我国东北小古里河-科洛-五大连池-二克山火山带钾质矿物成因及地质意义

东北黑龙江小古里河-科洛-五大连池-二克山火山岩带是我国近代保存最好的火山群之一,此带火山岩的岩石化学特点全都强碱富钾,K₂O/Na₂O>1.2,属于一套高钾过碱性火山岩。通过对东北钾质火山岩及金云母橄榄岩地幔捕虏体中钾质矿物金云母、白榴石的成分、结晶环境与岩浆成分及来源关系的研究,认为在岩石圈伸展构造背景下,地幔金云母橄榄岩的低度部分熔融形成钾质岩浆,钾质岩浆上升到地壳浅部经历了白榴石的结晶作用。岩浆演化晚期,因钾质矿物大量晶出导致岩浆相对富钠而出现他形霞石和方钠石等填隙矿物。火山岩及地幔捕虏体中富挥发分矿物金云母、白榴石、磷灰石、霞石和方钠石还提供了钾质岩浆富含H₂O、F、Cl、P等挥发分的证据。     

Crystal-chemistry of clinopyroxenes from potassic and ultrapotassic rocks in central Italy: implications on their genesis

The clinopyroxenes mentioned have been investigated by single crystal X-ray diffraction combined with electron microprobe analysis. The aim of this study was to characterize the crystal-chemical variations of clinopyroxenes in order to delineate the intracrystalline constraints which are characteristic of specific magmatic environments. Clinopyroxenes (cpx) crystallized from peralkaline ultrapotassic melt with kamafugitic and lamproitic affinities are characterized by high Si contents, which are insensitive to variations in silica abundance and silica saturation of the melt. The high Si occupancy in clinopyroxenes from kamafugitic magma is coupled to large M1 (i.e. Mg and Fe²⁺) and M2 (high Ca occupancy) sites, whereas in clinopyroxenes from magmas with lamproitic affinity, high Si content is combined with large M1 but small M2 sites. Clinopyroxenes from Romantype alkaline potassic and ultrapostassic rocks are characterized by an expanded tetrahedron (high ^IVA1 content) and small M1 site which is combined with small M2 polyhedron in clinopyroxenes from the potassic rocks and large M2 site in those from the ultrapotassic rocks.     

Authigenic potassic silicates in the Rathdowney Trend,southwest Ireland: New perspectives for ore genesis from petrography of gangue phases in Irish-type carbonate-hosted Zn-Pb deposits

Petrographic studies of Zn-Pb ore zones hosted by Lower Carboniferous dolomitized Waulsortian reef limestones in the Rathdowney Trend reveal a paragenetic association between sphalerite and potassium silicates: (Ba, K)-feldspar, adularia, and albite as well as rare quartz, illite and phengite. The dominant mineral assemblage is composed of 1) sphalerite ± (K,Ba) feldspar ± pengite/illite near the putative feeder conduit for the Lisheen Main Zone, and 2) a sphalerite ± pengite/illite assemblage distal to the major normal faults (NW of Main Zone, Island Zone and Rapla occurrence). In addition, clay minerals have been identified in fault gouges located at the interface between the Waulsortian reef and argillaceous limestone of the Ballysteen Formation. This mineral assemblage has provided additional constraints on the physico-chemical conditions of ore formation (eH, pH, sulfur and metal species). Another implication of the mineral assemblage, is a revision of fluid rock interaction processes, in which mineral solution-precipitation reactions are contributing to the development of hydrothermal breccias, with dolomitic black matrix breccias interpreted as a by-product of massive sulfide precipitation. Additionally, textural studies of the breccias through fractal dimension analysis of fragment geometry extracted from large scale scanning electron microscope element maps (1 cm² areas or more), indicates the prevalence of chemical brecciation-corrosion processes in the generation of the black matrix breccias. Integration of these new observations allows for comparison of ore forming processes across the Irish Midlands from the perspective of gangue mineralogy and may provide further links with classic Mississippi-type deposits from the mid-continent region of the United States of America.     

