The deformation of overburden soil induced by thrust faulting and its impact on underground tunnels

Overburden soil beds situated above a fault are often deformed by propagation of bedrock thrusting from the fault during large earthquake. The deformed beds formed a triangular shear zone. This coseismic faulting often causes damage to underground tunnels located in the shear zone. The present research studies the deformation behavior of the overburden soil beds and the tunnel, the associated mechanism and the impact on the safety of tunnel linings induced by a large blind thrust slip. Based on sandbox experimental and numerical studies, it is found that results from numerical analysis are in agreement with the sandbox model tests with regard to growths of the shear zones within the soil beds, location of the tunnel in this shear zone and deformations of the tunnel. The potential major shear zone may be bent or bifurcated into two sub-shear zones owing to existence of a tunnel inside the shear zone. Furthermore, the occurrence of back-thrust faulting will threaten the safety of nearby structures. It was also identified that stiffness of the soil and the fault dip angles are among the major factors controlling the configuration of shear zones, the stresses within the soil, and the loads on tunnel linings. Based on the identified mechanisms, the strategies for hazard prevention are accordingly suggested and discussed.     

西秦岭北缘断裂带黄香沟段晚第四纪 活动表现与滑动速率*

文章对西秦岭北缘断裂带黄香沟段的沉积建造、构造地貌等开展了野外调查与研究。冲沟位错、断裂剖面、山脊位错、线性槽地、洪积扇变形与断塞塘等详细的构造地貌分析,显示断裂带在黄香沟段晚第四纪具有较强的活动性,以左旋走滑兼有倾滑分量为特征。根据其中两条晚更新世末期以来的冲沟左旋水平位错平均值30.5±3.0m,及其¹⁴ C限定的冲沟发生位错的年龄为13480±240aB.P.,获得断裂晚第四纪的水平滑动速率为2.3±0.2mm/a。 同时,由断裂位错洪积扇形成的1.05±0.30m垂直位移量,与该期洪积扇形成的¹⁴ C年龄3690±100aB.P. ,估算了断裂晚第四纪的垂直滑动速率为0.28±0.08mm/a。     

Late Alpine brittle faulting in the Rotondo granite (Switzerland): deformation mechanisms and fault evolution

The unlined Bedretto tunnel in the Central Swiss Alps has been used to investigate in detail the fault architecture and late Alpine brittle faulting processes in the Rotondo granite on macroscopic and microscopic scales. Brittle faults in the late Variscan Rotondo granite preferentially are situated within the extent of preexisting ductile shear zones. Only in relatively few cases the damage zone extends into or develops in the previously undeformed granite. Slickensides suggest a predominant (dextral) strike-slip movement along these steeply dipping and NE–SW-striking faults. Microstructures of these fault rocks illustrate a multi-stage retrograde deformation history from ductile to brittle conditions up to the cessation of fault activity. In addition these fabrics allow identifying cataclastic flow, fluid-assisted brecciation and chemical corrosive wear as important deformation mechanisms during this retrogressive deformation path. Based on the analysis of zeolite microfabrics (laumontite and stilbite; hydrated Ca–Al- and Na–Ca–Al–silicate, respectively) in fault breccias, cataclasites and open fractures we conclude, that the main phase of active brittle faulting started below 280°C and ceased ca. 14 Ma ago at temperatures slightly above 200°C. This corresponds to a depth of approx. 7 km.     

A recent faulting episode in the Iranian Makran

The identification of a twofold chronology for the Quaternary alluvial deposits of Iranian Makran makes it possible to give limiting ages to some of the recent movements that have affected parts of the Zendan fault belt. One such faulting episode has been dated by this method to the period 7000-1250 yr BP. As the two alluvial units can be readily traced on air photographs, it should prove possible to extend the analysis to other parts of Iran.     

Early development of strike-slip faulting: palaeoseismic study along the Petersen Mountain fault,northern Walker Lane,Nevada

Characterising youthful strike-slip fault systems within transtensional regimes is often complicated by the presence of tectonic geomorphic features produced by normal faulting associated with oblique extension. The Petersen Mountain fault in the northern Walker Lane tectonic province exhibits evidence of both normal and strike-slip faulting. We present the results of geologic and geomorphic mapping, and palaeoseismic trenching that characterise the fault's style and sense of deformation. The fault consists of two major traces. The western trace displaces colluvial, landslide, and middle to late Pleistocene alluvial fans and is associated with aligned range front saddles, linear drainages, and oversteepened range front slopes. The eastern trace is associated with a low linear bedrock ridge, a narrow graben, right deflected stream channels, and scarps in late Pleistocene alluvial fan deposits. A trench on the eastern trace of the fault exposed a clear juxtaposition of disintegrated granodiorite bedrock against sand and boulder alluvial fan deposits across a steeply east-dipping fault. The stratigraphic evidence supports the occurrence of at least one late Pleistocene earthquake with a component of lateral displacement. As such, the Petersen Mountain fault accommodates part of the ~7 mm/yr of dextral shear distributed across the northern Walker Lane.     

