Seasonal and year-to-year dynamics of phytoplankton in connection with the level regime of the Kuibyshev Reservoir

The results of long-term observations are used to analyze the seasonal and year-to-year variations of the abundance and biomass of planktonic algae in connection with the seasonal dynamics of water level in the Kuibyshev Reservoir. The dynamics of level regime in the reservoir in combination with climate conditions are a determining factor for phytoplankton development. The adverse effects of eutrophication (in particular, water blooming) can be reduced by maintaining an optimal water level in the reservoir—not below the normal water level (53 m BS) in the summer.     

Structural characteristics of zooplankton of the Shardarinskoe Reservoir and their use in water quality assessment

Data on the Shardarinskoe Reservoir are used to assess the indicator role of zooplankton community under unstable hydrological regime. The structural characteristics of zooplankton featured significant seasonal variations. The averaged indices characterized reservoir water quality at the level of mesotrophic and eutrophic water bodies. The possible use of cyclopidas to characterize toxic pollution of water is discussed.     

Specific features of the hydrological regime of the Tsimlyansk Reservoir under climate changes in the Don basin

This study is a continuation of a cycle of studies into the effect of Atlantic climate on the hydrometeorological regime of European Russia. In this article, an attempt is made to analyze the effect of climate variations in the Atlantic on the Don basin and the hydrological regime of the Tsimlyansk Reservoir. A new composite index of heat transfer NAAII (North Atlantic Air Interaction Index) is suggested, the use of which enables the explanation of changes that have taken place in the Don basin. Evaporation was evaluated with the bathymetry of the Tsimlyansk Reservoir taken into account, and the water level of 32 m abs. was shown to be critical in the interaction between the reservoir and the atmosphere.     

Concentration and localization of hydroxylamine in the reservoirs and lakes in the territory of European Russia

Hydroxylamine concentration and localization in the Volga reservoir cascade and in the lakes of Yaroslavl province and Vladimir province were studied. It was found that, in microaerophilic zones of the most productive lakes, the rate of hydroxylamine formation is higher and its localization does not depend on the type of the limnological object (a reservoir or a lake), but is determined by the oxygen regime of the water body in question.     

三峡工程蓄水对洞庭湖水情的影响格局及其作用机制

三峡工程建成投入运行后,汛末蓄水将使坝下河湖水情发生变化,长江中下游秋季来水减少成为常态.为客观分析三峡蓄水对洞庭湖水情的影响分量、空间格局及其作用机制,选取三峡工程典型的蓄水过程,运用长江中游江湖耦合水动力学模型计算了因上游来水变化引起的洞庭湖水情时空变化.结果表明:1)三峡汛末蓄水对洞庭湖水位影响具有明显的"北高南低,东强西弱"的格局,即东洞庭湖最为显著、南洞庭湖东部和西洞庭湖北部次之,南洞庭湖西部和西洞庭湖南部最小.2)洲滩湿地受蓄水影响最明显的主要为东洞庭湖、南洞庭湖和湖泊洪道两侧的条带状洲滩.3)三峡蓄水对洞庭湖水位的影响机制有二:长江干流水位快速消落加速湖泊水体下泄以及削减长江三口分流补给湖泊的水量.     

