5·12汶川地震地表破裂基本参数的再论证及其构造内涵分析

地震地表破裂基本参数是反演地震破裂过程的基本约束条件和预测其他活动断层地震危险性不可缺少的物理量.以野外地表破裂带重要观测点全站仪或差分GPS仪实测数据为基础,结合高分辨率遥感资料解译、先存断层陡坎构造地貌标志的识别、以及地形测绘资料的考证等,重新论证了5·12汶川地震地表破裂带展布样式、长度、最大同震位移值等基本参数.结果表明,地震地表破裂带长度可达240 km,最大垂直位移为6.5±0.5 m,最大右旋走滑位移4.9 m,基于倾角向下变缓逆断层模型推测汶川地震在龙门山推覆构造带中段产生了最大~7 m的地壳缩短量,说明青藏高原东缘横向逆断层为将高原内部东向水平运动转换为高原隆升的转换构造,这一研究结果有助于深化认识青藏高原东缘隆升机理.     

重新讨论1985年8月23日新疆乌恰M_S7.4地震地表破裂带

前人研究1985年8月23日乌恰M_S7.4地震在卡兹克阿尔特断层上破裂了15 km,本次研究确定该地震在乌恰盆地南缘断层上也破裂了24 km,最终确定本次地震总破裂长度为39 km。实测乌恰盆地南缘断层地表破裂带最大垂直位移量为1.2 m,最小垂直位移量仅0.2 m,平均垂直位移量0.55～0.64 m,这些断层陡坎只是在地表呈现轻微的隆起,肉眼通常难以识别,因此也是震后未能及时发现的重要原因。探槽开挖揭露该逆冲断层倾向南,倾角仅为20°,计算平均水平缩短位移量为1.51～1.76 m,平均倾滑位移量为1.61～1.87 m,与卡兹克阿尔特断层地表破裂带运动性质相同、断错位移量相当。在最大主压应力南北方向投影显示,两条破裂带基本不重合,即本次大地震的极震区西部的应变能量是由乌恰盆地南缘断层破裂释放,东部的应变能量则由卡兹克阿尔特断层破裂释放,隐含着乌恰盆地南缘断层和卡兹克阿尔特断层之间构造关系密切。这两条断层深部很可能归并为同一条软弱的膏盐滑脱面,均属于帕米尔俯冲带的薄皮构造。     

澜沧—耿马地震发震构造初步研究

本文根据澜沧—耿马地震形变带、极震区及余震序列分布特征,分析了7.6和7.2级地震的发震构造,认为北北西向旱母坝断层是7.2级地震的发震构造,7.6级地震的发震构造不是一条单一的断层,北西向木嘎断裂和北北西向澜沧—勐海断裂均有明显破裂表现,这一特点与震区复杂的地质构造背景有密切联系。     

1992年吉尔吉斯苏撒孟尔7.3级地震的地震构造与地震破裂

１９９２年８月１９日吉尔吉斯斯坦共和国苏撒孟尔盆地发生７．３级地震，主余震为６．７级。地震发生于北天山褶皱带内。震中烈度Ⅸ度。极震区内地震滑坡、崩塌呈ＥＷ向带状分布，并有地裂、泥砂喷发现象发生。主震和主余震的宏观震中区均产生地震断层陡坎。主震断层陡坎最高３．３５ｍ，陡坎总长度为１ｋｍ，陡坎走向为Ｎ６５°Ｅ～Ｎ８０°Ｅ，主震断层以逆推为主，并兼有右旋扭动。地震断层自南向北逆冲的水平距离是２ｍ左右。主余震断层陡坎长３ｋｍ，走向Ｎ６５°Ｗ，高７５ｃｍ左右。探槽开挖证实，主余震断层产状为Ｎ７２°Ｗ／１９２°∠１０°，地震时由南向北逆冲的水平距离是１ｍ。Ⅶ度以上等烈度线特征、地震地表破裂和震源机制解结果三者有关地震断错的结论一致     