穿越东非大裂谷内马铁路隧道的抗震分析及断层位错设计

内罗毕—马拉巴铁路穿越东非大裂谷, 线路隧道穿越许多活动断裂带。在隧道结构设计中既要考虑地震作用, 还要考虑断层的位错作用。在隧道抗震和减震设计中, 将隧道结构设计成像链条一样的结构特性, 使得隧道结构随着地震作用和断层位错, 自动调整本身的变形, 而不会导致整体性破坏。为了分析隧道结构的地震响应规律, 建立了动力分析数值模型。将人工合成100 a超越概率2%的加速度时程作为水平地震作用, 在数值模型底部输入。计算分析了地震作用下隧道结构的响应规律和隧道结构的链条特性。计算表明链条一样的隧道结构能够很好地起到抗震消能作用。另外, 由于断层的位错作用造成隧道内限界减小, 使得隧道失去正常的通行功能。因此在断层位错设计中, 根据断层特点、接触网的型式, 综合考虑制定隧道断面扩挖尺寸。当断层位错发生影响正常交通运营时, 根据正断层的特点, 扩挖下盘隧道, 回填上盘隧道。调整线路坡度和接触网的绝缘距离、悬挂方式来消除断层的位错量, 从而实现隧道内线路正常通行条件, 而不用改建隧道二衬结构。     

An extended finite element framework for slow‐rate frictional faulting with bulk plasticity and variable friction

We present an extended finite element (FE) approach for the simulation of slow‐rate frictional faulting in geologic media incorporating bulk plasticity and variable friction. The method allows the fault to pass through the interior of FEs without remeshing. The extended FE algorithm for frictional faulting, advocated in two recent articles, emanates from a variational equation formulated in terms of the relative displacement on the fault. In the present paper we consider the combined effects of bulk plasticity and variable friction in a two‐dimensional plane strain setting. Bulk plasticity is localized to the fault tip and could potentially be used as a predictor for the initiation and propagation of new faults. We utilize a variable velocity‐ and state‐dependent friction, known as the Dieterich–Ruina or ‘slowness’ law, formulated in a slip‐weakening format. The slip‐weakening/variable friction model is then time‐integrated according to the generalized trapezoidal rule. We present numerical examples demonstrating the convergence properties of a global Newton‐based iterative scheme, as well as illustrate some interesting properties of the variable friction model. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effects of the tip depth of a pre-existing fracture on surface fault ruptures in cemented clay

Ground deformation due to faulting can cause serious damage to buildings and structures. Much attention has been devoted to understanding fault rupture propagation in uncemented soil. However, the effects of a pre-existing fracture in cemented soil on surface fault ruptures are not fully understood. This paper describes a numerical parametric study to investigate the mechanism of normal fault rupture propagation through cemented clay. Special attention was paid to the effect of the location (or tip depth) of a pre-existing fracture on the mechanism. The numerical model and model parameters adopted were verified through two centrifuge model tests. The results show that a zone of influence consisting of a tensile failure zone and a differential settlement zone was induced by normal faulting in cemented clay both with and without a pre-existing fracture. The width of this zone of influence increased with the tip depth of the pre-existing fracture. The effects of the tip depth of a pre-existing fracture on the width of the zone of influence were more significant when the tip was located at a shallow depth.     

塔南凹陷早白垩世构造演化及其对沉积充填和砂体分布的控制

塔南凹陷早白垩世经历了断陷初期冲积一滨浅湖盆层序、强烈断陷期半深湖一深湖湖盆层序及断坳期三角洲．湖泊盆型层序的沉积演化序列。受盆地整体格架的控制,凹陷内可划分出5个次级构造单元,各次级构造单元古构造格架决定了沉积相带展布、砂体的发育和分布。     

德兴斑岩铜矿床断裂与侵入体产状对成矿的控制作用:从力-热-流三场耦合数值模拟结果分析

斑岩矿床的成矿机制是一种典型的力-热-流多物理场耦合的岩浆-热液过程,因而从成矿动力学数值计算模拟的角度研究斑岩矿床成矿作用过程,对揭示斑岩岩浆-热液系统动力学演化机制及其成矿响应情况具有十分重要的意义.德兴铜矿(包括朱砂红、铜厂和富家坞)作为目前中国华南已发现的最大斑岩型铜矿床,是研究(大型/超大型)斑岩矿床成矿作用...     

