实验室“三废”的排放及防治对策

本文论述了实验室“三废”排放的特点及其现状。作者从环境保护和降低“三废”对城市环境污染的角度出发．提出了对实验室“三废”的处理要求及防治对策。     

遥感技术在淮北市环境“三废”调查中的应用

利用遥感技术全面调查淮北市“三废”污染现状，并统计各类污染面积，建立污染扩散模式，提出相应改善对策、措施，使城市功能分区趋向合理，提高环境质量，改善生活环境     

石家庄市地下水污染及其污染质排放的最优化控制

文章指出不考虑地域、条件,一律采用《工业“三废”排放试行标准》的不合理性。提出了用负荷控制来代替目前采用的污染质排放的浓度控制、总量控制,并从石家庄市地下水污染现状出发,建立了以该市地下环境系统最大限度容纳污染质为目标的线性最优化模型;得出该市防止地下水污染的排放浓度;求得了污水允许渗入量区间和地下水开采模数区间。     

珠江三角洲环境污染与综合治理概况

本文全面阐述了珠江三角洲这个广东省大、中型工业企业的集结区,城市生活垃圾和工业“三废”污染方面严重的环境地质问题;同时介绍了本区存在的特殊灾害类型——自喷二氧化碳气对环境的污染和造成的危害。由于本区的工业企业多以煤为燃料,也产生了大量的二氧化碳等有害气体,致使中南地区变成了酸雨区。珠江三角洲近年来酸雨频繁,范围广、强度大,已形成以广州为中心的酸雨分布区。由于“三废”排放引起的环境污染和酸雨的频繁袭击,直接破坏土壤、危害农田、影响农作物的生长。文中讨论了环境恶化与灾害频发的关系,并以广州市为例,介绍了“七五”期间对环境保护工作的综合治理概况。     

第四系环境水文地质图系编制原则的初步探讨

编制第四系环境水文地质图系的目的,是以直观的形式评价其环境水文地质条件,为环境规划、“三废”治理、防治地下水污染与水质恶化提供科学依据。该图系一     

上海市潜水含水层环境水文地质评价

环境水文地质质量评价,是人们对所研究含水层中的地下水进行的“水质”评价。可根据评价目的不同制定出环境水文地质质量的不同标准、对地下水水质的实测数据进行衡量和数学处理,从而对环境水文地质评价单元作出符合实际的、合理的定性评价、为防治地下水污染选择对策、提供环境水文地质科学的依据、为城市规划提供环境水文地质资料。上海市是我国最大的工业城市,工业三废和农业化肥等严重污染了环境,上海市环境质     

多孔介质水动力弥散尺度效应研究：现状与展望

随着工农业生产的发展,工业“三废”大量排放、农药和化肥大面积施用、核能利用带来核废料日益增多、人口增长和都市化带来的垃圾、污水不断增加,这些污染物向地下入渗,使地下水水质遭受严重的污染或面临污染的威胁。另一方面,由于不合理开采和过量抽取地下水资源,改变了水力状态,加速了地下水污染的进程;不科学的灌溉方式引起土壤大面积的盐碱化。这些问题的日趋严重,已引起人们的高度重视。地下水污染和土壤盐碱化实质上是可溶性污染物     

西安市地下水污染的主要问题及其形成原因

西安市为我国西北地区最大的工业城市之一。由于“三废”的大量排放,给环境带来了严重的污染。每天排放的城市废水达数十万吨(其中70％左右是工业废水),这些废水未经处理,含有多种有害物质。除一部分排入附近河道外,主要通过下水系统,输送到北郊进行污水灌溉,污灌面积27万亩。城市废水在排放和灌溉过程中,不断渗入地下,成为地下水污染的主要污染源。     

岩溶地下水集中开采区水质系统预测研究

在岩溶地区，地下水的超强度开采与工业“三废”及生活废弃物不合理的排放，造成了地下水较严重的污染。用动态系统方法建立的地下水污染时间序列递推预测模型，在岩溶地下水环境质量预测与管理方面都具有指导意义。     

石家庄市地下水污染现状及对策

为了促进石家庄市的持续发展,改善城区居民饮水质量,全面分析了石家庄市地下水主要污染源为工业“三废”和城乡生活污水、垃圾,污染途径主要有间歇入渗型和连续入渗型,以及污染物运移及污染原因,提出环境功能分区、严格废水排放、健全固体废弃物消纳系统、加强水资源保护的执法和管理等地下水污染的防治措施.     