近30年洞庭湖季节性水情变化及其对江湖水量交换变化的响应

江湖水量交换的变化影响着通江湖泊洞庭湖的水情,进而影响湖区社会经济及生态的可持续发展.以洞庭湖城陵矶站、南咀站以及长江干流宜昌站、螺山站1981-2012年逐日水位、流量观测数据为基础,采用单位根检验、方差分析和水位-流量绳套曲线等方法对洞庭湖季节性水情变化特征进行提取,并探究江湖水量交换变化对其产生的影响.研究表明:近30年来洞庭湖水情呈阶段性特征,与相对稳定的1981-2002年相比,2003-2012年湖泊水位总体呈下降趋势,年均水位下降0.43 m;枯、涨、丰、退水期各季水情变化特征为:2003年以后洞庭湖丰水期水位平均下降0.60 m,呈现出"高水不高"现象;退水期水位平均下降1.49 m,退水加快;枯水期水位略有上升,平均上升0.18 m;涨水期水位变化不明显.湖泊退水期水位降幅最为明显,尤其是10月大幅下降,平均下降2.03 m,有提前进入枯水期的趋势.水情变化与江湖水量交换变化密切相关:丰水期,三口(松滋、太平和藕池)分流量减小在一定程度上降低湖泊水位;退水期,三口分流量减小叠加城陵矶出口长江水位下降对洞庭湖产生拉空作用,湖泊出流加快水位被拉低;枯水期,主要是1 3月,城陵矶出口长江水位上升对湖泊顶托作用增强,湖泊出流减缓水位略有抬升.     

Impact of stress and disturbance factors on the phytoplankton communities in Northeastern Brazil reservoir

The ecology of phytoplankton reservoir communities plays a pivotal role in their management and in the development of inland fisheries in the water scarce semi-arid regions of Rio Grande do Norte State, Brazil. The hydrological conditions characterizing these reservoirs include infrequent rainfall and high evaporative loses. The phytoplankton assemblages in tropical climate are structured primarily on dry and wet cycles, not the annual temperature and light regime. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the ecological aspects of phytoplankton communities from three reservoirs during the period of July 2003–June 2004, which include atypical summer rainfall and reservoir overflow. The environmental data broadly divided into two categories, stress factors and disturbance factors. The stress factors deals with the impact of high particulate organic matter and low dissolved oxygen concentrations and disturbance factors, linked to water level fluctuation through flushing and reservoir drawdown, and these events are associated with the phytoplankton assemblages. Results indicated that the three distinct hydroperiods determined the structure of phytoplankton and chlorophyll levels and limited the presence and relative abundance of cyanobacterial species. Phytoplankton succession accompanied changes in clear and turbid water phase represented by the alternate dominance between diatoms and chlorophytes. Inundation and complete filling of reservoir stimulated “s” and “r” strategists species (<20 um) of unicellular and some colonial members of chlorophytes and cryptomonads in highly turbid water environment, and “c” strategist species in rest of the wet period following disturbance gradients. Statistical analysis elicited a significant relationship between particulate organic matter and relative abundance of smaller chlorophytes, which was deemed as stress factor. The flushing and reservoir drawdown indicate disturbance gradient and as a consequence high diversity. Furthermore, a substantial reduction in chlorophyll levels was registered in turbid water phase is related to the reduction of light penetration and re-suspension of sediments. Considering these results, it can be suggested that the well-managed reservoir drawdown can possibly maintain an environment free of eutrophication and cyanobacterial dominance.     

Results of dipole electric sounding in the area of the Chirkey water reservoir after its filling

The analysis of the data of variations of the apparent electric resistivity of rocks (AR) in the area of the Chirkey HES has been carried out for the period after the water reservoir was filled. For measurements the method of dipole electric sounding has been used with location of potential dipoles around the water reservoir with a distance between them of 5.2–11.3km. The analysis of the data obtained for the period of observations (1976–1988) has shown that the filling of the water reservoir affected the environment for a long time. After it was filled (1975), at different observation points located around the water reservoir a decrease of 1.6–2.4 times was registered in the AR over the period from 1976–1988. This is connected with the process of inundation of the rock mass, which continued for more than 14 years. The process of water filtering into the surrounding rock mass was complicated; that is, it varied in time and space. At the initial stage of the reservoir filling the AR variations of a high amplitude (30–40%) were observed. These variations are considered to be connected with the seismic regime of the area of the water reservoir. A synchronous decrease in the AR, registered at the receiver points was followed by an increase of the number of the earthquakes of energetic class (K = 10). The given anomalous data are connected by an increase in the water filtration into fractured zones, whose filtration features change on being affected by tectonic stresses.     

