Utilization of underground spaces in urban areas: Urban geo-grid plan

Miyake, N. and Denda, A., 1993. Utilization of underground spaces in urban areas: Urban geo-grid plan. In: M. Langer, K. Hoshino and K. Aoki (Editors). Engineering Geology in the Utilization of Underground Space.Eng. Geol., 35: 175–181.

The Urban Geo-grid Plan aims for a systematic and better coexistence of above-ground and underground areas through the utilization of underground space presently not in use, without interfering with existing urban functions. There would be “base points” supporting regional functions which are laid out in a grid connected by “lines”. Base points would consist of “grid points” and “grid stations”, which serve as control centers for grid points, the grid points and grid stations being interconnected by tunnels to form an “underground network”. Normally, a base point would be used for multiple purposes to supplement regional functions which are inadequate, as well as urban functions, and in emergencies, such as earthquake disasters, it would demonstrate information and evacuations functions.     

Underground construction on engineering geological terms: A fundamental necessity for the function of metropolitan environments and Man's survival

Morfeldt, C.-O., 1993. Underground construction on engineering geological terms: A fundamental necessity for the function of metropolitan environments and Man's survival. In: M. Langer, K. Hoshino and K. Aoki (Editors), Engineering Geology in the Utilization of Underground Space.Eng. Geol., 35: 149–165.     

The role of engineering geology for planning and construction of underground openings: Introduction of the symposium 19-3 “engineering geology in the utilization of underground space”, 29th Int. geological congress, Kyoto, Japan 1992

Langer, M., 1993. The Role of Engineering Geology for Planning and Construction of Underground Openings. In: M. Langer, K. Hoshino and K. Aoki (Editors), Engineering Geology in the Utilization of Underground Space.Eng. Geol., 35: 143–147.     

Construction of underground caverns for petroleum storage in orogenic areas: Geological stability

Japan is located at the boundary between three continental and oceanic plates, and there is a great variety and complexity of geological features as a result of tectonic activities. The possibility of excavating large underground tunnels in the seemingly “fragile” rocks in orogenic areas was considered as a national project for the underground storage of petroleum. One hundred and seventy sites in 57 areas were selected based on a comprehensive survey over the whole country. After a successful experiment with a test tunnel, 112 m long and 250 m² in cross-section area, excavated in Cretaceous granite, three sites in granites and pyroclastic rocks were selected for construction. The largest of these storage tunnels is 550 m in length and20 × 30 m in cross-section.

Before construction, a detailed survey of the subsurface geology was carried out, taking into consideration the structural geology, the mechanical properties of the rocks and the hydrogeology. It was concluded that even in active orogenic areas, there are many suitable sites for large underground excavations and that these can be detected by detailed, planned surveys.     

Use of solution-mined caverns in salt for oil and gas storage and toxic waste disposal in Germany

The need for storage caverns for oil and gas, and repositories for toxic chemical waste is increasing world-wide. Rock salt formations are particularly suitable for the construction of cavities for such purposes. Owing to its favourable geomechanical properties, rock salt remains stable over long periods of time without support, and it can be shown that the geological barrier of the host rock remains intact for a remarkably long time.

Safety analysis must be made for each proposed site based on site-specific data. The methods of doing this are well known and related technical recommendations exist in Germany. These recommendations apply to the planning, construction, operation and post-operational management of salt caverns used for the underground disposal of hazardous wastes. In particular, geotechnical site-specific safety verification, as required by the government's technical regulations on wastes (TA-Abfall) under the section “Underground Disposal”, is required. This safety verification must cover the entire system comprising the waste, the cavern and the surrounding rocks. For this purpose geomechanical models have to be developed. The steps which must be taken when carrying out geological engineering site explorations and when determining geotechnical parameters are discussed. In addition, recommendations are made for the design and construction of underground repositories.

For liquid-filled caverns, long-term sealing from the biosphere is of particular interest. In this instance it must be shown that the natural increase in pressure in the closed cavity due to long-term convergence does not exceed the fracture pressure. A special filled test (scale 1:1) has been performed to study this.     

