FY-3 A/MERS I积雪制图中NDS I指标建立及积雪判识模型研究 ——以祁连山区为例

我国新型自主的极轨气象卫星风云3号A星（简称FY-3A）上搭载的中分辨率光谱成像仪（MERSI）为大面积雪监测提供了新的遥感数据源。以中国西北祁连山区为例,分析FY-3A/MERSI传感器积雪与其它地物的图谱特征差异,建立了适用于FY-3A/MERSI的归一化差分积雪指数（NDSI）,以此为基础,构建了综合利用多光谱判别指标及土地覆盖类型（LULC）定类辅助的积雪判识模型,生成250 m分辨率的日积雪制图产品。模型通过逐步逼近的树状判别结构,去除了易和积雪混淆的部分乔木林、云、云阴影、水体、湖冰、沙（盐）地等地物,并提出应考虑积雪下覆地表特性的影响,调整设定不同LULC类型的积雪判别阈值约束,实时结合区域LULC影像进行积雪的最终判定与优化。对祁连山区2010-2011年积雪季FY-3A/MERSI影像的积雪制图应用结果表明,该资料能够客观精细地反映积雪的空间分布与动态发展过程。同时利用气象台站积雪观测记录及Terra/MODIS积雪判识结果进行对比验证,结果表明基于FY-3A/MERSI建立的积雪判识模型具有较高的精度和稳定性,特别是提高了云雪区分的效能。     

Analysis of Cloud Scale Error of Low Resolution Satellite Based on GF-4 and Its Influence on Downward Radiation Calculation

In order to study the scale error of low resolution meteorological satellite cloud detection and its impact on the calculation of downlink radiation, cloud detection using high resolution stationary satellite GF-4 data and error analysis were carried out. Firstly, the cloud detection of GF-4 data is carried out by using visible channel threshold method and time series method, and the error of cloud detection results of Himawari-8 and FY-2 (FY-2G, FY-2E) is analyzed based on the results of GF-4 cloud detection.In the study area, FY-2G, FY-2E and Himawari-8 cloud images could distinguish the clouds and clear sky. The main reason for the error was the scale effect produced by different spatial resolution satellites(the differences caused by cloud detection algorithms are not discussed here).Most of the errors occurred in the areas of thin clouds and broken clouds.High resolution data could detect broken clouds, while low resolution data lead to false and missed detection. On this basis, the error of remote sensing calculation of short wave radiation was analyzed,and it was found that the error of the actual cloud amount in the pixel would bring significant error to the estimation of the downward radiation.The relative error of the instantaneous downward radiation in the selected test area was -173.52%, and the maximum relative error of shortwave radiation was -20.20%.The results show that the high resolution stationary satellite data can significantly improve the estimation accuracy of the downlink shortwave radiation in the regions with more broken clouds.     

卫星遥感监测我国沿海水色环境的研究

本文首先概要地介绍了国际上20世纪80年代以来卫星水色遥感器的发展,以及我国在90年代建立的海洋水色遥感应用技术系统,包括资料接收、处理、查询、分发、试应用和辐射验证等系统,重点论述了利用我国的FY-1C卫星以及美国的SeaWiFS和AVHRR卫星资料监测我国沿海的水色环境,包括沿海水体的叶绿素和悬浮泥砂浓度的时空分布,赤潮的监测以及沿海海区流场的研究。研究表明,卫星海洋水色遥感技术在海洋渔业资源的开发和保护、海岸带区牧化管理、河口港湾工程环境评价、海洋污染环境的监测和动力学研究等方面有广宽的应用前景。     

Satellite Thermal Infrared Earthquake Precursor to the Wenchuan Ms 8.0 Earthquake in Sichuan, China, and its Analysis on Geo-dynamics

Based on an interpretation and study of the satellite remote-sensing images of FY-2C thermal infrared 1st wave band (10.3-11.3 μm) designed in China, the authors found that there existed obvious and isolated satellite thermal infrared anomalies before the 5.12 Wenchuan Ms 8.0 Earthquake. These anomalies had the following characteristics: (1) The precursor appeared rather early: on March 18, 2008, I.e., 55 days before the earthquake, thermal infrared anomalies began to occur; (2) The anomalies experienced quite many and complex evolutionary stages: the satellite thermal infrared anomalies might be divided into five stages, whose manifestations were somewhat different from each other. The existence of so many anomaly stages was probably observed for the first time in numerous cases of satellite thermal infrared research on earthquakes; (3) Each stage lasted quite a long time, with the longest one spanning 13 days; (4) An evident geothermal anomaly gradient was distributed along the Longmen seismic fracture zone, and such a phenomenon might also be discovered for the first time in satellite thermal infrared earthquake research. This discovery is therefore of great guiding and instructive significance in the study of the earthquake occurrence itself and the trend of the post-earthquake phenomena.     