Soil cracking effects on hydrological and erosive processes: a study case in Mediterranean cultivated vertisols

Shrink–swell soils, such as those in a Mediterranean climate regime, can cause changes in terms of hydrological and erosive responses because of the changing soil water storage conditions. Only a limited number of long‐term studies have focused on the impacts on both hydrological and erosive responses and their interactions in an agricultural environment. In this context, this study aims to document the dynamics of cracks, runoff and soil erosion within a small Mediterranean cultivated catchment and to quantify the influence of crack processes on the water and sediment supplied to a reservoir located at the catchment outlet using water and sediment measurements at a cultivated field outlet as baseline. Detailed monitoring of the presence of topsoil cracks was conducted within the Kamech catchment (ORE OMERE, Tunisia), and runoff and suspended sediment loads were continuously measured over a long period of time (2005–2012) at the outlets of a field (1.32 ha) and a catchment (263 ha). Analysis of the data showed that topsoil cracks were open approximately half of the year and that the rainfall regime and water table level conditions locally control the seasonal cracking dynamics. Topsoil cracks appeared to seriously affect the generation of runoff and sediment concentrations and, consequently, sediment yields, with similar dynamics observed at the field and catchment outlets. A similar time lag in the seasonality between water and sediment delivery was observed at these two scales: although the runoff rates were globally low during the presence of topsoil cracks, most sediment transport occurred during this period associated with very high sediment concentrations. This study underlines the importance of a good prediction of runoff during the presence of cracks for reservoir siltation considerations. In this context, the prediction of cracking effects on runoff and soil erosion is a key factor for the development of effective soil and water management strategies and downstream reservoir preservation. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Tasks and functions of a decision support system for water resources management in the Lower Volga

The Lower Volga is a Russian region, which has a unique natural resources and a territory which is the area of collision of the interests of different economic branches that use water resources. The economic development of the region requires effective water resources management in harmony with natural conditions and the operation of the Volga-Kama reservoir system. A reliable management tool is a computer decision support system for the Lower Volga. The problems to be solved with this system answer the current water problems of the region. Data on the programs under implementation and to be developed are given; water apportioning model is given; and the way of coordinated choice of management regime of the Volga-Kama reservoir system and water resources use in the Lower Volga is demonstrated.     

Ecotone system of the southeastern coast of the Tsimlyansk Reservoir

The results of multidisciplinary environmental field studies aimed to elucidate the forms of influence of the Tsimlyansk Reservoir onto coastal ecosystems are presented. The ecotone analysis of the ecosystem structure of the reservoir coast is proposed as an approach to the analysis of the collected data. A brief characteristic of a version of a geographic information system based on field and remote-sensing data is given. A relationship is shown to exist between the reservoir level regime according to 10-year data and the transformation of vegetation cover on the coast against the background of minor changes in soils for the 50-year period of reservoir existence.     

Combining the management of water level regimes and plant structures for waterbird habitat provision in wetlands

The survival of waterbirds depends heavily on habitat, particularly aquatic plants. For each kind of aquatic plant, there are specific water level regime requirements to meet its germination and growth. Previous studies usually focused on the use of water level management to achieve protection and restoration of aquatic plants. However, the water level regimes in many wetlands have been greatly changed and their ecological objectives usually cannot be achieved by water level management alone. Accordingly, this study combined water level management and artificial planting for waterbird habitat provision in wetlands. The Hongze Lake National Wetland Nature Reserve was taken as the research area. In this study, we considered the needs of waterbirds for nesting and foraging, and determined the aquatic plant species to be planted. According to the seasonal water level requirements of these plants, we simulated the plantable areas of different aquatic plants under different water level regimes. We then further optimized the water level regimes according to the needs of waterbirds, and determined the optimal water level management scheme. In addition, we formulated planting principles, explored the planting structure under each water level regime, so that the plant structure can better serve the waterbirds. The results showed that the current water level regime of Hongze Lake is not consistent with the growth rhythm of aquatic plants. Because of the human regulation, the water level of the wetland is high in winter and low in summer, which is contrary to the requirements of aquatic plant growth. A combination of water level regimes and plant structure management, however, could effectively expand the area for waterbird habitat. The results of this study will help wetland managers to make informed decisions about how to restore the waterbird habitat in other similar regulated wetlands.     