汶川M_S8.0地震绵竹县汉旺镇周边地表破裂带展布方式及其震害意义

2008年5月12日汶川MS8.0地震的震中烈度为Ⅺ度,但位于地震烈度为Ⅹ度区边缘的绵竹县汉旺镇,无论是房屋毁坏情况还是遇难和失踪人员的数目,均高出周边地震烈度Ⅰ度,接近极震区的破坏程度。文中从汉旺镇周边地表地震破裂带展布方式的角度讨论了这种震害加重现象的原因,介绍了位于汉旺镇北面和南面出现的2条相距1.5km呈左阶斜列展布的地表破裂带。其中,位于汉旺镇北侧的地表破裂带,垂直位移1.4m,水平右旋位移0.44m;位于汉旺镇南侧的地表破裂带,垂直位移量由西向东递减,为3.0～0.2m。尽管这2条地表破裂带没有从汉旺镇中心通过,但汉旺镇正位于这2条地表破裂带夹持的左阶阶区,致使阶区内建筑物除遭受来自震源的振动外,又受到阶区内的挤压,由此加重了汉旺镇建筑物的破坏,也显示出地表破裂带对建筑物破坏形式的多样性。汉旺镇汶川MS8.0地震震害实例表明,地表破裂带的阶区,也是遭受地震时破坏加重的特殊构造部位     

汶川M_S8.0地震地表破裂带及其发震构造

震后应急野外考察表明,2008年5月12日汶川MS8.0地震在青藏高原东缘龙门山推覆构造带上同时使北川-映秀断裂和灌县-江油断裂两条倾向NW的叠瓦状逆断层发生地表破裂。其中,沿北川-映秀断裂展布的地表破裂带长约240km,以兼有右旋走滑分量的逆断层型破裂为主,最大垂直位移6.2m,最大右旋走滑位移4.9m;沿灌县-江油断裂连续展布的地表破裂带长约72km,最长可达90km,为典型的纯逆断层型地表破裂,最大垂直位移3.5m;另外,在上述两条地表破裂带西部还发育着1条NW向带有逆冲垂直分量、左旋走滑性质的小鱼洞地表破裂带,长约6km。这一地表破裂样式是近期发生的特大地震中结构最复杂的一次逆断层型地表破裂,地表破裂的长度也最长。利用已有的石油地震剖面,结合余震分布和地表破裂带特征等资料构建的三维发震构造模型表明,龙门山推覆构造带现今和第四纪时期以地壳缩短为主,斜滑逆冲型地震表明青藏高原中东部的水平运动在华南地块与巴颜喀拉地块之间的龙门山推覆构造带上转化为地壳的缩短和隆升     

1954年山丹地震破裂带初步考证

1954年山丹地震遗留至今的破裂带主要有 2条 :包代河至黑山头为主破裂带 ,长约 16ｋｍ ;独峰顶至坡拉麻顶为次级破裂带 ,断续分布长约 10ｋｍ .2条破裂带走向均为ＮＷ ,近于平行 ,二者相距约 6ｋｍ ,分别由地震断层、崩塌和地裂缝等构成 .(1)地震断层 :分布于包代河口至大峡河以东海拔 2 0 0 0ｍ左右的山麓地带 ,长度大于 2ｋｍ ,走向Ｎ50°Ｗ .地表破裂与先存断层重合 .在剖面上可见花岗岩与白垩系砂砾岩呈断层接触 .该断层水平和垂直位移均很显著 ,最大垂直位移 1.2ｍ ,多数小于 1ｍ ,在地貌上显示为反坡向陡坎 ;最大水平位移 3.5～ 4ｍ ,…     

1936年甘肃康乐6(3/4)级地震地表破裂带调查

结合前人研究结果和野外考察,发现1936年甘肃康乐6(3/4)级地震的地表破裂带长14 km,走向NWW,主要由3小段(西段、中段和东段)呈右阶排列而成。地表破裂主要有地震陡坎、地裂缝等。西段长3.7 km,有新鲜的崩塌堆积;中段长4.4 km,有大规模的基岩崩塌,同震左旋位移和垂直位移分别为2.5 m和0.6 m;东段长约6 km,同震水平位移和垂直位移分别为1.5 m和0.3 m。同震变形以左旋走滑为主,兼具逆冲分量,最大地表垂直位错量(0.6 m)仅为水平位错量(2.5 m)的(1/4)。1936年康乐地震时崩落的岩块上零星生长着最大直径仅20~30 mm的丽石黄衣,部分无地衣生长,此次地震由围子山—大夏河断裂向东扩张所致。     

