研究对象,在矿区土地利用碳排放量核算的基础上,利用多目标线性规划模型以低碳排放和高生态系统服务价值为目标,探究矿区土地利用最优结构。研究结果：优化后的草地和水域面积有所增加,采矿用地和未利用地面积有所减少;与2021年相比,优化后方案碳排放量降低了19045.93tC,生态系统服务价值提升了5338.14万元。研究结果表明,以土地利用碳排放最小化、生态系统服务价值最大化为目标的矿区土地利用结构优化方案可以在低碳减排下,实现土地利用生态效益的提升,以期为西北干旱荒漠区矿山土地利用结构优化和生态修复工作提供科学指导。     

基于灰色线性规划的土地利用结构优化——以云南省澜沧县为例

土地利用结构优化是编制土地利用总体规划的基础和核心。以云南省澜沧县为例,分析该县2000年土地利用结构和社会经济结构状况,以最优化理论为指导思想,运用灰色线性规划方法,结合其未来社会经济发展的需求和有关控制指标,优化该县2015年土地利用结构,为全县土地资源的合理开发利用,获取最佳的社会、经济和生态效益提供“定量”的参考,最终促进区域社会经济又好又快发展。     

土地利用优化配置中系列模型的应用——以乐清市为例

土地利用优化配置,既包括宏观数量与空间结构格局的优化,也包括微观尺度生产要素的合理比配,是一个多目标、多层次的持续拟合与决策过程。本文结合乐清市实证研究,提出了运用系列模型研究县域土地利用优化配置的新方法。系列模型由空间分区模型、结构优化模型和微观设计模型,按照土地资源优化配置目标的内在联系性组合而成。系列模型既能够发挥单个模型的作用,也能充分利用它们在土地利用优化配置与决策中所具有的同一性与互补性,在科学协调土地利用配置数量与空间、宏观与微观之间的关系中更好地发挥其综合优势,因而具有广阔的应用前景。     

基于LP-MCDM-CA模型的土地利用结构优化研究——以天水市为例

土地利用类型数量在地域空间上的优化配置是实现土地可持续利用,提高土地聚集效应和保持土地生态系统平衡的重要途径.针对当前土地利用优化配置模型存在的不足,构建了基于多目标线性规划与元胞自动机的土地利用优化配置模型(MCDM-CA),在定义邻域规则、转换规则和土地适宜性评价的基础上,开展了基于经济效益、生态效益最大化的土地利用空间配置,实现了土地资源数量结构优化与空间布局优化的统一;并运用该模型对天水市土地利用结构优化进行了实证研究.研究表明,该模型兼顾到区域宏观水平上的土地利用数量结构与局部尺度上的土地利用适宜性,能够较好地同时模拟不同土地利用类型以及不同人类决策情景下的土地利用效果.本研究可为解决土地利用规划中的资源优化配置关键问题提供新的技术方法.     

基于元胞自动机模型的土地利用变化模拟——以大连经济技术开发区为例

元胞自动机模型已经成为模拟土地利用变化的重要方法。传统土地模拟方法中侧重于通过分析影响土地利用变化的因素来构建预测模型,较少从土地利用类型变化及其相互作用的空间角度来关注模型构建。本文以1998年、2004年和2009年1:10000土地利用数据,利用Python语言结合GDAL与Numpy类库实现局部土地利用竞争的元胞自动机模型原型开发,并用于模拟大连市经济技术开发区1998-2009年土地利用变化模拟。研究结果:1建立了发掘多地类之间相互作用关系的试验方法,研究适用于具有明确物理意义的多地类元胞自动机模拟模型;2该模型具有好的模拟精度,对建设用地、农用地和林地等3种不同类型用地进行同时模拟,其对应Kappa系数分别为0.762,0.634和0.678;3该模型建立了研究不同种地类协调作用的基本方法,可以用于进一步研究土地利用变化地类之间驱动原理。     

土地利用结构目标规划优化模式初探——以河南省禹州市为例

目前,国内研究农业土地利用问题采用较多的是线性规划数学模型,但这种模型对多目标问题的处理有多少不及之处。本文以禹州市的土地利用为对象,把土地利用的经济效益、生态效益和社会效益结合起来,采用目标规划优化模式的方法,研究该市土地利用与农业结构的定量关系,为合理开发利用区域土地资源,提供又一新的“定量综合”的科学方法。一、1987年土地利用现状分析禹州市(原禹县)地处淮河上游豫西山地向东部黄淮平原的过渡地带,靠近河南省的几何中心。由表1看出,禹州市的种植业用地面积较大,利用很充分;林、牧、渔业用地面积     

