自然材料与地球科学

地球是一个由无机材料、有机材料和生物材料组成的巨型系统,也是一个运行了46亿年的材料合成与加工的巨型工厂,蕴含了丰富的材料组成、结构、性能、制备工艺和使役等一体化信息.如何向大自然学习,获得大自然的材料密码,以提高人类对新材料的预测能力和制造能力,是材料科学值得关注的新方向.本文系统综述了地球系统中元素、自然矿物材料、自然生物材料的种类和分布,阐述了自然界普遍存在而稳定的核壳复合结构以及超浸润性的表面结构,总结了分选与压实、熔铸与烧结、冷凝与烘烤等自然材料的加工工艺,初步搭建自然材料学的研究构架,为自然材料信息库的建设提供参考.      

Two revolutions in the Earth Sciences

Two great revolutions have shaken the field of the geological sciences since World War II, one involving the solid Earth and the other involving the ice ages. The former came after a long and gradual preparation that extended across a century. The latter came abruptly, after a long period of stasis during which little conceptually new had emerged. The former did not demolish anything - it was only the logical conclusion of a long process of discovery. The latter demolished a canon that had become a dogma held true for half a century. The reactions of the scientists to the two revolutions are a study in contrast: instant acceptance of the former versus laggard and reluctant acceptance of the latter.     

Non-Gaussian data expansion in the Earth Sciences

A formalism is proposed to generate alternative equiprobable images of an underlying population spatial distribution. The resulting images honour data values at their locations and reflect important characteristics of the data such as patterns of spatial connectivity of extreme-values. The formalism capitalizes on a coding of all information available into bits (0-l), which are then processed all together accounting for their patterns of correlation in space. Such common coding allows accounting for qualitative information, possibly of an interpretative nature, to complement the usually sparse hard data available in Earth Sciences applications. The approach proposed, although of a probabilistic nature, does not call for any Gaussian-type modelling or hypothesis.     

跨世纪的中国地球科学

１发展之中的地球科学地球科学是历史最为悠久的科学分支之一,也是最早引入中国的现代科学之一。作为一门已有数百年历史的科学分支,地球科学在今天的发展状况,是每一个关注地球科学进展的人都十分感兴趣的问题。从某种意义上说,对这个问题的认识,决定着我们如何把握...     

Science in China Series D:Earth Sciences

Science in China Ser.D:Earth Sciences,a peer-reviewed academic joumal,covers the novel and important research results in the basic and applied fields of earth sciences,providing a forum for high-level academic communication. The Board Members of Science in China Set D:Earth Sciences will choose experts to fairly peer-review the contributions. Science in China D-Earth Sciences is indexed by SCI-CD,El, GeoRef,JA,CA,etc.     

原地生成宇宙成因核素在地学研究中的应用

传统测年方法(14C、热释光、光释光等)无法直接测量地貌面或基岩面的形成年代,利用宇宙生成核素定出的年代可以直接计算地质、地貌体的暴露年代和埋藏时代。随着测量仪器的长足进步,特别是加速器质谱(AMS)检出限(可测至106原子)的大幅度提高,原地生成宇宙成因核素定年技术给地貌学带来了革命性的变化,因此宇宙生成核素被广泛应用于古气候学、构造地质学、火山年代学及古地磁学等。本文阐释了原地生成宇宙核素定年方法的基本原理,并在地学领域应用的现有基础上,从冰川、断层、阶地等研究对象出发,以沉积物埋藏年龄、地表侵蚀速率、断层滑动速率等为研究内容,具体描述该定年技术在冰川地貌、构造地貌、地貌过程及地貌演化研究中的国内外研究现状,以及应用中尚待解决的诸如核素产生速率与空间、时间关系;样品地质、地貌条件对结果造成的不确定性等问题。     

Science in China Series D:Earth Sciences

Science in China Ser.D:Earth Sciences,a peer-reviewed academic journal,covers the novel and important research results in the basic and applied fields of earth sciences,providing a forum for high-level academic communication. The Board Members of Science in China Ser.D:Earth Sciences will choose experts to fairly peer-review the contributions. Science in China D-Earth Sciences is indexed by SCI-CD,EI, GeoRef,JA,CA,etc. Science in China Ser.D:Earth Sciences has both print version and electronic version.The print version of Science in China Ser.D:Earth Sciences is distributed globally.Its electronic version is available at www.springerlink.com.     

银同位素在行星和地球科学中的研究进展

系统梳理了放射性Pd-Ag体系银同位素在行星科学中的发展概况以及稳定银同位素在环境科学示踪和金银矿床中的研究进展.在太阳星云以及行星核的形成过程中,由于107Ag可由107Pd经β衰变产生,而挥发性元素的耗散又会造成早期Pd/Ag的分异,使得Pd-Ag同位素体系可以用于早期太阳系的活动历史研究,例如定义行星核的形成、限...