江绍断裂带晚中生代镁铁质火山岩成因及其深部过程意义

本文对沿江绍断裂带的江山和浦江两地区中生代镁铁质火山岩进行了Ar-Ar年代学、岩石学和元素-同位素地球化学研究。Ar-Ar年代学结果显示,江山玄武岩的形成年龄约为99Ma,为晚白垩世喷发产物;浦江玄武岩和玄武质安山岩的喷发时间为111～112Ma,属于早白垩世。两区中生代镁铁质火山岩都为中钾钙碱性系列,根据其地球化学指标可划分为三组:第1组为江山OIB型玄武岩,在微量元素组成上无Nb-Ta亏损和Pb负异常,高ε_(Nd)(t)和低(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)_i比值,总体上显示出类似洋岛玄武岩的元素-同位素组成特征;第2组为高钛磷玄武岩,Nb-Ta弱负异常和明显Pb正异常,中等ε_(Nd)(t)和(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)_i比值;第3组为低钛磷玄武岩,强烈Nb-Ta负异常和中等Pb正异常,低ε_(Nd)(t)(-6.0～-3.7)和高(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)_i为特征。三组镁铁质火山岩相互之间缺乏分异演化关系,也不是同一母岩浆经历地壳混染作用的结果。对比三组镁铁质火山岩的La/Nb、Ba/Nb、Zr/Ba比值和Sr-Nd同位素模拟结果,我们认为江绍断裂带晚中生代玄武岩为软流圈-岩石圈相互作用的产物,从早期(111～112Ma)到晚期(99Ma)镁铁质岩浆地幔源区软流圈组分的比例越来越多而岩石圈成份逐渐减少的趋势。考虑到该区晚中生代的盆岭构造格局与邻区郴州-临武断裂带同时期镁铁质岩浆的产出特点,华南地区在早白垩世晚期到晚白垩世期间发生了强烈的岩石圈伸展-减薄作用。     

地中海东部地幔演化过程:来自希腊Lesvos岛中新世钾质岩浆作用的启示

希腊Lesvos岛广泛出露的中新世钾质岩浆岩为深入探讨地中海东部地区新生代构造演化和深部过程提供了宝贵机会.本文对Lesvos岛碰撞后钾质岩石开展了系统的矿物电子探针分析、锆石U-Pb定年和Hf同位素分析及全岩地球化学分析.研究结果表明:Lesvos岛出露的碰撞后火山岩主要由玄武粗安岩、玄武安山岩和粗面岩组成,锆石U-...     

Geochemistry of post-collisional mafic lavas from the North Anatolian Fault zone, Northwestern Turkey

Extensive magmatic activity developed at the northwestern part of the Anatolian block and produced basaltic lavas that are situated along and between the two segments of the North Anatolian Fault zone. This region is a composite tectonic unit formed by collision of continental fragments after consumption of Neotethyan ocean floor during the late Cretaceous. Northwestern Anatolian basalts and evolved lavas exhibit both tholeiitic and calc-alkaline characteristics. Mafic lavas are moderately enriched in LILE (except depleted part of Yuvacık and İznik samples) and depleted in HFSE (but not Zr, Hf) relative to primitive mantle values, suggesting derivation from a MORB-like mantle source that is unexpected in this subduction environment. Sr and Nd isotopes are close to the mantle array and vary beyond analytical error (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr 0.70404–0.70546, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd 0.51270–0.51289). These geochemical features may result from two possible processes: (1) melting of a MORB-like mantle source that was modified by subduction-released fluids and melts or (2) modification of mafic liquids derived from a dominantly MORB-like source by crustal or lithospheric mantle material. Geochemical characteristics of the lavas (e.g., Ba/Rb, Rb/Sr, Ba/Zr, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, Sr/P) vary systematically along the fault zone from east to west, consistent with a decrease in the degree of melting from east to west or a change in the nature of the source composition itself. Thus, the difference in incompatible elements and Sr–Nd isotopic ratios seems to result from small-scale mantle heterogeneity in a post-collisional tectonic environment.     

青藏高原北部可可西里地区新生代钾质火山岩地球化学特征及成因

青藏高原北部可可西里地区分布的中新世钾质火山岩(7.77～17.82Ma)主要为粗面安山岩、粗面岩和少量次火山相的流纹斑岩.主量、微量元素及Sr-Nd-Pb同位素地球化学研究表明,该套钾质火山岩强烈富集大离子亲石元素和轻稀土元素,明显亏损Nb-Ta-Ti元素,具有较高的87Sr/86Sr:0.707346～0.714915,较低的εNd值:-3.70～-6.97,和较高的放射性成因Pb同位素组成(207Pb/204Pb=15.65～15.76,208Pb/204Pb=38.98～39.35,206Pb/207Pb=18.67～18.78).上述特征指示岩浆源区可能是与古俯冲消减物质有关的EMⅡ型富集地幔.三大岩类的地球化学成分变异表明:该钾质火山岩系列是富集地幔(金云母-尖晶石二辉橄榄岩和金云母-石榴石二辉橄榄岩)低度部分熔融产生的母岩浆经过较强结晶分异形成的,其中流纹斑岩在岩浆后期可能经历了更为复杂的地壳混染和结晶分异过程.     