FY-3/MERSI卫星资料监测淮河水体方法及应用

在考虑水体与其它地物光谱特征差异及FY-3/MERSI通道光谱和空间分辨率特点的基础上,介绍了利用FY-3/MERSI进行水体识别及水体变化信息检测的方法。以淮河流域为例,利用FY-3/MERSI对2016年6月底至7月中旬降水过程前后水体变化信息进行了监测,并利用相近时间成像的50m空间分辨率的高分四号卫星对水体监测结果进行了对比分析,说明了本文方法的有效性。最后给出了利用我国卫星遥感资料进行水体变化监测需要进一步研究的方向。     

Estimation of global radiation in China and comparison with satellite product

A modified solar radiation model, incorporating into several satellites remote sensing information such as NCEP/NCAR data, EOS-AURA satellite data, and Chinese FY-2C geo-stationary meteorological satellite data, is presented. The model is an attempt to modify Chen’s radiation model and examine its estimation accuracy at various places in six different climatic zones of China. The verification of model is also carried out by comparing between calculated radiation value using modified model and radiation product of FY-2C satellites. According to the NSE values, the adaptability of model is reasonably high in Mid-Temperate Zone (MTZ), Warm Temperate Zone (WTZ), Tibetan Plateau Zone (TPZ), and Cold Temperature Zone (CTZ) climate regimes and slightly low in Subtropical Zone (SZ) and Tropical Zone (TZ) climate regimes. The comparison between modeled radiation values and FY-2C radiation product values shows that the radiation product of FY-2C satellites is superior to the modified model in SZ and TZ climate regimes.     

基于FY-3 MWRI数据的北极海冰密集度反演研究

以ASI算法（ARTIST sea ice algorithm）为基础, 得到基于风云3C气象卫星（FY-3C）微波辐射计（MWRI）数据的纯水与纯冰系点值, 利用插值方法确定基于FY-3 MWRI数据的ASI海冰密集度计算公式, 采用大津法（Otsu算法）得到基于MWRI数据的天气滤波器阈值。以2016年1月数据为例, 对北极海冰密集度进行反演, 并与美国国家冰雪数据中心（NSIDC）以及德国不莱梅大学提供的海冰密集度产品进行对比验证。结果表明： 基于MWRI数据得到的1月平均海冰面积以及平均密集度均介于二者之间, 其中平均密集度与不莱梅产品更接近, 仅相差1.310%。与风云卫星空间分辨率为250 m的中分辨率光谱成像仪（MERSI）数据得到的结果进行对比, 发现二者的海冰外缘线基本一致, MERSI数据得到的海冰密集度以及海冰面积比MWRI数据得到的结果分别高出5.029%、 9.318%。因此, 应用该方法可有效推进MWRI数据反演北极海冰密集度, 进而监测北极海冰分布和变化。     

用气象卫星遥感监测沙尘暴的方法和初步结果

本文在简要介绍气象卫星探测特点的基础上,着重讨论了利用NOAA卫星、FY-1C卫星和GMS-5及FY-2B卫星上的星载扫描辐射仪监测沙尘暴的原理和方法.最后以2000年4月6～7日发生在我国内蒙古地区至华北一带的强沙尘暴为例,说明用这种手段不仅能监测到沙尘暴的发生,还能有效地监测其发展和演变,是监测和预警沙尘暴的重要手段和依据.     

Data Analysis of Chang’E-1 Gamma-Ray Spectrometer and Global Distribution of U, K, and Th Elemental Abundances

Gamma-ray spectrometer (GRS) is one of the main payloads on the Chang’E-1 (CE-1) lunar probe, mainly aimed to detect the elemental abundances and distributions on the lunar surface. At 03:58 on 28 November 2007, it performed the first observation of the lunar gamma rays. As of 24 October 2008, 2105?h of effective gamma rays spectra had been acquired by CE-1 GRS, which covers the whole surface of the moon. This paper mainly describes the data processing procedures and methods of deriving the elemental abundances by using the CE-1 GRS time series corrected spectra: first, to bin data into pixels for mapping; then, to perform a background deduction of the cumulative spectra and obtain a peak area of the elements; and finally, to use the elemental abundances inversion model to produce the elemental abundances. Based on these processing methods, the global abundance maps of U, K, and Th at a 5°×5° equal-area pixel are acquired by CE-1 GRS data. The paper gives a preliminary analysis of the uncertainties of the elemental abundances     

FY-3C VIRR大气可降水产品在新疆地区的精度评价

探讨FY-3C VIRR大气可降水产品在新疆地区的可靠性,基于探空数据,采用多评价指标,对FY-3C VIRR大气可降水量的旬产品和月产品进行全面评估.结果表明:FY-3C VIRR旬和月大气可降水产品与探空数据变化一致,但存在系统性高估;在一年时间中,旬产品和月产品均具有单峰变化特征,旬产品与探空数据的误差在4月上旬...     