Development of a master plan for industrial solid waste management

Rapid industrial growth in the province of Khuzestan in the south west of Iran has resulted in disposal of about 1750 tons of solid waste per day. Most of these industrial solid wastes including hazardous wastes are disposed without considering environmental issues. This has contributed considerably to the pollution of the environment. This paper introduces a framework in which to develop a master plan for industrial solid waste management. There are usually different criteria for evaluating the existing solid waste pollution loads and how effective the management schemes are. A multiple criteria decision making technique, namely Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), is used for ranking the industrial units based on their share in solid waste related environmental pollution and determining the share of each unit in total solid waste pollution load. In this framework, a comprehensive set of direct, indirect, and supporting projects are proposed for solid waste pollution control. The proposed framework is applied for industrial solid waste management in the province of Khuzestan in Iran and a databank including GIS based maps of the study area is also developed. The results have shown that the industries located near the capital city of the province, Ahwaz, produce more than 32 percent of the total solid waste pollution load of the province. Application of the methodology also has shown that it can be effectively used for development of the master plan and management of industrial solid wastes.     

Usage of chromite wastes as aggregate in foam concrete production

The rapidly developing mining sector in recent years has also brought environmental problems together. At the beginning of these problems are mine process wastes produced in high quantities from mines every year. The waste material at 90% and the concentrate chromite at 10% are obtained in the chromite ore enrichment plants. This significant amount of waste creates pollution in nature visually and physically. The aim of the study is to determine the advantages of using foamed concrete as a building material, to reduce the production cost of foamed concrete, to produce alternative solutions for rehabilitation, and to eliminate environmental pollution. The chromite enrichment wastes obtained from Fethiye, Köyce?iz, Denizli and Burdur regions were used as aggregates in the production of foamed concrete. In this study, compressive strength experiments were carried out according to TS EN 1354, thermal conductivity experiments were carried out according to TS EN 12664. As a result, it has been observed that chromite waste (dunite) can be used in the production of foamed concrete under certain conditions.     

Isolation of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bacillus cereus</Emphasis> from botanical soil and subsequent biodegradation of waste engine oil

Waste engine oil causes a vital environmental pollution when it spill during change and transportation and products of waste engine oil causes lethal effects to the living systems. Thus, abiotic and biotic approaches are being extensively used for removal of waste engine oil pollution. Therefore in present study, waste engine oil degradation was accomplished by a new bacterial culture, isolated from the soil by an enrichment technique. Morphological, biochemical and gene sequence analysis revealed that isolate was Bacillus cereus. Subsequently, biodegradation potential of B. cereus for waste engine oil was studied. Experimental variables, such as pH, substrate concentration, inoculum size, temperature and time on the biodegradation, were checked in mineral salt medium. The biodegradation efficiency of B. cereus was determined by gravimetry, UV–visible spectrophotometry and gas chromatography. In addition, waste engine oil was also characterized by GC–MS and FTIR for its major constituents, which showed total 38 components in waste engine oil, including hopanes, benzopyrene, long-chain aliphatic hydrocarbons, dibenzothiophenes, biphenyl and their derivatives. Results of successive biodegradation indicated that B. cereus was capable to degrade 1% of waste engine oil with 98.6% degradation potential at pH 7 within 20 days. Hence, B. cereus presents an innovative tool for removing the engine oil from the contaminated area.     

危险废物填埋场的设计与施工技术

由于危险废物对环境的危害性大,因此对危险废物填埋场设计和施工要求较高。设计的核心内容是防渗层,对施工的要求是要确保高质量地满足设计要求。通过总结国内已建成的危险废物填埋场设计与施工经验,给出了危险废物填埋场设计与施工要点,使危险废物填埋场成为一个真正与生物圈隔绝的场所,不致对环境造成危害和二次污染。     

城市垃圾的地质处置

城市固体废物（城市垃圾）是国际上现代化城市环境污染的主要污染源之一,发达国家非常注重固体废物地质处置的研究,这一领域是环境工程与水资源工作者研究的热点问题。我国城市垃圾对环境的污染非常严重,目前有三分之二的城市已形成“垃圾包围城市”的严重局面。随着经济的发展,我国城市固体废物的数量增长很快。如何处理庞大的城市垃圾将是关系到经济发展、水资源和环境保护的重大问题。本文介绍了我国城市垃圾的现状和目前国际     

极低放废物近地表处置的环境安全评价方法研究

放射性废物处置是当前严峻的环保问题之一,从经济、安全和高效角度出发,将极低放废物从中、低放废物中分离出来单独处置,对核废物的管理与处置具有重要意义。本文以我国西南某极低放废物备选处置场为研究对象,系统分析了处置的相关技术方法,重点研究了屏障技术和环境安全评价方法及其应用。针对拟建在古泥石流体山区山顶上的处置场,选取核素90Sr作为处置对象,选用盆状屏障式处置库,估算产生的核素90Sr的总活度和比活度。选用筛分的颗粒d<1 mm的介质作为屏障材料,厚度为0.5 m,批试验结果显示上述材料对90Sr的吸附效果明显;模拟计算结果显示核素90Sr在50 a内被完全阻滞在包气带中,可以达到安全处置废物的要求。     

