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1.
海底滑坡的运动可能引发海啸,破坏离岸设施,威胁海岸带安全。国内外关于海底滑坡引发海啸的研究方兴未艾。采用Mih颗粒流模型控制具弱黏聚力的砂土滑坡运动,利用两相流模型计算岩土体-水体相互作用及RNG湍流模型控制水体运动,构建了基于颗粒流模型的海底滑坡海啸全耦合数值分析方法。通过简单水槽水下滑坡案例进行了海底滑坡海啸全过程研究。数值分析再现了变形滑体的不均一运动、密度分异流动、水滑机制和以波谷为典型特征的涌浪波等典型海底滑坡及海啸现象,这表明数值模型具有有效性。许多海域(包括中国南海北部)都存在弱黏聚力和无黏聚力的水下滑坡,该数值方法值得推广和进一步研究完善。 相似文献
2.
2019年6月10—13日,龙川县发生持续强降雨,导致全县境内发生大量滑坡、泥石流灾害,贝岭镇米贝村是三个重灾区之一。本文以贝岭镇米贝村6号沟发生的滑坡-泥石流链生灾害为研究对象,在野外精细化调查测量基础上,结合数值模拟分析与计算,对链生灾害特征与成灾机理展开研究。研究发现:①6号沟内共发育7处浅层土质小型滑坡,仅3号滑坡体与部分6号滑坡体转化为泥石流,构成泥石流主要物源,其余滑坡未构成持续性影响;②持续降雨下渗,坡体由非饱和向饱和状态转变,坡表形成连续饱和区,孔隙水压力的增加与孔隙水的软化促使土体强度降低,加之坡体饱和自重的增大,斜坡发生浅表层失稳破坏;③降雨的持续下渗与支沟沟源“漏斗状”地形下的地表汇水快速增大滑坡松散堆积体内的含水率,促使其物理性质发生变化,在重力势能下呈流态状启动、运动转化为泥石流。降雨结构影响滑坡-泥石流链生过程,前期降雨引发滑坡、后期降雨启动形成泥石流,滑坡与泥石流的发生表现出阶段性特征。研究成果有助于指导当地政府进一步开展滑坡-泥石流链生灾害的防灾减灾工作,也为该地区未来区域预警研究工作提供理论支撑。 相似文献
3.
The explosion of the Montserrat volcano (Caribbean Sea) could trigger a major landslide and lead to the generation of a tsunami in the Caribbean Sea. In the worst case scenario, the volume of material reaching the sea has been estimated at 80 millions of cubic meters. The sliding of this mass and the generation of the associated tsunami have been simulated numerically, assuming that the debris behave like a heavy fluid flowing into the sea. The numerical model solves the 3D Navier-Stokes equations for a mixture composed of rocks and water. The generated water waves is then propagated around the coast of Montserrat by means of a shallow water model. The numerical results show that the water heights above sea level are higher than 5 meters within a radius of 5 km of the source. 相似文献
4.
随着大规模梯级水电工程的不断发展,库岸滑坡的稳定性及潜在的涌浪灾害将是影响水电工程(群)全生命周期安全运行的关键因素。本文分别从库岸边坡稳定性及滑坡涌浪研究两个方面,对目前国内外的相关研究成果进行了系统总结和分析。在库岸边坡稳定性研究方面,越来越多的研究集中于降雨、库水位变动等水动力环境下的库岸边坡的水-岩耦合作用及稳定性演化的分析方法方面。通过对滑坡涌浪的物理模型试验法、解析法及数值模拟法3大类方法的优缺点分析,随着数值计算技术的飞速发展其在滑坡涌浪链生灾害动力学分析方面体现出其强大的生命力。库岸滑坡从渐进破坏→启动→高速运动、涌浪→堆积、涌浪传播与爬坡等构成了滑坡涌浪灾害链的不同阶段,也是一个连续的灾害过程,而不同阶段灾害特点又有很大的差异。然而,目前通常将库岸滑坡稳定性分析和涌浪分析分割开来,从而不能很好地反应这一灾害链过程。基于高性能数值计算技术,从全过程的物理力学机制出发构建灾害链的模拟和分析方法,将是目前的发展趋势,也是从解决库岸滑坡涌浪链生灾害动力学分析的关键。 相似文献
5.