Simulation of at-sensor radiance over land for proposed thermal channels of Imager payload onboard INSAT-3D satellite using MODTRAN model

INSAT-3D is the new generation Indian satellite designed for improved Earth observations through two payloads – Imager and Sounder. Study was conducted with an aim of simulating satellite level signal over land in the infrared channels of the Imager payload using a radiative transfer model MODTRAN. Satellite level at-sensor radiance corresponding to all four infrared channels of INSAT-3D Imager payload is obtained using MODTRAN and sensitivity of at-sensor radiance was inferred as a function of input parameters namely, surface temperature, emissivity, view angle and atmospheric water vapour, which is helpful in understanding the signal simulation scheme needed for retrieving a very critical parameter namely, land surface temperature.     

高精度空间加速度计在轨引力标定方案

高精度静电悬浮加速度计是地球重力卫星的关键载荷之一，其灵敏度参数直接关系到非保守力的精确测量，最终将影响地球重力场反演精度。文中，讨论了精度静电悬浮加速度计在轨灵敏度引力标定方案的可行性。理论分析结果表明，通过回转台旋转一个球体吸引质量，可以对分辨率达到10^-10m／s^2的GRACE卫星SuperSTAR静电悬浮加速度计的2个高灵敏轴进行在轨标定。     

我国海洋光学遥感应用科学研究的新进展

20世纪90年代以来,我国航天遥感事业的发展促进了海洋光学应用科学的发展,特别是通过近几年来,国家“863”高新技术计划的实施,在该方面有了新进展。文章将着重介绍光学遥感信息的大气校正、光学遥感海洋环境信息提取、光学遥感在赤潮与溢油监测等3个方面的应用科学新进展,并提出了在我国进一步深入开展海洋光学遥感应用科学技术研究的建议。     

基于FY-3 A/VIRR数据的藏西北干旱遥感监测研究

藏西北地区生态环境脆弱,由于地形复杂、气候独特,该区的观测资料非常缺乏。利用遥感技术开展藏西北地区的干旱监测,能获取在空间上连续变化的地表干旱情况,对于指导该区农牧业生产具有重要的意义。基于FY-3A/VIRR的一级数据和标准旬产品（地表温度、植被指数）,采用温度植被干旱指数（TVDI）进行藏西北地区的干旱监测研究,并将监测结果分别与基于EOS/MODIS数据监测的结果、同期的野外实测土壤水分数据以及气象站点的降水量数据进行了对比分析。结果表明：利用FY-3A/VIRR数据的TVDI遥感监测结果与实测土壤水分、气象站累计降水量数据均呈显著的负相关关系,通过了0.01水平的显著性检验;利用FY-3A/VIRR数据与EOS/MODIS数据估算的TVDI干旱等级空间分布特征基本一致,FY-3A/VIRR数据可以代替EOS/MODIS数据在藏西北地区开展干旱遥感监测,可为指导藏西北地区农牧业生产提供数据支持。     

1979-2020年天山地区积雪量估算及其特征分析北大核心CSCD

积雪作为干旱区的重要水源,深刻影响区域水资源及经济发展。决定积雪量的积雪深度、积雪面积和积雪密度在时空分布上存在不确定性,尤其是积雪密度难以获取。本文利用FY-3B/MWRI(Fengyun3B Microwave Radiation Imager)数据反演积雪密度,结合1979-2020年长时间序列遥感雪深数据集,对天山地区40多年来积雪期(11月-次年3月)及其不同时期(积累期、稳定期、消融期)的积雪量进行估算,并分析其时空分布及与地形、气象等因子之间的关系。结果表明:1979-2020年,天山地区积雪期不同时期积雪量存在差异,稳定期积雪量最大,消融期次之,积累期最小。研究时段内,积雪期积雪量最大值出现在1979年,最小值出现在1998年,积雪期积雪量呈微弱的下降趋势,消融期积雪量下降趋势显著。多年平均积雪量空间格局与积雪深度和积雪密度基本一致,主要呈现为西北多东南少的特点。天山地区积雪量空间分布主要受海拔、坡度影响,积雪量与海拔正相关,海拔越高,积雪量越丰富;在15°以下时,坡度对积雪的影响较大,且坡度越大,积雪量越大。不同时期积雪量的多年变化与气温关系密切,在一定温度范围内,气温越低,积雪量越大;稳定期积雪量变化同时受积累期降水影响,积累期降水越多,稳定期积雪量越大。本文基于遥感积雪深度和密度的天山积雪量研究结果,可供气候变化条件下新疆水资源利用和经济发展参考。     