汶川M_S8.0地震地表破裂带白沙河段破裂及其位移特征

2008年5月12日14时28分,四川省汶川县发生MS8.0特大地震。这次地震在地表形成2条地表破裂带,主破裂沿龙门山中央断裂发育,长约240km;次级破裂沿龙门山前山断裂发育,长约72km。白沙河破裂带位于中央主破裂带的南端,沿都江堰市北约11km的白沙河河谷展布,长14km。该破裂带几何结构复杂,多条短小破裂或斜列或平行或斜交组成破裂带,总体走向N50°E,但几乎每条次级小破裂走向都不与平均走向一致,在0°~90°之间变化。同震位移沿该破裂带也同样表现出复杂性和多样性,总体以NW盘逆冲为主,最大垂直位移为6.5m,局部存在反冲断层挠曲坎;走向滑动以右旋为主,最大水平位移为4.8m,局部存在左旋位移,而且同震位移分布特征与白沙河破裂带的几何展布特征密切相关。该破裂带北段出露的地表断层产状为40°/NW∠76°,其上的擦痕有2组,侧伏角分别为75°SW和80°SW,不仅反映了该次地震在此段以逆冲运动为主,兼有少量的右旋走滑分量,还反映了该次特大地震包括了2次破裂事件。分析破裂几何和同震位移分布特征得出如下认识:1)破裂面从震源深度的低角度逐渐向地表转化为高角度,迫使垂直断层走向的水平缩短转化为隆起的垂直位移     

1125年兰州7级地震地表破裂类型及其分布特征

根据马衔山北缘断裂西北段1/10000条带状地质填图和史料考证资料,对兰州1125年7级地震的极震区范围、发震断层、地表破裂类型及分布特征进行了讨论。结果表明,该次地震的极震区范围位于兰州市及其西南,震中在咸水沟一带,发震断层为马衔山北缘断裂西北段咸水沟—马泉沟小段。该次地震形成了长约7km,宽300～1000m的地表破裂,其破裂类型有地震断层、地震陡坎、地震裂缝、地震滑坡、地震陷坑等。其中可细分为2小段,东南小段为麦地湾—咸水沟段,由两条平行的地表破裂组成;西北小段为大马家滩—马泉沟段,由单条地表破裂组成。根据大比例尺平、剖面图实测,该次地震的左旋位移量2.4～2.5m,垂直位移量0.45～0.92m。文章最后,对地震的构造背景进行了讨论     

Distribution of seismic intensities of the November 6, 1988, Lancang-Gengma earthquakes and their surface ruptures in Yunnan Province, China

On November 6, 1988, two earthquakes with magnitude>7 occurred on the Lancang-Gengma fault zone in south-west China. The extensive destruction and loss of lives resulted mainly from widespread collapse of unreinforced masonry and mud brick structures; the maximum preliminary intensity of the Lancang earthquakes was IX on the Chinese scale, which is similar to the Modified Mercall scale, and the highest preliminary intensity of the Gengma earthquake was probably X. The surface manifestation of tectonic activity of the Lancang earthquake was the occurrence of the earthquake-related extensional ground cracks and small fault scarps in the epicentral region. The cracks with small fault scarps occurred mainly in four relatively continuous north-northwest-trending linear zones that ranged from a few hundred meters to 6 km in length. The area within which the cracks and small scarps occurred is 35 km long by 3 km wide. The maximum net throw and the dextral horizontal offset were 1.5m and 1.4m, respectively. Clear evidence of new surface faulting caused by the Gengma earthquake includes a series of relatively continuous north-northwest-trending linear ground crack zones and a 5 km long section of fault scarps. The total length of the surface rupture zones of the Gengma earthquakes is about 24 km, with 3.5m maximum net throw and 3m maximum right-lateral slip. Both earthquakes were associated with surface faulting showing a combination of normal and right lateral motion. The distribution of seismic intensities and surface rupture characteristics of these two earthquakes are discussed in this paper. The Chinese version of this paper appeared in the Chinese edition ofActa Seismologica Sinica,13, 344–353, 1991. The research project was performed out under the direction of Professors. Xingyuan Ma and Yuntai Chen, and the field investigation was performed with help of Kui Jiang and Junchang Zhang of the Seismological Bureau of Yunnan Province. Here the authors express great appreciation.     