Debris flow has caused severe human casualties and economic losses in landslide-prone areas around the globe. A comprehensive understanding of the morphology and deposition mechanisms of debris flows is crucial to delineate the extent of a debris flow hazard. However, due to inherent complex field topography and varying compositions of the flowing debris, coupled with a lack of fundamental understanding about the factors controlling the geomaterial flow, interparticle interactions and its final settlement resulted in a limited understanding of the flow behaviour of the landslide debris. In this study, a physical model was set up in the laboratory to simulate and calibrate the debris flow using PFC, a distinct element modelling-based software. After calibration, a case study of the Varunavat landslide was taken to validate the developed numerical model. Following validation with an acceptable level of confidence, several models were generated to evaluate the effect of slope height, slope angle, slope profile, and grain size distribution of the dislodged geomaterial in the rheological properties of debris flow. Both qualitative and quantitative analysis of the landslide debris flow was performed. Finally, the utility of retaining wall and their effect on debris flow is also studied with different retaining wall positions along the slope surface. 相似文献
6.
A dry debris avalanche will produce different volumes of colluviums or depositions (loose materials), which can have a significant impact on mountainous rivers or gullies. The loose material supply process caused by a debris avalanche is an important issue for understanding secondary disasters that form via the coupling of water flow and loose materials. Two flumes were designed for laboratory tests of the loose materials supply process to rivers/gullies, and the related impact factors were analyzed. Experimental results show that the supply of loose materials is a continuous process that directly relates to the avalanche’s mass movement processes. The sliding masses with smaller particle sizes are more sensitive to the flume slope and exhibited a longer supply time. The time-consuming for the debris avalanche travel in the flume decreased with the increasing particle size (such as flume B, time-consuming is decreased 0.2 s when the particle size increased from <1.0 to 20–60 mm), landslide volume and flume slope (flume A, consuming 1.6–2.1 s when flume slope is 29° decreased to consuming 1.3–1.5 s when flume slope is 41°), which means the increasing mobility of loose materials. The total supply time increased with the increasing landslide volume or decreasing particle size and flume slope. An empirical model for the process is presented based on numerous laboratory tests and numerical simulations, which can successfully describe the supply process for loose materials to a river/gully. The supply process of loose materials to mountainous gully from a dry debris avalanche is controlled by the material compositions of sliding masses, topographical conditions, landslide volume and bed friction, where large-volume debris avalanches that occur in mountainous river regions are more likely to obstruct the river flow and form a landslide-dammed lake. 相似文献
7.
We analyze mass-flow tsunami generation for selected areas within the Aleutian arc of Alaska using results from numerical simulation of hypothetical but plausible mass-flow sources such as submarine landslides and volcanic debris avalanches. The Aleutian arc consists of a chain of volcanic mountains, volcanic islands, and submarine canyons, surrounded by a low-relief continental shelf above about 1000–2000 m water depth. Parts of the arc are fragmented into a series of fault-bounded blocks, tens to hundreds of kilometers in length, and separated from one another by distinctive fault-controlled canyons that are roughly normal to the arc axis. The canyons are natural regions for the accumulation and conveyance of sediment derived from glacial and volcanic processes. The volcanic islands in the region include a number of historically active volcanoes and some possess geological evidence for large-scale sector collapse into the sea. Large scale mass-flow deposits have not been mapped on the seafloor south of the Aleutian Islands, in part because most of the area has never been examined at the resolution required to identify such features, and in part because of the complex nature of erosional and depositional processes. Extensive submarine landslide deposits and debris flows are known on the north side of the arc and are common in similar settings elsewhere and thus they likely exist on the trench slope south of the Aleutian Islands. Because the Aleutian arc is surrounded by deep, open ocean, mass flows of unconsolidated debris that originate either as submarine landslides or as volcanic debris avalanches entering the sea may be potential tsunami sources.To test this hypothesis we present a series of numerical simulations of submarine mass-flow initiated tsunamis from eight different source areas. We consider four submarine mass flows originating in submarine canyons and four flows that evolve from submarine landslides on the trench slope. The flows have lengths that range from 40 to 80 km, maximum thicknesses of 400–800 m, and maximum widths of 10–40 km. We also evaluate tsunami generation by volcanic debris avalanches associated with flank collapse, at four locations (Makushin, Cleveland, Seguam and Yunaska SW volcanoes), which represent large to moderate sized events in this region. We calculate tsunami sources using the numerical model TOPICS and simulate wave propagation across the Pacific using a spherical Boussinesq model, which is a modified version of the public domain code FUNWAVE. Our numerical simulations indicate that geologically plausible mass flows originating in the North Pacific near the Aleutian Islands can indeed generate large local tsunamis as well as large transoceanic tsunamis. These waves may be several meters in elevation at distal locations, such as Japan, Hawaii, and along the North and South American coastlines where they would constitute significant hazards. 相似文献
8.