活动性断裂带错动下隧道纵向响应的解析解

震害调研表明，活动性断裂带区域的隧道灾害最为严重。针对错动作用下穿越活动性断裂带隧道的纵向响应进行了研究，推导了隧道纵向力学响应的解析解并进行了验证。考虑断裂破碎带围岩力学性质较差且处于错动变形的主要影响区，将隧道沿纵向进行分区，包括错动影响区、过渡影响区和非影响区。采用Pasternak双参数弹性地基梁，假定不同分区的地基参数和计算模式不同，建立了满足变形和内力连续的隧道纵向力学解析模型并进行了求解。解析计算结果与数值模拟结果、室内试验数据基本一致，验证了解析解的正确性。结果表明：错动作用下，活动性断裂带区域的隧道内力和变形发生了显著变化；隧道纵向挠曲变形与错动方向一致，但在断裂带与上下盘交界区域发生了反向的挠曲；在正断层错动下，纵向弯矩在断裂带与上下盘交界区域达到最大值，且上、下盘区域的隧道拱顶分别出现受拉和受压区域；断裂带区域内的剪力远大于其他区域，且受到较大弯矩，隧道结构易发生破坏。上述计算结果与实际调研结果相一致，表明了提出的解析计算方法可用于活动性断裂带错动下的隧道纵向响应分析。最后，针对地基系数和断裂带宽度两个关键参数进行了敏感性分析，得到了有益规律，可为该类区域的隧道设计和施工提供技术支撑。     

Fractal modeling and relationship between thrust faults and carbonate-hosted Pb-Zn mineralization in Alborz Mountains,Northern Iran

Central Alborz Metallogenic Belt is a major mineral province of northern Iran placed at the northern margin of the Arabia-Eurasia collision zone. This study aimed to at recognition the affiliation between reverse/thrust faults and Pb-Zn carbonate-hosted mineral deposition using fractal modeling. Thrusting is the major mechanism of faulting in this region in terms of length, frequency and density. The carbonate-hosted Pb and Zn occurrence/deposit were classified using the concentration-number fractal method. All faults then are categorized based on fault density, and concentration-area fractal methods are utilized for the thrust faults. According to our analysis, main fault density zones are situated at the central and western parts of the Alborz Mountains. Relationship among the major fault density zones and the Pb-Zn carbonate-hosted occurrences/deposits using logratio matrix reveals that there is a proper connection between reverse/thrust faults and the Zn-Pb carbonate-hosted occurrences/deposits. Moreover, the results were controlled by four ore deposits/prospects in this region which shows high-grade ores directly relate to faults especially reverse/thrust faults based on their distribution. This research indicates that this method can be used for other various ore deposit types that have been distributed by faulting.     

断层泥自生伊利石年龄分析及其在龙门山断裂带的应用

韧性剪切带的活动年龄及其相关的隆升/剥蚀速率可以通过各种同位素技术进行直接测定和计算。相比较而言,由于形成于浅部低温环境,老的碎屑物质和新的重结晶物质相互掺杂,脆性断裂的同位素年龄往往代表的是一个混合年龄,难以反映其真实的活动时间。近些年来,断层泥自生伊利石定年方法在地表脆性断裂的年代学研究中展现出了良好的应用前景。文中介绍了断层泥中自生伊利石的生成过程、形貌特征和定年原理,并简要介绍了样品的处理过程和伊利石多型相对含量的确定方法。近几年,这种方法逐渐被应用于龙门山断裂带及其山前飞来峰活动时代的确定,为青藏高原东缘早期的构造活动提供了直接的年代证据。     

正断层诱发砂土中群桩基础破坏及避让距离研究

地震中发震断层诱发桩基失效,导致上部结构破坏甚至坍塌,相关破坏机制和避让距离缺乏系统研究。通过离心机试验和数值模拟,针对基岩正断层活动诱发上覆砂土中群桩基础的静力破坏展开研究,考察不同群桩断层相对位置下群桩的破坏特征。试验与计算结果均表明,当群桩跨越断层时,正断层活动使群桩向上盘一侧倾斜,并使基桩弯向上盘一侧。基桩桩顶荷载的重分布进一步使基桩形成受拉和受压两种破坏模式。数值参数分析表明,在不同桩位上,群桩的变形响应可划分为5个特征区域。对于埋深为20.0 m的基岩正断层,群桩在上盘和下盘一侧的安全避让距离分别为23.5 m和15.9 m,其中下盘一侧离开断层7.9 m至上盘一侧离开断层4.1 m的区域需要进行重点避让。     