Isotopic characteristics of potassic rocks: evidence for the involvement of subducted sediments in magma genesis

The potassic igneous rock suite (with molar K₂O/Na₂O > 1) can be divided into an “orogenic” subgroup that occur in subduction-related tectonic settings and an “anorogenic” sub-group that are confined to stable continental settings. Representatives of both sub-groups possess trace element and isotopic features consistent with the contamination of their magma sources by incompatible element rich and isotopically evolved “metasomatic” components. It is argued here that these metasomatic components are principally derived from subducted lithosphere, including subducted sediments. Most examples of orogenic potassic magmatism (e.g. Italian potassic rocks, Spanish lamproites, Sunda arc leucitites) have trace-element and Sr, Nd and Pb isotopic characteristics consistent with the contamination of their mantle sources by a component derived from marine sediments. Anorogenic sub-group potassic magmas have generally similar incompatible trace element and Sr and Nd isotopic characteristics to those of orogenic potassic magmas, but many examples have unusual Pb isotopic compositions with unradiogenic ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb. Modern marine sediments characteristically have low U/Pb ratios and the unradiogenic ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb of anorogenic potassic magmas may have evolved during long-term storage of subducted sediments (or components derived from them) within the subcontinental lithosphere. These unusual Pb isotopic compositions require substantial time periods (> 1 Ga) to have elapsed between the fractionation events lowering the U/Pb ratio (i.e. erosion and sedimentation at the Earth's surface) and subsequent potassic magmatism and it is therefore not surprising that most examples of anorogenic potassic magmatism are not associated with recent subduction processes. Although the eruption of potassic magmas is commonly related to rifting or hotspot activity, these processes do not necessarily play an important role in the genesis of the unusual sources from which potassic magmas are derived.     

Post-collisional potassic granitoids from the southern and northwestern parts of the Late Neoproterozoic East African Orogen: a review

Potassic metaluminous granitoids with enrichments of HFS elements constitute part of widespread post-collisional magmatism related to the Late Neoproterozoic Pan-African orogeny in northeastern Africa (Sudan, Ethiopia, Somalia) and Madagascar. The plutons were emplaced between 580 and 470 Ma and comprise both subsolvus and hypersolvus biotite–granite, biotite–hornblende–granite, quartz–monzonite and quartz–syenite. Pyroxene-bearing granitoids are subordinate. Basic dikes and enclaves of monzodioritic composition are locally associated with the granitoid plutons. Granitoids emplaced in pre-Neoproterozoic crust have Sr_i-ratios between 0.7060 and 0.7236 and _Nd(t) values between −15.8 and −5.6 while those emplaced in, or close to the contact with, juvenile Neoproterozoic crust have lower Sr_i-ratios (0.7036–0.7075) and positive _Nd(t) values (4.6). However, it is unlikely that the potassic granitoids represent products of crustal melting alone. The association with basic magmas derived from subduction-modified enriched mantle sources strongly suggests that the granitoids represent hybrid magmas produced by interaction and mixing of mantle and crust derived melts in the lower crust. The most intense period of this potassic granitoid magmatism occurred between 585 and 540 Ma, largely coeval with HT granulite facies metamorphism in Madagascar and with amphibolite facies retrogression in northeastern Africa (Somalia, Sudan). Granitoid magmatism and high-grade metamorphism are probably both related to post-collisional lithospheric thinning, magmatic underplating and crustal relaxation. However, the emplacement of potassic granites continued until about 470 Ma and implies several magmatic pulses associated with different phases of crustal uplift and cooling. The potassic metaluminous granites are temporally and spatially associated with post-collisional high-K calc-alkaline granites with which they share many petrographical, geochemical and isotopical similarities, except the incompatible element enrichments. The resemblance indicates a strongly related petrogenesis of both granite associations.     