滇西南地区黑河断裂中西段晚第四纪构造活动特征

通过卫星影像解译、野外实地调查与地质填图,对滇西南地区黑河断裂中西段晚第四纪构造活动特征进行了研究.结果表明,黑河断裂为一条规模较大的区域性活动断裂带,西起沧源县南,向东南止于澜沧江断裂,全长约168 km,走向280°～310°.该断裂晚第四纪新活动性具有一定的差异性和分段性.根据其几何结构、最新活动性及1988年澜沧7.6级地震破裂带特征,可将黑河断裂从西向东划分为沧源-木戛、木戛-南代和南代-勐往三条次级断裂段.其中的中、西段长约88 km,全新世活动显著,活动性质以右旋走滑为主.沿断裂形成了丰富的断错地貌现象.西段断裂的最新活动断错了全新世晚期地层;中段是1988年澜沧7.6级地震的发震断裂之一.根据对断错冲沟的测量和年代测试,得到其全新世以来右旋滑动速率为(3.54±0.78)mm/a,与区域上其它断裂的滑动速率大致相当,反映了其区域构造活动的整体性和协调性.     

2010年玉树地震地表破裂带典型破裂样式及其构造意义

野外调查表明,青海玉树M_S7.1地震发生在青藏高原中部甘孜-玉树断裂的玉树段上,在玉树县结古镇至隆宝镇之间产生了一系列包括剪切破裂、张剪切破裂、压剪切破裂、张性破裂及其不连续岩桥区出现的鼓包或陷落坑(拉分盆地)、高寒地区特有的冰裂缝等地表破裂单元,它们斜列组合成整体走向约300°、长约65 km、最大同震左旋位移2.4 m的地表破裂带,具有变形局部化的基本特征.玉树地震地表破裂带整体上可划分为长约15 km的结隆次级地表破裂带和长约31 km的结古次级地表破裂带,两者呈左阶羽列,其间无地表破裂段长约17 km,对应于M_W6.4和M_W6.9两个次级地震事件.地表破裂类型、基本组合特征等显示出甘孜-玉树断裂两盘块体的运动方式以纯剪切的左旋走滑为主,从一个方面反映了青藏高原物质存在着向东的逃逸和挤出现象.     

汶川M_S 8.0地震基岩中的地表破裂

在汶川MS8.0地震中,地表破裂变形带多表现为挠曲坎或断层坎,地表基岩破裂少见,作者在安县肖家桥附近基岩中发现了出露完整的地震地表破裂带。在仔细分析该破裂带变形特征和内部结构构造的基础上,结合区域上地震地表破裂特点,认为:这次地震的地表破裂主要沿先存的映秀-北川断裂发生和扩展,地震断层作用形式以右旋斜冲运动为主,安县肖家桥附近映秀-北川断裂的最大垂直同震位错为5.4m,与通过挠曲坎或断层坎测量的结果基本一致     

昆仑山口西8.1级地震地表破裂参数相互关系的新认识

地震地表破裂带调查表明,昆仑山口西 8. 1级地震的破裂长度为 426km,最大水平位移6m左右,地震破裂位移的分布明显地受断层活动段控制。该次地震的破裂长度远大于统计值,文中应用地壳极限线应变的概念,通过比较中国大陆内部几次走滑型强震的地震破裂最大位移与破裂长度的关系,论述了昆仑山口西 8. 1级地震中各次级段破裂的相对独立特征,认为该次强震不是一次整体性破裂事件,而是由连续触发的几次地震组成     

四川西昌1850年地震地表破裂特征研究

本文对则木河断裂带上各种地震地表破裂现象作了调查和时代方面的研究,结果表明,1850年西昌地震在西昌北的李金堡至宁南的松新间形成了长达90km的地震形变带。地震位错的最大水平位移为7m,垂直位移一般为0.5～2m,对地震形变带中的各种变形遗迹和地震地表破裂特征的研究表明,则木河断裂是这次地震的发震构造,震中位于大箐梁子一带,震中烈度达Ⅹ～Ⅺ。地震破裂的力学性质为左旋扭张,与则木河断裂晚第四纪以来的活动一致。地震破裂具有向南突出发展的不对称特点     