Abundant landslide deposits were triggered by the Wenchuan earthquake, providing a rich source of material for subsequent debris flows or slope failures under rainfall conditions. A good understanding of the physical and mechanical properties of the landslide deposits is very important to the research on slope failure mechanisms and the initiation of debris flow. Laboratory biaxial compression tests are used to study the material compositions and water content impacts on the mechanical properties of landslide deposits, and a discrete element method (a bond-contact model) is used to study the particle stiffness, bond force, friction coefficient and confining stress impact on the mechanical behaviors and the relationships between the numerical and experimental parameters. The experimental results show that the failure stress of landslide deposits is decreased with increasing content of fine particles and also with increased water content, especially at the initial increasing stage. Cohesion of the saturated landslide deposits is increased, but the friction angle is decreased with the increase in the fine particle content. Shear strength parameters (the cohesion and friction angle) are decreased with the increasing water content at the initial increasing stage, and then, they slowly decrease. There is a critical value of the water content at 5%–7% (in weight) for the failure stress and shear strength parameters of the landslide deposits. Quadratic equations are presented to describe the relation between the bond force and cohesion, and the numerical friction coefficient and the experimental friction angle. 相似文献
9.
以颗粒流离散元为研究方法对勉县杨家湾十组堆积层滑坡破坏方式与运动过程进行数值模拟研究。通过PFC 2D双轴模拟试验所标定的岩土体宏观模拟参数与室内试验所获取的宏观实测参数进行对比,确定堆积层滑坡所需的颗粒细观参数,然后将标定的细观参数代入堆积层滑坡模型,对滑坡破坏方式及运动过程进行模拟研究。结果表明:滑坡破坏在初始阶段蠕滑变形累积,滑坡体挤压坡脚,直至坡脚产生剪切破坏,并向上牵引发展,使得滑坡整体顺接触面破坏下滑并堆积于坡脚,表现为典型的牵引式渐进破坏,结果与实际情况基本吻合。研究认为,采用颗粒流方法对堆积层滑坡破坏与运动过程的模拟研究具有较高的适用性,对该类滑坡防治具有一定的参考意义。 相似文献
10.
Landslides of subaerial and submarine origin may generate tsunamis with locally extreme amplitudes and runup. While the landslides themselves are dangerous, the hazards are compounded by the generation of tsunamis along coastlines, in enclosed water bodies, and off continental shelves and islands. Tsunamis generated by three-dimensional deformable granular landslides were studied on planar and conical hill slopes in the three-dimensional NEES tsunami wave basin at Oregon State University based on the generalized Froude similarity. A unique pneumatic landslide tsunami generator (LTG) was deployed to control the kinematics and acceleration of the naturally rounded river gravel and cobble landslides to simulate broad ranges of landslide shapes and velocities along the slope. Lateral and overhead cameras are used to measure the landslide shapes and kinematics, while acoustic transducers provide the shape of the subaqueous deposits. The subaerial landslide shape is extracted from the camera images as the landslide propagates under gravity down the hill slope, and surface reconstruction of the landslide is conducted using the stereo particle image velocimetry (PIV) system on the conical hill slope. Subaerial landslide surface velocities are measured with a planar PIV system on the planar hill slope and stereo PIV system on the conical hill slope. The submarine deposits are characterized by the runout distances and the deposit thickness distributions. Larger cobbles are observed producing hummock type features near the maximum runout length. These unique laboratory landslide experiments serve to validate deformable landslide models as well as provide the source characteristics for tsunami generation. 相似文献
11.