天津市北塘水库水质咸化原因和防治对策

为确定天津市北塘水库作为南水北调供水调节和事故备用水库的水质安全性,于2005年7-12月,监测分析水体、底泥和库周土壤中全盐量和Cl-浓度的变化,研究水源补给、底泥释放、降雨蒸发和地下水水位变动等因素对水库水质的影响.结果表明在目前蓄潮白新河水的条件下,北塘水库水中的Cl-浓度变化幅度为302-409 mg/L,超过饮用水水源地的水质标准(GB3838-2002).库区0-100 cm底泥全盐量平均值为0.253%,Cl-含量为0.048%,分别是库周土壤的1/8和1/18.3.因此,蓄水造成水库底泥盐分的大量释放.经计算,Cl-的平均释放强度为1.3g/(m2·d).南水北调通水后,若水库保持在5.60m以上的运行水位,底泥释放虽造成Cl-浓度上升,但水质能达到供水水源地的标准.水库周边地下水的矿化度为59.63g/L,Cl-浓度为26.17 g/L,远高于水库水体的含盐量,但只要在5.60m以上水位运行,水库就不会受到高矿化度地下水的补给影响.因此,在合理调度的基础上,北塘水库作为天津市南水北调供水调节和事故备用水库是安全的.     

漫湾水库蓄水前后库区地震活动性与构造应力场分析

对漫湾水库蓄水诱发地震作了分析，结果表明，蓄水后库区小震频次明显增加，近距离地震明显增多，在蓄水首次达到高水位和由高水位突降至低水位时，诱发了最强地震。表明蓄水对库区构造应力场产生了影响，使得局部应力场较区域构造应力场作用方向出现明显偏转，作用方式发生改变，呈现较大的垂直作用效应，节面错动出现较大正倾滑动分量。     

Freshwater flow to the San Francisco Bay‐Delta estuary over nine decades (Part 2): Change attribution

This paper explains observed trends in freshwater flow to the San Francisco Bay‐Delta estuary as reported in a companion paper (Hutton, Rath, & Roy, 2017 ). We employ a historical hydrologic record spanning nine decades and define a set of idealized flow scenarios to identify drivers of change in delta outflow and consequent salinity regime. Flow changes are measured against a baseline scenario representing 1920‐level land use and water management conditions. Additional scenarios are defined to represent the system absent state and federal water project reservoir and export operations, absent key non‐project reservoir operations, and absent historically‐observed sea level rise. These scenarios, in conjunction with the principle of superposition, are used to ascribe outflow and salinity trends to different anthropogenic and natural causes. We find that project and non‐project water management are attributed similar responsibility for decreasing outflow trends in April and May and consequent increasing spring salinity trends. In contrast, we find that increasing July and August outflow trends (and lagged decreasing salinity trends) are attributed to flow contributions from project water management; these contributions more than fully attenuate impacts associated with non‐project water management.     

RIS时空分布特征及其与库区地质构造环境的关系

在广泛收集了国内外水库诱发地震震例资料的基础上,利用统计学的方法,进行了水库诱发地震空间分布与时间响应特征及其与库区地质构造环境关系的研究,结果表明:①在空间分布上,诱发地震主要集中在水库周缘10 km范围之内,并局限于特定的库段丛集分布,当库区具备一定的地质构造与水文地质条件时,诱发地震活动会随着水库蓄、放水过程中的水位变化而发生迁移;②对于不同地区或不同水库,诱发地震活动的时间响应存在着差异,总体上:在水库蓄水后1年以内,初次响应占据一定的优势,而绝大部分诱发主震活动发生在水库初始蓄水1年以后。对长时间的水库蓄水历程而言,"混合响应"是水库诱发地震活动表现形式的主体,而"快速响应"和"滞后响应"仅是在一定的时间段内反应的阶段性现象;③诱发地震响应与水库水位变化的关系十分复杂多样,既存在正相关关系,又有负相关性,同时在某种程度上表现出了较高震级的水库诱发地震对水位变化速率的依赖;④水库诱发地震时空分布受发震库区地形地貌与局部地质构造条件、岩性条件、水文地质条件等方面的先存内因的控制,事实上,它们对水库诱发地震时空分布的控制作用并不是截然分开的,其间存在着相互依存、辩证统一的关系。     