基于CA与AO的区域土地利用变化模拟研究——以三峡库区为例

运用元胞自动机(Cellular Automata)与AO(ArcObject) 相结合的方法, 在VB 环境下编程来 进行三峡库区地类变化模拟研究。以1995 年和2005 年的土地利用图为基础数据, 比较研究期各 地类的变化数量与方向以确定地类转换之间的优先级, 然后确定地类的转换概率。研究结果表明 此方法便于理解与操作, 同时模拟精度高; 预测结果说理性强, 其结果显示三峡库区城镇建设用 地增加, 耕地面积减少, 水域的面积在增加。其预测结果可以指导库区的土地利用规划, 为库区有 效土地管理提供参考。     

黄土高原小流域土地利用优化调控

At present, land use optimization at small watershed scale is the key measure to control soil erosion, restore the eco-environment and improve the farmers’ living standard on the Loess Plateau, China. Based on the land use survey maps of 1966, 1988, 1997, 2003 and the digital topographic map of 1984 in Yangou watershed, and assisted by spatial techniques of GIS, the basic characteristics and driving forces of land use change in Yangou watershed are analyzed. According to the summarization of land-use optimization characteristics since 1997, and with the help of continuous monitoring data for years and farmer investigation data, this paper appraises eco-environmental benefits, economic benefits and sustainability of Yangou watershed. We have used sediment reduction benefits, coverage ratio of permanent vegetation, per capita food production and per capita income of farmers as indices. The results show that Yangou watershed project has successfully controlled the soil and water loss and the farmers’ living standard has been improved markedly by reasonable adjustment to land use structure. The benefit of sediment reduction is higher than 80% and the coverage ratio of permanent vegetation reaches 61.03%. In 2006, the per capita income increased by 1493 yuan compared with the year 1998. The successful measures and experiences of Yangou watershed are worth promoting on the Loess Plateau.     

Land use optimization at small watershed scale on the Loess Plateau

At present, land use optimization at small watershed scale is the key measure to control soil erosion, restore the eco-environment and improve the farmers’ living standard on the Loess Plateau, China. Based on the land use survey maps of 1966, 1988, 1997, 2003 and the digital topographic map of 1984 in Yangou watershed, and assisted by spatial techniques of GIS, the basic characteristics and driving forces of land use change in Yangou watershed are analyzed. According to the summarization of land-use optimization characteristics since 1997, and with the help of continuous monitoring data for years and farmer investigation data, this paper appraises eco-environmental benefits, economic benefits and sustainability of Yangou watershed. We have used sediment reduction benefits, coverage ratio of permanent vegetation, per capita food production and per capita income of farmers as indices. The results show that Yangou watershed project has successfully controlled the soil and water loss and the farmers’ living standard has been improved markedly by reasonable adjustment to land use structure. The benefit of sediment reduction is higher than 80% and the coverage ratio of permanent vegetation reaches 61.03%. In 2006, the per capita income increased by 1493 yuan compared with the year 1998.The successful measures and experiences of Yangou watershed are worth promoting on the Loess Plateau.     

Land use and land cover change processes in China's eastern Loess Plateau

Using Landsat remote sensing images, we analyzed changes in each land use type and transitions among different land use types during land use and land cover change (LUCC) in Ningwu County, located in the eastern Loess Plateau of China, from 1990 to 2010. We found that grassland, woodland, and farmland were the main land use types in the study area, and the area of each type changed slightly from 1990 to 2010, whereas the area of water, construction land, and unused land increased greatly. For the whole area, the net change and total change were insignificant due to weak human activity intensity in most of the study area, and the LUCC was dominated by quasi-balanced two-way transitions from 1990 to 2010. The insignificant overall amount of LUCC appears to have resulted from offsetting of rapid increases in population, economic growth, and the implementation of a program to return farmland to woodland and grassland in 2000. This program converted more farmland into woodland and grassland from 2000 to 2010 than from 1990 to 2000, but reclamation of woodland and grassland for use as farmland continued from 2000 to 2010, and is a cause for concern to the local government.     

青海高原西宁城镇社区家庭能耗直接碳排放研究

选取青海高原城市西宁为研究对象,开展家庭能源消费问卷入户调查,建立高原城市家庭能源消费数据库(N=500),采用探索性空间数据分析方法,总结分析家庭能耗碳排放的空间特征与驱动因素,得出以下结论：(1)西宁市家庭人均能源消费量与人均能耗碳排放平均值分别为10.57 kgce/d和6.11 kg/d,取暖、厨房设备及热水器设备是家庭能耗及碳排放的主要来源;(2)西宁市人均家庭能源消费碳排放总体呈现出高值区(HH)、低值区(LL)相对集聚,而局部地区也存在高低值区(HL)和低高值区(LH)集聚现象,其空间规律呈现明显的异质性;(3)家庭收入、地理环境以及建筑特征等因素是人均家庭能源消费碳排放空间异质性形成的主要因素。     