Subaerial landslides falling into confined water bodies often generate impulsive waves. Damaging landslide tsunamis in Three Gorges Reservoir, China, have struck several times in the last 15 years. On June 24, 2015, a 23?×?10 4 m 3 slope failure occurred on the east bank of the Daning River opposite Wushan Town. The sliding mass intruded into the Three Gorges Reservoir and initiated a reservoir tsunami that resulted in two deaths and significant damage to shipping facilities. A post-event survey revealed the landslide geometry and wave run-up distribution, while an eyewitness video captured most of the landslide motion. Employing these firm constraints, we applied the Tsunami Squares method to simulate the 2015 Hongyanzi landslide and tsunami. The simulation revealed that the landslide experienced a progressive failure in the first few seconds and impacted the water with a maximum velocity of ~?16 m/s. The initial wave propagated to the opposite shore in an arch shape, and the water surface reached a maximum amplitude of ~?11 m near the landslide. Wave amplitude-time curves at four points on the river cross section show that the initial wave reached Wushan town in about 50 s with an average wave velocity of ~?30 m/s. The maximum wave run-ups on the shoreline opposite the landslide are around 6 m and attenuate to less than 1 m beyond 2-km distance. The landslide simulation matches the observed geological profile and the eyewitness video, and the numerical results coincide with the observed wave run-up heights. Nearly 80% of landslide energy is lost due to frictional resistances, but the remaining fraction imparted to the tsunami carried catastrophic consequences to a large region. The numerical results emphasize the efficiency and accuracy of Tsunami Squares method for a “Quick Look” simulation of a potential landslide. 相似文献
12.
An extended probabilistic model that is a modification of the Chen et al. (2007,) model for evaluating the failure probability
of an inclined soil layer with an infinite length was developed in the present paper, and then applied to evaluate the occurrence
probability of landslide-related debris flow in Tungmen gully located in the eastern Taiwan, which occurred a devastating
debris flow in 1990. The statistical properties of hydrogeological parameters were collected and summarized, and then used
to evaluate the landslide-related debris-flow probabilities at various relative water depths for Tungmen gully by using the
probabilistic model. Under the assumption that the soil is saturated, the soil’s cohesion is negligible and the specific gravity
of the solid particles of soils is a constant, a simplified probabilistic critical slope equation for the stability of an
infinite slope of soils was also developed, and used to estimate the occurrence probability of debris flow. The result shows
that probabilistic landslide analysis for an infinite slope could provide a suitable approximation for the risk analysis of
debris flow mobilization at a given gully. 相似文献
13.
海底滑坡是大陆坡一种常见的沉积作用过程。这种沉积作用包括滑塌和碎屑流等重力流作用过程,它能将沉积物运移数百公里,严重危害深水油气开发平台、油气管线、海底电缆等设施;同时,还可能导致巨大破坏性的海啸。虽然导致海底滑坡的因素很多,但近年来发现海底滑坡的触发机制可能与地震作用和海底天然气水合物的分解关系密切。随着深水油田的开发和深海工程的日益增多,这种地质作用越来越引起学术界和工业界的重视。在介绍大陆边缘深水区海底滑坡的构成、识别和触发机制的基础上,提出海底滑坡的地质风险评估方法。 相似文献
14.