龙滩库区库水加卸载过程深部电阻率变化与水库地震

广西龙滩库区于2009年度至2010年2个年度库水加卸载及渗透过程中,在交比屯、坪上、中良坪和向阳4个地点进行了5期次大地电磁定点测量,观测频段为320 Hz~1000 s.结合区域深部电性结构探测研究成果分析.结果显示,4个测点位于不同的岩性和深部电性结构区域,4个测点上观测的5期次视电阻率值发生变化的频段不同,位于库区中游的坪上、中良坪和向阳3个测点上5期次测量的视电阻率数值在频率1 Hz以下频段在高水位时段测量值小、在低水位时段测量值大,位于库首区域的交比屯测点在最高水位时段视电阻率数值最小,说明库水在加卸载及渗透过程中对地下介质有明显影响,库区上游库水渗透影响深度可达7 km左右,在坝首区域可达10 km.龙滩水库区4个地震丛集区中的3个地震丛集区的震源区位于具有低阻特性的二迭系下统和石炭系地层的下部,以岩溶水体诱发地震为主;位于坝首地震丛集区的震源区位于上宽下窄似"铆钉状"的高阻体下部,推测是因水库蓄水后水体压力增大和库水渗透作用下,在聚集高变形能的脆性高电阻体内部发生的地震.电磁探测结果说明库水渗透对龙滩水库区地震孕育和发生起着重要、直接的作用.     

Effects of different operational modes on the flood‐induced turbidity current of a canyon‐shaped reservoir: case study on Liuxihe Reservoir,South China

Suspended matter is an important indicator of water quality in freshwater systems. The flood‐induced turbidity current plays a dominant role in the seasonal dynamic of suspended matter in the Liuxihe Reservoir (23°45′50″N; 113°46′52″E), a large, stratified reservoir at the Tropic of Cancer in southern China. Field measurements show that loading and distribution of suspended matter in the reservoir differ in typical wet, dry and medium years, as a result of different discharge volumes and water level variation patterns. Using historical data and the practical demand for water supply and flood control, we generalized two feasible reservoir operational modes: flood impounding mode (drawing down the reservoir to a low level before flood events to impound inflow during the flooding season) and moderate level change mode (drawing down the reservoir to a moderate level before flood events, then keeping the level within the flood control level during runoff events). To examine the effects of different operational modes and outlet depths on the reservoir's flood‐induced turbidity current, a numerical simulation model was applied in three types of hydrological conditions. The results show that the mode with moderate drawdown and recharge processes can decrease loading of suspended matter in spring and promote turbidity current release during flood events, and upper withdrawal can improve the effects of turbid water release. We suggest that more attention should be focused on water quality management in the reservoir operation stage, severe artificial water level fluctuation being avoided and selective withdrawal becoming an optional management measure. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Assessment of the Effect of Hydrometeorological Factors on the Regime of Syamozero Level Variations at Drainage Amelioration

Materials of the many-year stationary observations and investigations were used to assess the effect of the forest and agricultural amelioration on the regime of water level variations in Syamozero Lake. It was shown that under the conditions of Karelia, the drainage of up to 10% of the catchment area leads to an insignificant decrease in the annual, seasonal, and maximal spring-and-summer values of the lake level and a slight change in its minimal summer-and-autumn values. Multiple-factor equations, reliable enough for the prediction of the regime of the lake level, have been developed.