Dynamic monitoring of drought using HJ-1 and MODIS time series data in northern China

From early November 2008 to February 2009, lack of rainfall led to severe drought in northern China. More than 9.3 million ha of wheat in six major crop production provinces, including Henan, Anhui, Shandong, Shanxi, Gansu, and Shaanxi, were hit by drought. Supported by Chinese HJ-1 satellite images together with NASA Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data, dynamic monitoring of the drought was conducted. HJ-1 CCD data with 30-m resolution were used to identify cropland information. Spatial–temporal variation of drought was detected using Vegetation Index and Water Index time series data derived from MODIS visible, infrared, and short-wave infrared bands. The influences of drought were classified into five levels based on MODIS-derived 8-day composite Anomaly Water Index (AWI) and field survey data. The results indicated that the drought deteriorated beginning in November 2008 and became most serious in late January 2009. HJ-1 data together with MODIS data proved to be valuable data sources for monitoring soil moisture and drought at a both regional and national scale.     

建立在雷达卫星影像判读基础上四川龙门山断裂晚第四纪活动特征研究

介绍了应用雷达卫星影像对四川龙门山活动断裂开展断错地貌判读结果,展示了龙门山构造带4条分支断裂9个点位的雷达卫星影像图像、11个点位的野外调查结果及6个点位与断层活动性有关的地层测年。在11个野外调查点位中,位于青城山北面4条断裂8个点位均出现2008年5.12汶川MS8.0地震的地表破裂,其中包括沿青川断裂青溪段及金山寺断层沟谷出现的两条地表破裂,沿后山断裂带茂县北断层和汶川南七盘沟断层出现的地表破裂;   沿中央断裂带北川和小鱼洞南2个点位出现的地表破裂;   以及沿前山断裂汉旺台地前缘和青城山山前地表破裂点位。在这些地表破裂中,中央断裂带地表垂直位移为 2～6m,青川断裂、后山断裂和前山断裂多数段地表断错垂直位移量为 10～40cm。后者位移量虽小,也不应被忽视。本项研究结果表明,雷达卫星影像显示青川断裂与后山断裂带和中央断裂带右旋走滑明显。雷达卫星影像实地调查表明,前山断裂带南段的水口场－横山庙断裂带醒目的断错地貌引人注目。     

天山山区降水量的空间分布及其估算方法

利用天山山区及周边31个国家基本站1998～2008年期间的逐月降水资料结合TRMM卫星月平均降水资料,使用卫星结合雨量计的降水估算方法,得到天山山区逐月降水空间分布,并运用交叉检验方法对降水估算精度评估,Nash-Sutcliffe效率系数在0.5以上,相关系数高达0.9以上。结果表明,TRMM卫星对西北山区的降水活动有一定的探测能力,能够较好的反映天山山区降水时空变化特征,为山区降水数据稀缺条件下的降水空间分布估算提供方法,为相关的水文、气象等研究提供数据支持。     

Advances in lunar exploration detectors

Due to the rapid development of modern science and technology, many advanced sensors have been put into use to explore our solar system, including the Moon. With the help of those detectors,we can retrieve more information to about the Moon‘ s composition and evolution. The Clementine (January, 1994), Lunar Prospector (January, 1998) and especially Smart-1 ( September, 2003) launched successively have demonstrated the next-generation planet exploration techniques. Now China has decided to send a probe to the Moon. So it is necessary to overview the development of detectors used for the scientific observation of the Moon. In this paper, some main instruments used to acquire geochemistry information are described, which include UV-VIS-NIR CCD imaging spectroscope, neutronray, gamma-ray, and X-ray spectrometers. Moreover, the payloads of China‘ s first lunar satellite are introduced briefly.     

CHAMP计划及其在地球科学中的应用

CHAMP计划是由德国的波茨坦地球科学研究中心 (GFZ)提出 ,而且 ,目前已经付诸实施的科学计划之一。其目的在于通过获取大量近地观测资料来精化地球重力场模型 ,同时开展地球电磁场及地球大气重要参数的确定等研究。详细而全面地介绍该计划的科学目标 ,并评述了它将在建立地球重力场模型、地球电场模型、地球磁场模型和监测地球大气等方面所起的作用。