地震或强降雨诱发滑坡,滑坡体碰撞解体形成碎屑物质堆积在沟道内,在后期降雨作用下形成泥石流,这是泥石流形成的一种方式,可称为滑坡碎屑堆积体泥石流。笔者分析了影响碎屑堆积体泥石流起动的特征参数,通过实验研究了碎屑堆积体泥石流形成的过程,分析了堆积体表面坡度、黏粒质量分数、中值粒径( d50)以及不均匀系数( Cu)对泥石流形成的影响。结果表明:碎屑堆积体表面坡度对形成泥石流所需单宽流量无明显影响;黏粒质量分数在不大于5%时仅影响碎屑堆积体侵蚀,对碎屑堆积体揭底所需单宽流量无明显影响;影响碎屑堆积体形成泥石流所需单宽流量的因素主要为中值粒径和不均匀系数--随堆积体中值粒径、不均匀系数的增大而增大。通过实验数据拟合得出了中值粒径和不均匀系数与泥石流形成和揭底所需单宽流量的公式;由于公式中只考虑了影响碎屑堆积体形成泥石流的两个主要因素( d50和 Cu),因此对比水文计算结果偏小,但整体趋势基本一致。在实际应用到这类泥石流沟时,可通过修正进行预测。 相似文献
15.
By combining landslide dynamics research and tsunami research, we present an integrated series of numerical models quantitatively simulating the complete evolution of a landslide-induced tsunami. The integrated model simulating the landslide initiation and motion uses measured landslide dynamic parameters from a high-stress undrained dynamic-loading ring shear apparatus. It provides the numerical data of a landslide mass entering and moving under water to the tsunami simulation model as the trigger of tsunami. The series of landslide and tsunami simulation models were applied to the 1792 Unzen-Mayuyama megaslide and the ensuing tsunami disaster, which is the largest landslide disaster, the largest volcanic disaster, and the largest landslide-induced tsunami disaster to have occurred in Japan. Both the 1792 megaslide and the tsunami portions of the disaster are well documented, making this an excellent test of the reliability and precision of the new simulation model. The simulated tsunami heights at the coasts well match the historical tsunami heights recorded by “Tsunami-Dome-Ishi” (a stone showing the tsunami reaching point) and memorial stone pillars. 相似文献
16.
以2019年贵州水城“7.23”滑坡为例,采用现场调查、无人机航测和数值模拟技术,分析了滑坡的运动过程和冲击铲刮特征,结果表明:(1)水城“7.23”滑坡属典型的高位远程滑坡,滑体高位启动后冲击下方凸起山脊,铲刮地表残坡积土层,并解体形成碎屑流,最大铲刮深度可达11 m;(2)模拟结果显示,滑坡运动最大速度为30 m?s-1,最大动能达8 900 kJ,铲刮体积达46×104 m3,最终体积为116×104 m3,灾害放大效应明显;(3)水城滑坡的冲击铲刮过程可分为冲击嵌入→剪切推覆→裹挟混合三个阶段。 相似文献
17.
泥石流和普通的山体滑坡不同,它是发生在山区的一种含有砂土和石块的暂时性水流,具有宾汉体的性质和运动阻塞双重特性,国内外众多学者在流动学实验及流动学模型的基础上,对数值模拟方法进行了大量研究,通过泥石流的灾害范围、运动速度、运动时间与实际情况进行对比,开发出适用于泥石流预报的数值模拟程序,FLO-2D就是其中之一。工程实践证明,在对泥石流组成物质的流动特性研究基础上,对泥石流移动及沉积特性进一步研究是非常重要的。本文运用FLO-2D流动模型数值模拟方法对泥石流的移动特性进行模拟,以此分析泥石流流动及堆积特性与黏性系数和屈服应力的关系。通过分析得到:随着黏性系数的增大,泥石流流速呈非线性减少;屈服应力作为影响泥石流发生及停止的因素,随着屈服应力的增大,流深也随着增大,但在泥石流移动特性中,屈服应力对泥石流流速的影响并不明显;随着黏性系数的增加,泥石流冲击力减小,而随着屈服应力的增加,泥石流的冲击力则增大。 相似文献
18.