STUDY ON THE SEISMOGENIC FAULT AND DYNAMICS PARAME-TERS OF THE 2014 MS6.6 JINGGU EARTHQUAKE IN YUNNAN

On October 17, 2014, a M_S6.6 earthquake occurred in Jinggu, Yunnan. The epicenter was located in the western branch of Wuliang Mountain, the northwest extension line of Puwen Fault. There are 2 faults in the surrounding area, one is a sinistral strike-slip and the other is the dextral. Two faults have mutual intersection with conjugate joints property to form a checkerboard faulting structure. The structure of the area of the focal region is complex. The present-day tectonic movement is strong, and the aftershock distribution indicates the faulting surface trending NNW. There is no obvious surface rupture related to the known fault in the epicenter, and there is a certain distance from the surface of the Puwen fault zone. Regional seismic activity is strong. In 1941, there were two over magnitude 7.0 earthquakes in the south of the epicenter of Jinggu County and Mengzhe Town. In 1988, two mainshock-aftershock type earthquakes occurred in Canglan-Gengma Counties, the principal stress axes of the whole seismic area is in the direction of NNE. Geological method can be adopted to clarify the distribution of surficial fracture caused by active faults, and high-precision seismic positioning and spatial distribution characteristics of seismic sequences can contribute to understand deep seismogenic faults and geometric features. Thus, we can better analyze the three-dimensional spatial distribution characteristics of seismotectonics and the deep and shallow tectonic relationship. The focal mechanism reveals the property and faulting process to a certain extent, which can help us understand not only the active property of faults, but also the important basis for deep tectonic stress and seismogenic mechanism. In order to study the fault characteristic of the Jinggu earthquake, the stress field characteristics of the source area and the geometric parameters of the fault plane, this paper firstly uses the 15 days aftershock data of the Jingsuo M_S6.6 earthquake, to precisely locate the main shock and aftershock sequences using double-difference location method. The results show that the aftershock sequences have clustering characteristics along the NW direction, with a depth mainly of 5~15km. Based on the precise location, calculations are made to the focal mechanisms of a total of 46 earthquakes including the main shock and aftershocks with M_L ≥ 3.0 of the Jinggu earthquake. The double-couple(DC)component of the focal mechanism of the main shock shows that nodal plane Ⅰ:The strike is 239°, the dip 81°, and the rake -22°; nodal plane Ⅱ, the strike is 333°, the dip 68°, and the rake -170.31°. According to focal mechanism solutions, there are 42 earthquakes with a focal mechanism of strike-slip type, accounting for 91.3%. According to the distribution of the aftershock sequence, it can be inferred that the nodal plane Ⅱ is the seismogenic fault. The obtained focal mechanism is used to invert the stress field in the source region. The distribution of horizontal maximum principal stress orienation is concentrated. The main features of the regional tectonic stress field are under the NNE-SSW compression(P axis)and the NW-SE extension(T axis)and are also affected by NNW direction stress fields in the central region of Yunnan, which indicates that Jinggu earthquake fault, like Gengma earthquake, is a new NW-trending fault which is under domination of large-scale tectonic stress and effected by local tectonic stress environment. In order to define more accurately the occurrence of the fault plane of the Jinggu earthquake, with the precise location results and the stress field in the source region, the global optimal solution of the fault plane parameters and its error are obtained by using both global searching simulated annealing algorithm and local searching Gauss-Newton method. Since the parameters of the fault plane fitting process use the stress parameters obtained by the focal mechanism inversion, the data obtained by the fault plane fitting is more representative of the rupture plane, that is, the strike 332.75°, the dip 89.53°, and the rake -167.12°. The buried depth of the rupture plane is 2.746km, indicating that the source fault has not cut through the surface. Based on the stress field characteristics and the inversion results of the fault plane, it is preliminarily believed that the seismogenic structure of the Jinggu earthquake is a newly generated nearly vertical right-lateral strike-slip fault with normal component. The rupture plane length is about 17.2km, which does not extend to the Puwen fault zone. Jinggu earthquake occurred in Simao-Puer seismic region in the south of Sichuan-Yunnan plate. Its focal mechanism solution is similar to that of the three sub-events of the Gengma earthquake in November 1988. The seismogenic structure of both of them is NW-trending and the principal stress is NE-SW. The rupture plane of the Jinggu main shock(NW direction)is significantly different from the known near NS direction Lancang Fault and the near NE direction Jinggu Fault in the study area. It is preliminarily inferred that the seismogenic structure of this earthquake has a neogenetic feature.     