贺州市合宝地下河系统的定量示踪试验与分析

在岩溶水文地质调查中,示踪试验的应用是较为广泛且行之有效的方法。为确定地下河系统的岩溶含水介质结构,采用高精度在线监测技术在广西壮族自治区贺州市合宝地下河主管道上进行示踪试验。试验采用的示踪剂为荧光素钠,在线监测设备为GGUN-FL30野外荧光分光光度计。试验结果显示: 合宝地下河入口S₁与出口S₄之间地下河以管道流为主要特征,结构相对简单,不存在溶潭等地下储水体; 示踪剂回收率为63.18%,说明该地下河还有其他排泄途径,很有可能为地下潜流。基于Qtracer2数据分析可知,合宝地下河枯季水流的最大流速为156.00 m/h,平均流速48.09 m/h,岩溶管道储水量26 714 m³,管道过水断面面积13.70 m²,平均直径4.18 m,弥散系数0.505 m²/s,纵弥散度37.81 m,摩擦系数0.178,雷诺数48 937,舍伍德数1 875.4,施密特数1 140。合宝地下河岩溶极其发育,含水介质不均一性强,为规模较大的单一管道系统。地下水流态呈紊流型,且局部具备承压特征。研究数据及成果为建立地下河系统数值模型提供了依据。     

Thermal stress analysis of underground openings

In the use of underground space for storage of solar energy, storage of excess heat from thermal power plants and containment of nuclear waste, the host medium is subjected to a thermal field accompanied by a thermal stress field. These stresses may endanger the stability and integrity of the structure. In this paper, the stress field, in circular and spherical openings, due to a given thermal field is analytically determined and numerically verified. Both lined and unlined openings are considered. The numerical and analytical results are in a satisfactory agreement. The lining stresses, support pressure and radial interface displacement depend only on the thermal field in the lining. A simplified method of stress computation applicable to a thin lining is also presented.     

Dynamic Analysis of Underground Openings

Summary Stability analysis of the underground openings under earthquake induced dynamic loads has been carried out for the four underground openings, which exist at Koyna H.E Project, Koyna, India. Vertical and horizontal displacements, maximum compressive and tensile stresses occurring in the vicinity of these openings have been computed and are compared vis-à-vis the values obtained from the static analysis. A reasonably good agreement between the results has been noted. The minimum major principal stresses (tensile), which exist only in the vicinity of the underground openings, when static analysis is conducted are noted to spread over the entire rock mass when dynamic analysis is performed. The study presents a methodology, which can be used for checking the stability of the underground openings, under seismic loading conditions.     

咸水层CO2地质封存地下利用空间评估方法研究

咸水层CO2地质封存技术是我国实现碳中和目标的重要支撑技术,也是一项深部地下空间开发利用技术。咸水层CO2地质封存工程利用的深部地下空间,需要在确定CO2羽流、扰动边界和经济因素“三级边界”的基础上进行综合评估。以我国唯一的深部咸水层CO2地质封存项目——国家能源集团鄂尔多斯碳捕集与封存(Carbon Capture and Storage, CCS)示范工程为实例,基于封存场地储层CO2羽流监测以及扰动边界的推断预测结果综合评估,认为示范工程平面上4个1'×1'经纬度范围可作为地下利用空间平面边界,垂向上以纸坊组顶界(深度约958 m)为地下封存体顶部边界,以深度2 800 m为底板封隔层底界。提出的咸水层CO2地质封存地下利用空间评估方法,能够为未来封存工程地下利用空间审批与监管提供一定参考,但也需要进一步结合已有法律法规及规模化封存工程实践完善提升。     

色达—松潘断块温泉水文地球化学特征及成因分析

为查明色达—松潘断块地热资源赋存状态及热源来源,以四川黑水县内3处温泉(热水塘、上达古、卡龙沟)为研究对象,采集温泉水样进行水化学分析和同位素测试,研究地热水的补给来源和热储温度。研究结果显示,热水塘温泉的地下水化学类型为HCO₃-Na型,上达古温泉和卡龙沟温泉的地下水化学类型为HCO₃-Ca型,补给水源主要为大气降水,补给高程分别为5 121 m、3 890 m、3 921 m。结合矿物饱和指数,采用SiO₂地热温标计算3处温泉的热储温度,分别为119.036 ℃、49.034 ℃、30.215 ℃。综合分析认为研究区地下热水的成因主要为大气降水经高山补给区入渗至储集层,吸取地下深部向上传导的热量和放射性元素衰变释放的热量,并与围岩发生水-岩作用形成地下热水,在断裂发育部位热水沿断裂带向上运移,最后在地表出露形成温泉。     