In the present study, laboratory experiments were conducted to validate the applicability of a numerical model based on one-dimensional nonlinear long-wave equations. The model includes drag and inertia resistance of trees to tsunami flow and porosity between trees and a simplified forest in a wave channel. It was confirmed that the water surface elevation and flow velocity by the numerical simulations agree well with the experimental results for various forest conditions of width and tree density. Further, the numerical model was applied to prototype conditions of a coastal forest of Pandanus odoratissimus to investigate the effects of forest conditions (width and tree density) and incident tsunami conditions (period and height) on run-up height and potential tsunami force. The modeling results were represented in curve-fit equations with the aim of providing simplified formulae for designing coastal forest against tsunamis. The run-up height and potential tsunami forces calculated by the curve-fit formulae and the numerical model agreed within ± 10% error. 相似文献
19.
On July 20, 2003, following a short duration of heavy rainfall, a debris-flow disaster occurred in the Minamata–Hougawachi area, Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan. This disaster was triggered by a landslide. In order to assess the landslide and debris-flow hazard potential of this mountainous region, the study of historic landslides is critical. The objective of the study is to couple 3D slope-stability analysis models and 2D numerical simulation of debris flow within a geographical information systems in order to identity the potential landslide-hazard area. Based on field observations, the failure mechanism of the past landslide is analyzed and the mechanical parameters for 3D slope-stability analysis are calculated from the historic landslide. Then, to locate potential new landslides, the studied area is divided into slope units. Based on 3D slope-stability analysis models and on Monte Carlo simulation, the spots of potential landslides are identified. Finally, we propose a depth-averaged 2D numerical model, in which the debris and water mixture is assumed to be a uniform continuous, incompressible, unsteady Newtonian fluid. The method accurately models the historic debris flow. According to the 2D numerical simulation, the results of the debris-flow model, including the potentially inundated areas, are analyzed, and potentially affected houses, river and road are mapped. 相似文献
20.
The 12 May 2008 Wenchuan earthquake (Ms 8.0) in China, produced an estimated volume of 28 × 10 8 m 3 loosened material, which led to debris flows after the earthquake. Debris flows are the dominant mountain hazards, and serious threat to lives, properties, buildings, traffic, and post-earthquake reconstruction in the earthquake-hit areas. It is very important to understand the debris flow initiation processes and characteristics, for designing debris flow mitigation. The main objective of this article is to examine the different debris flow initiation processes in order to identify suitable mitigation strategies. Three types of debris flow initiation processes were identified (designated as Types A, B, and C) by field survey and experiments. In “A” type initiation, the debris flow forms as a result of dam failure in the process of rill erosion, slope failure, landslide dam, or dam failure. This type of debris flow occurs at the slope of 10 ± 2°, with a high bulk density, and several surges following dam failure. “B” type initiation is the result of a gradual increase in headward down cutting, bank and lateral erosion, and then large amount of loose material interfusion into water flow, which increases the bulk density, and forms the debris flow. This type of debris flow occurs mainly on slopes of 15 ± 3° without surges. “C” type debris flow results from slope failures by surface flow, infiltration, loose material crack, slope failure, and fluidization. This type of debris flow occurs mainly on slopes of 21 ± 4°, and has several surges of debris flow following slope failure, and a high bulk density. To minimize the hazards from debris flows in areas affected by the Wenchuan earthquake, the erosion control measures, such as the construction of grid dams, slope failure control measures, the construction of storage sediment dams, and the drainage measures, such as construction of drainage ditches are proposed. Based on our results, it is recommend that the control measures should be chosen based on the debris flow initiation type, which affects the peak discharge, bulk density and the discharge process. The mitigation strategies discussed in this paper are based on experimental simulations of the debris flows in the Weijia, Huashiban, and Xijia gullies of old Beichuan city. The results are useful for post-disaster reconstruction and recovery, as well as for preventing similar geohazards in the future. 相似文献
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