金沙江流域（云南段）砂金成因类型及其找矿前景

根据成矿作用、成矿环境及矿床特征，金沙江流域（云南段）砂金矿床，可划分为：残坡积、洪积、冲洪积、冲积和冰碛等五种类型。成矿主要受碰撞带、深大断裂、大断裂及其派生断裂、基底岩石、地貌、水质和水化学环境等综合控制。以巨甸－大具及中江街－金江街两片区最具有找矿前景。     

裂谷地层的气候和构造控制:Zscape模型分析与在松辽盆地北安断陷的应用

气候和构造是裂谷盆地地层形成的两个重要控制因素。Zscape数字陆地景观演化模型通过对裂谷盆地汇水扇体系的模拟揭示出一些与裂谷盆地地层形成相关的气候及构造过程。Zscape模型的相关实验结果与层序地层结构的分析认为:(1)扇面积与断层滑动速率成反比;(2)高水位期大量沉积物进积是断层滑动速率减小所引发的;(3)层序界面的形成与低水位和水进沉积是降水速率变化所致。这些认识用于分析北安断陷沙河子期大量扇体沉积的发育和层序结构的形成。沙河子组下部层序发育时期构造活动剧烈,上部层序发育时期构造活动相对趋于稳定,断裂活动和降水速率的变化控制了层序发育。Zscape模型及其实验结果的地质分析,以及在北安断陷的应用显示,构造和气候的单因素分析对一些地质认识,特别是沉积作用对于断裂活动的滞后性的理论解释起到了推动作用。     

东欢坨矿透冲积层黄泥救灾和治理技术

以东欢坨矿-230水平回风巷透冲积层黄泥事故为例,阐述了煤矿沿断层带透冲积层黄泥后采取的排水、控水措施,以及断层突(泥)水通道治理的“注浆封盖、充填灌注、注浆加固”治理方案及效果。      

Fractal analysis of major faults in India on a regional scale

The seismicity of a region is implicit of the causal faulting mechanisms and geodynamic diversity of the subsurface regime nucleating earthquakes of different magnitudes, several of which may be as devastating as ones historically reported in global perspective of tectonic complexity as in the case of India. Fractal analysis using box-counting method for the major fault networks across the country estimates fractal dimension, D_f, values to be varying between 0.88 and 1.36. The fault segments in parts of northwest Himalayas, northeast India and Indo-Gangetic plains, are observed to be associated with higher D_f values implicating high seismicity rates. On the other hand, low D_f values in the peninsular India indicate isolated pattern of the underlying faults. The fractal dimension is observed to be indicative of predominant faulting types — higher values conforming to thrust faulting mechanism while lower to strike slip tectonism.     

沉积谷中衬砌隧道对SH波的散射

现实中衬砌隧道穿越沉积谷地十分常见,而国内外对其地震响应规律研究较少。基于MATLAB编程平台,采用间接边界积分方程法,就沉积谷地衬砌隧道对平面SH波的散射问题进行了初步探讨。研究了不同频率、隧道埋深与入射角度对地表位移和衬砌内外壁动应力集中因子的影响,并比较了沉积谷地中隧道与半空间隧道两种情况下的差别。结果表明：软土沉积中隧道衬砌动应力集中更为显著;高频波入射下,隧道埋深对沉积区域内位移分布、衬砌应力频谱特性和地表位移频谱特性均有较大影响。研究结论可为沉积谷地中衬砌隧道抗震设计与安全性评估提供定量依据。     

断层作用热模型及其对烃源岩热演化的影响

从盆地的应力状态分析入手,从断层摩擦生热的角度,建立了断层作用生热的定量模型。在此基础上,确定了断层摩擦产生的热量与断层的性质、深度、构造应力和流体压力等之间的定量关系,定量分析了断层摩擦生热对烃源岩热演化的影响。结果表明:断层作用的生热量主要决定于断层的深度,构造应力的大小、流体压力、断层的位移量、断面摩擦系数等;断层的活动速率对断层摩擦的生热量没有影响,但对断层带内产生的温度却起决定性的作用;在断层快速活动的条件下(地震型),断层摩擦生热虽然可以产生很高的温度,可以造成断层面附近岩石的局部熔融,但其影响范围和影响持续的时间是十分有限的。