洪屏抽水蓄能电站工程区主要工程地质问题及处理措施

洪屏抽水蓄能电站工程地质问题复杂,表现：（1）水文地质条件复杂：如输水系统（含地下厂房）地下水活动强烈,上水库断层发育,局部库盆与地下厂房存在水力联系,渗漏问题;（2）库岸稳定问题;上水库库岸稳定及下水库边坡稳定问题,等等。针对上述工程地质问题,前期各阶段在比选的基础上,结合枢纽建筑物布置,针对性开展地勘试验工作,查明了上水库库周及库底岩土体透水性、地下水位及其动态规律、水库渗漏及库岸边坡稳定性等主要工程地质问题;查明了下水库坝址区的工程地质及水文地质条件,开展了地应力测试、高压压水试验,岩土体物理力学试验等专项工作,根据长探洞出现的断层带涌水,上水库南库岸地下水位大幅度下降的水文地质问题,开展了水文地质示踪连通试验和渗漏计算。施工中除做好地质工作外,更注重是科学经济安全的技术处理措施,做好地质预报等工作;综合各种勘察手段及地质提供参数、上水库库盆防渗、输水系统衬砌型式及地下厂房洞室群排水设计采取合适有效的工程处理措施。使工程顺利,按时投产发电创造必要的条件。可供类似工程之借鉴。     

某水电站地下厂房围岩稳定性分析

对某水电站地下厂房采用有限元方法反演厂区初始地应力场。分别对地下厂房洞室群3个平行洞室的不同间距、洞室开挖的不同顺序以及施加锚杆和锚索后的方案与毛洞方案进行了分析比较。计算结果表明,经过适当优化后该洞室群在洞室布局、开挖顺序和支护参数等方面是安全可行的,各主要洞室群的稳定性总体较好。     

大型地下储油洞粘弹性稳定性分析

在大型地下岩洞中储油是世界各国石油战略储备的重要方式之一。随着我国石油进口量的不断增加,建造大型地下储油洞库无疑是一种综合经济效益良好的方案。针对大型地下水封储油岩洞库的工程特点,利用数值模拟方法对储库洞群中各洞室的开挖施工顺序进行了仿真模拟计算。通过对3种可能的施工方案所引起的地表变形、洞周关键位置的变形以及应力场和位移场的分布规律对比分析,比选出了洞群中各洞室较优的开挖先后顺序。对筛选出的较优方案进行了施工过程与粘弹性稳定性分析模拟,给出了考虑岩体流变特性时油库的变形规律特点,并对大型地下油库的强度及长期稳定性进行了分析评价,所得结论对地下储油库的开挖施工有一定的参考价值。     

层状地质体与地下工程开挖三维可视化

地质体与人造工程几何形态极其复杂,其三维可视化是地学的一个难题。通过多层DEM形成层状地质体界面,在此基础上,借助中轴变换技术概念,用地层厚度和地层中层面将地层的形状特征及拓扑关系表现出来,建立了一个判断地层任意位置属性值的方法,藉此运用空间插值技术、等值线生成技术、扫描表示技术等可视化技术将地层以及地下工程开挖绘制出来,避免了复杂的开挖体元属性及形体判断和开挖面与体元求交过程。采用此方法实现了某水电站地层与厂房基坑开挖三维可视化。     

Underground oil storage facilities in Japan

In Japan, three underground crude-oil storage facilities with a total capacity of 5 million kl are under construction as a chain of the national oil storage project. Because the NATM method was used in this project, we applied a systematic work control system, consisting ofin situ measurements and engineering geological observations, including an original rock-mass classification system. The classification system used can be slightly modified depending upon site-specific geological conditions and the purposes of the facilities such as, i.e., an artificial water sealing system.     