基于Dyna-CLUE模型的滇池流域土地利用情景设计与模拟

以滇池流域为研究对象,基于1999年、2002年两期TM遥感解译数据和区域自然与社会经济数据,应用Dyna-CLUE模型模拟2008年滇池土地利用空间分布。结合滇池流域土地利用变化趋势与退耕还林政策,设定了三种土地需求情景,模拟2022年区域土地利用空间分布情况。研究结果表明：① 两期模拟结果Kappa系数分别为0.6814与0.7124,具有高度的一致性,表明Dyna-CLUE模型在滇池流域有较强的适用性。② 三种情景的模拟结果显示,至2022年流域内未利用地、耕地显著减少,建设用地、林地显著增加,水域与草地相对变化较小,因加大退耕还林政策实施力度,三种情景中,位于官渡区、呈贡区、嵩明县及晋宁县的耕地与林地呈现不同的变化情况。③ 滇池流域建设用地扩张,增加了滇池非点源污染负荷。不合理的土地利用布局,将会恶化滇池水质,加剧水环境压力。研究结果可为未来滇池流域土地利用合理规划与非点源污染控制提供参考依据和决策支持。     

拉萨地区土地利用动态分析

Land use change is the result of the interplay between socioeconomic, institutional and environmental factors, and has important impacts on the functioning of socioeconomic and environmental systems with important tradeoffs for sustainability, food security, biodiversity and the vulnerability of people and ecosystems to global change impacts. Based on the results of the First Land Use Survey in Tibet Autonomous Region carried out in the late 1980s, land use map of Lhasa area in 1990 was compiled for the main agricultural area in Lhasa valley using aerial photos obtained in April, May and October 1991 and Landsat imagery in the late 1980s and 1991 as remotely sensed data sources. Using these remotely sensed data, the land use status of Lhasa area in 1991, 1992, 1993, 1995, 1999 and 2000 were mapped through updating annual changes of cultivated land, artificial forest, grass planting, grassland restoration, and residential area and so on. Land use map for Lhasa area in 2007 was made using ALOS AVNIR-2 composite images acquired on October 24 and December 26, 2007 through updating changes of main land use types. According to land use status of Lhasa area in 1990, 1995, 2000 and 2007, the spatial and temporal land use dynamics in Lhasa area from 1990 to 2007 are further analyzed using GIS spatial models in this paper.     

Land use dynamics in Lhasa area, Tibetan Plateau

Land use change is the result of the interplay between socioeconomic, institutional and environmental factors, and has important impacts on the functioning of socioeconomic and environmental systems with important tradeoffs for sustainability, food security, biodiversity and the vulnerability of people and ecosystems to global change impacts. Based on the results of the First Land Use Survey in Tibet Autonomous Region carried out in the late 1980s, land use map of Lhasa area in 1990 was compiled for the main agricultural area in Lhasa valley using aerial photos obtained in April, May and October 1991 and Landsat imagery in the late 1980s and 1991 as remotely sensed data sources. Using these remotely sensed data, the land use status of Lhasa area in 1991, 1992, 1993, 1995, 1999 and 2000 were mapped through updating annual changes of cultivated land, artificial forest, grass planting, grassland restoration, and residential area and so on. Land use map for Lhasa area in 2007 was made using ALOS AVNIR-2 composite images acquired on October 24 and December 26, 2007 through updating changes of main land use types. According to land use status of Lhasa area in 1990, 1995, 2000 and 2007, the spatial and temporal land use dynamics in Lhasa area from 1990 to 2007 are further analyzed using GIS spatial models in this paper.     

Natural eco—environmental evaluation of eastern Qinghai—Tibet Plateau using RS and GIS

The impact of interbasin water transfer on environment is very significant. The affected area of the west route scheme of the South to North Water Transfer Project in China (SNWT) is located in the eastern Tibetan Plateau, where the altitude is high with frigid eco-environment. In this article, remote sensing and GIS are applied to analyze the natural environment and the natural environment index is established to express the natural conditions of the study area. After the natural environment index is divided into four grades and the features of each grade are analysed, some results are obtained for reference in environmental assessment of the west route of SNWT.     

青海高原沙漠化研究进展

20世纪50年代末到21世纪初,对青海高原沙漠化的分布、基本特征、沙丘类型、形成演化、风沙移动规律、野外观测、沙化监测的科学考察研究到防沙治沙试验的过程;从地域上涉及了青海的柴达木盆地、共和盆地、青海湖盆地、黄河源区和长江源区全部5个沙漠化土地分布地区,全面综述了高原沙漠化研究的成果、防沙治沙经验和研究进展,提出了存在的问题及今后研究的内容。