盲断裂、褶皱地震与新疆1906年玛纳斯地震

１９０６年玛纳斯７．７级地震时沿准噶尔南缘断裂产生的地表破坏是由非构造成因的振动和重力效应而形成的。天山山前第二排逆断裂和褶皱带是这次地震的发震构造，沿带已发现了长约１３０ｋｍ的断续的地表破裂和最新隆起带。所以１９０６年玛纳斯地震是沿北天山主逆断裂带发生在深部的一次盲断裂地震。地表变形主要以褶皱隆起为主，是一次典型的“褶皱地震     

中甸-大具断裂南东段晚第四纪活动的地质地貌证据

中甸-大具断裂南东段位于哈巴和玉龙雪山北麓,属于川西北次级块体西南边界,断裂总体走向310°~320°,是一条重要的边界断裂。了解该断裂的活动性质、活动时代和滑动速率等对分析川西北次级块体运动,研究该断裂与玉龙雪山东麓断裂的交切关系等问题具有重要意义。文中基于1︰5万活动断层地质填图,对断裂沿线地层地貌、陡坎地貌、地表破裂、典型断层剖面以及河流阶地等进行了详细的研究。研究表明:1)中甸-大具断裂南东段按几何结构、断错地貌表现、断裂活动性可分为马家村—大具次级段和大具—大东次级段。2)通过野外地质调查发现,马家村—大具次级段断错了全新世冲洪积扇,形成了地表破裂,为全新世活动段;而大具—大东次级段虽然也断错了晚更新—全新世地层,但其断错规模及滑动速率均较小,由此认为其全新世以来活动较弱。3)通过分析断裂沿线断层陡坎、水平位错及地表破裂等地质地貌问题,认为马家村—大具次级段的活动性质为右旋走滑兼正断,其晚更新世以来的垂直滑动速率为0.4~0.8mm/a,水平滑动速率为1.5~2.4mm/a;大具—大东次级段以右旋走滑为主、正断为辅,其晚更新世晚期以来的垂直滑动速率为0.1mm/a。4)在大具盆地内发现的NW向地表破裂带的形成时代很年轻,不排除是1966年中甸6.4级地震或1996年丽江7.0级地震造成的地表破裂。     

COSEISMIC SURFACE RUPTURES AND SEISMOGENIC MUJI FAULT OF THE 25 NOVEMBER 2016 ARKETAO MW6.6 EARTHQUAKE IN NORTHERN PAMIR

The M_W6.6 Arketao earthquake,which occurred at 14:24:30 UTC 25 November 2016 was the largest earthquake to strike the sparsely inhabited Muji Basin of the Kongur extension system in the eastern Pamir since the M 7 1895 Tashkurgan earthquake.The preliminary field work,sentinel-1A radar interferometry,and relocated hypocenters of earthquake sequences show that the earthquake consists of at least two sub-events and ruptured at least 77km long of the active Muji dextral-slip fault,and the rupture from this right-lateral earthquake propagated mostly unilaterally to the east and up-dip.Tectonic surface rupture with dextral slip of up to 20cm was observed on two tens-meter long segments near the CENC epicenter and 32.6km to the east along the Muji Fault,the later was along a previously existing strand of the Holocene Muji fault scarps.Focal mechanisms are consistent with right-lateral motion along a plane striking 107°,dipping 76° to the south,with a rake of 174°.This plane is compatible with the observed tectonic surface rupture.More than 388 aftershocks were detected and located using a double-difference technique.The mainshock is relocated at the Muji Fault with a depth of 9.3km.The relocated hypocenters of the 2016 Arketao earthquake sequence showed a more than 85km long,less than 8km wide,and 5~13km deep,NWW trending streak of seismicity to the south of the Muji Fault.The focal mechanism and mapping of the surface rupture helped to document the south-dipping fault plane of the mainshock.The listric Muji Fault is outlined by the well-resolved south-dipping streak of seismicity.The 2016 Arketao M_W6.6 and 2015 Murghob M_W7.2 earthquakes highlight the importance role of strike-slip faulting in accommodating both east-west extensional and north-south compressional forces in the Pamir interior,and demonstrate that the present-day stress and deformation patterns in the northern Pamir plateau are dominant by east-west extension in the shallow upper crust.