Environmental impact and vulnerability of the surface and ground water system from municipal solid waste disposal site: Koshe, Addis Ababa

Geo-environmental assessment and geophysical investigations were carried out over the only functional municipal solid waste disposal site of the city of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, known locally as Koshe. The accumulated wastes from Koshe have impact on the surrounding human and physical environment since the disposal site was not designed. The study deserves emphasis because the city of Addis Ababa currently obtains a considerable portion of its domestic water supply from a well field developed not much farther from and along a groundwater flow direction in relation to the waste disposal site. It was found out that the leachates from the site contain high concentration of biological oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, chloride and sulphate besides high concentration of cobalt, nickel and zinc in the surrounding soils. The geophysical results have mapped weak zones and near-vertical discontinuities that could potentially be conduits for the leachate from the wastes into the deep groundwater system. Further, a zone of potential leachate migration from the landfill was identified from the electrical models; the location of this zone is consistent with the predicted direction of groundwater flow across the site. The results further suggested that the open dump site tends to cause increasing amount of pollution on the surrounding soil, surface and ground waters. Furthermore, it was observed that the Koshe waste disposal site has grown beyond its capacity and the poor management of the open dump landfill has reduced the aesthetic value of the surrounding environments. The need to change/relocate the existing waste disposal site to a more suitable and technologically appropriate site is emphasized.     

Northern Greece's industrial minerals: production and environmental technology developments

This paper reviews the use of Greek industrial minerals into developing low-cost, high-tech solutions to remediate parts of the chemical pollution environmental problem. The remediation strategy, based on the application and implementation of the Greek industrial minerals potential, became a major line of investigation in projects to develop new environmental technologies. Although past and current experiments have been successful on a lab scale in a number of applications, the results have not always been implemented on industrial scales. Greek olivine has been successfully tested as neutralizing agent for acid wastes, co-producing exploitable amounts of silica gel, magnesium sulphate and magnetite. Vermiculite is currently tested as an environmental ‘cleanser' in a variety of applications, i.e. metalliferous mine seepage and processing waters, organically contaminated waste water from the textile/dye industry and absorption material for oil spills. Wollastonite will be applied as long-term fertiliser and dolomite, as a substitute of asbestos in brake linings, as pollution controller of heavy metal concentrations in waste waters and as a binder to stabilize waste solids. Magnesite has been successfully applied for neutralization of acid mine wastes produced from active sulphide deposits. Zeolites (fly ash and perlite converted to zeolites were also considered) is an objective for several environmental applications, i.e. as floating absorbent for waste water ponds, as drinking water purificator or as smell abatement.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Trichoderma viride</Emphasis> (MTCC 800): a potential candidate for agri-horti waste utilization by solid state fermentation

Waste management is one of the major environmental concerns globally. Meaningful utilization of various types of wastes for the production of useful products not only provides added economic benefits through variety of products but is also helpful in minimizing the environmental pollution. Trichoderma viride, a well-known fungus, has been used in the past for production of enzymes like proteases, cellulases and chitinase besides various beneficial biological activities, i.e., mycoremediation, mycoparasitism and for increasing soil fertility. In the present investigation, biodegradation potential of T. viride (MTCC-800) was evaluated by solid state fermentation using wastes like pomace, floral waste, plant litter, vegetable refuse, sawdust and sugarcane bagasse. The fungus degraded all the waste materials including sawdust that contain toxic compounds. Among all agri-horti wastes used, maximum growth of T. viride was recorded in vegetable refuse (58.16%) followed by sugarcane bagasse (48.76%) and others. The results of the present investigation, indicate that T. viride can be a potential candidate for meaningful utilization of industrial and other wastes and if. Successful at large scale it can not only help in reduction of environmental pollution but can also be a better substitute for chemical fertilizers and pesticides besides economic gains.     

Experimental and analytical model studies on leachate volume computation from solid waste

An extensive use of solid-waste landfills for disposal of municipal and industrial wastes have prompted increased attention to groundwater pollution caused by leachate generated in such landfills. The potential for groundwater contamination by leachate has necessitated engineering designs for landfills. The quantity of leachate generated from the solid waste and the movement of water through the solid waste depends on water input and the solid-waste characteristics. This paper dealt with the experimental investigations using the laboratory solid-waste leaching column to estimate the total leachate volume/leachate flow for unsaturated and saturated conditions. The hydraulic properties of the solid waste like initial moisture content, field capacity, permanent wilting point, saturation moisture content, effective void ratio, saturation hydraulic conductivity and saturation suction pressure were determined from the small-scale laboratory experiments, which are the input for analytical model study of leachate flow/total leachate volume for both unsaturated and saturated conditions. The result of analytical model study was compared with the results of experimental investigations. Comparisons of measured and computed total leachate volume/leachate flow using Darcy’s law showed reasonable agreement.