利用煤炭开发地下空间储能的技术路径与地质保障

煤炭资源在我国能源结构中仍处于主体地位,但煤炭工业发展面临着“碳达峰碳中和”的新挑战。积极发展煤炭开发地下空间储能技术,是推动能源利用低碳化和清洁化的有效手段,也是保证我国能源战略安全的关键措施。结合当前储能技术,探讨了煤炭开发地下空间的利用现状,围绕利用煤炭开发地下空间抽水蓄能、热储能、压缩空气储能、电化学储能、生物质储能等储能新技术,重点阐述废弃矿井不同能源类型的储能理念及方式,系统分析储能过程中面临的地质保障关键技术难题。煤炭开发地下空间储能新技术总体思路为：利用煤炭开发地下空间所具有的低位势能差,将其用作梯级储水库(抽水蓄能);或直接将其用作储质、储能空间(热储能、压缩空气储能、电化学储能、生物质储能),既可提升煤炭开发地下空间资源的开发利用率,又可避免土地资源浪费,尽量降低对生态环境的扰动。虽然煤炭开发地下空间可作为大规模储能库,但其开发利用过程仍存在一些亟待解决的地质问题以及地质保障技术。主要包括：(1)地质条件与选址适宜性分析和安全性评价,即对储能空间的地质因素进行岩土工程性质和环境地质条件的系统研究,查明储能空间稳定性主控因素及其权重,构建选址指标体系与评价方法,重点查...     

CO2驱提高煤层气开采效果注入参数的实验研究

煤基CO₂地质封存是温室气体减排的重要方式,但也存在地下CO₂泄露的安全风险。为了评估煤基CO₂地质封存的安全性,采集沁水盆地南部胡底矿3号煤顶板泥质粉砂岩样品,模拟实验研究“CO₂-H₂O-岩”反应中柱状试样人工裂缝形貌、全岩矿物组成与CO₂导流能力变化。结果表明：方解石脉溶蚀、次生矿物充填与外部有效应力共同影响试样裂缝导流能力。原始渗透率为0.016×10^–3μm²的低渗试样,方解石脉溶蚀导致实验前期渗透率升高;随着反应进行,有效应力主导下裂缝闭合,渗透率呈“先升后降”变化趋势;原始渗透率为3.785×10^–3μm²的高渗试样,H₂CO₃不断溶蚀裂缝壁面长石等矿物,并产生高岭石等次生矿物混合充填于裂缝中,使渗透率持续降低。煤基CO₂地质封存过程中,较高的注入压力导致顶板产生人工裂缝;CO₂注入施工结束后,次生矿物充填及有效应力增大使裂缝导流能力快速下降,因此,煤中封存CO₂沿顶板裂缝长期泄露的风险较低。     

世界气候变暖及二氧化碳埋存现状与展望*

由于CO₂大量排放而引起的全球气候变暖问题日趋严峻。21世纪环境保护受到国际社会高度关注,全球气温上升控制目标比工业革命前水平高2 ℃以内,因此必须采取积极有效措施。捕获和埋存废气中的CO₂是避免气候变化的有效途径之一,同时要求CO₂须埋存几百或几千年。埋存对环境产生的影响最小、成本较低且遵守国际法规。CO₂地下埋存的主要场所是枯竭的油气藏、深部的盐水储集层、不能开采的煤层和深海等。CO₂地下埋存可应对因能源需求增长和CO₂排放量增加带来的挑战,必将为全球资源及环境的高水平、高效益开发和可持续发展提供理论及实践依据。     

地下开挖可视化决策的关键技术研究

地下工程开挖导致地层沉陷,这种地质环境效应对该范围内的建（构）筑物、管线、道路、桥梁、水体、农用设施等都可能构成不同程度的损害。为了确保地下工程开挖对地面环境损害最小,提出了利用GIS技术进行地下工程开挖决策设计的思路,并探讨了其可行性与必要性,研究了实现地下工程开挖可视化决策系统的数据处理以及实现可视化的关键技术,建立了数据库E-R模型。     

地下水封油库工程中三维地应力测量及其应用

地下水封油库是一种复杂的地下工程, 在施工期间开展岩体原位应力三维测量, 对设计的开挖和支护方案进行检验和复核, 有利于设计优化和指导施工。采用水压致裂测量方法, 在油库内南北水平、东西水平和垂直3个方向钻探成孔进行地应力测量, 综合3个方向的地应力测量结果, 计算确定三维地应力大小和方向。计算结果验证了设计所使用的勘察阶段地应力测量结果的可靠性, 检验和复核了设计施工方案的合理性, 并进一步评价了地下水封油库围岩稳定性。