滇西莴中新生代高镁富钾火山岩中橄榄石斑晶及其尖晶石包裹体的岩浆成因动力学意义

滇西莴中新生代高镁富钾火山岩富含橄榄石斑晶,其核部Fo含量变化较大（94～75％）,由大斑晶（〉1mm）、中等粒径斑晶（0．3～1mm）至小斑晶（〈0．3mm）,Fo含量总体变小;橄榄石斑晶CaO含量大于0．1wt％,随着Fo含量的降低,MnO含量升高,而NiO含量降低,并具有明显的岩浆结晶分异趋势,均为岩浆成因,但来源复杂;大斑晶和中等粒径斑晶的核部Fo含量明显与全岩MgO不平衡,均属于捕虏晶来源。橄榄石斑晶中的尖晶石包裹体高Cr#（0．77～0．94）、低Mg#（0．17～0．65）,具有较低的Al2O3含量（〈10wt％）;尖晶石包裹体的TiO2含量总体上较低（〈1．0wt％）,暗示了绝大部分橄榄石属于岛弧型岩浆成因,来源于富集交代的方辉橄榄岩部分熔融岩浆;少量高TiO2尖晶石包裹体（1．36～3．96wt％）的存在则暗示了部分橄榄石斑晶的形成可能与峨眉山大火成岩省有关。大斑晶和中等粒径斑晶橄榄石均具明显的成分梯度变化,由核部、幔部至边部。其Fo、NiO含量降低而MnO、CaO含量增大,并且边部成分特征与小斑晶橄榄石相类似,其源区至少存在两次岩浆作用过程,核部成分变化反映的是早期高Mg#岩浆中的橄榄石结晶分离作用过程,而边部以及小斑晶橄榄石的成分变化则反映了后期喷发岩浆（Mg#略低）体系中橄榄石的结晶分离作用过程。     

Lithium isotopic composition of Central American Volcanic Arc lavas: implications for modification of subarc mantle by slab-derived fluids

Li contents and isotopic compositions were determined for a suite of well-characterized basaltic lavas from the Central American Volcanic Arc (CAVA). Variable Li/Y (0.2–0.5), Li/Sc (0.1–0.4), and δ⁶Li values (+2.6 to −7.7‰) attest to significant compositional heterogeneity in the subarc mantle. Within specific arc segments, these parameters correlate strongly with each other and with a number of other constituents (e.g., K, Rb, Ba, B/La, ¹⁰Be/⁹Be, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, U/Ce, and ²³⁰Th/²³²Th, among others); these correlations are particularly strong for Nicaragua samples. Coupling of this particular set of constituents is best explained in terms of addition of ‘subduction components' to the subarc mantle. Moreover, their selective enrichment with respect to relatively fluid-immobile incompatible elements signifies the dominance of fluid vs. silicate melt transport of slab components to the subarc mantle. Several interesting nuances are revealed by the Li data. First, although Li and B are strongly correlated in both Costa Rica and Nicaragua, there are systematic along-strike variations in Li/B that are consistent with these elements having different ‘fluid release patterns' from subducted slab segments. For example, Li/B is highest in Costa Rica where auxiliary evidence indicates higher subduction zone temperatures; apparently B is preferentially depleted and Li retained in the slab under warmer conditions. The same relations are reflected in Li/¹⁰Be and other subduction tracer systematics, all of which point to larger subduction contributions below Nicaragua. Yet, even Nicaragua lavas vary widely in levels of subduction enrichment. High-Ti basalts from Nejapa are the least enriched and have the highest δ⁶Li (1.4 to 2.6‰); these values are greater than in fresh MORB (ca. −4‰) and are not easily explained by additions of subducted Li because most oceanic crustal rocks and marine sediments have lower δ⁶Li than MORB (with typical values between −8 and −20‰). Thus, it appears the Nejapa data may be representative of isotopically light mantle domains. Relatively light δ⁶Li values in an undepleted spinel lherzolite (+11.3‰) from Zabargad Is. (Red Sea) and in primitive backarc basalts (−1.6 to −0.5‰) from Lau Basin support this conclusion. Considering representative fluid and mantle endmember compositions, the CAVA data are consistent with limited (up to a few percent) additions of slab-derived fluids to a heterogeneous mantle containing variably depleted and enriched domains to form the respective magma sources. In our view, the subarc mantle is heterogeneous on a small scale, but some arc sectors clearly received greater slab inputs than others.     

The geochemistry of potassic lavas from Vulsini,central Italy and implications for mantle enrichment processes beneath the Roman region

Major and trace element and ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd (0.51209–0.51216) and ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr (0.70879–0.71105) isotope analyses are presented on a representative group of lavas from the Vulsini district of the Roman magmatic province. Three distinct series are identified; the high-K and low-K series are similar to those described from other Italian volcanoes, while the third is represented by a group of relative ly undifferentiated leucite basanites which are thought to be near-primary mantle melts. Major and trace element variations within the high-K series are consistent with fractional crystallisation from a parental magma similar to the most magnesian leucitites. Crustal contamination resulted in an increase in ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr with increasing fractionation, but it was superimposed on magmas which had already inherited a range of incompatible element and isotope ratios from enrichment processes in the sub-continental mantle. These are reviewed using the available results from Vulsini, Roccamonfina and Ernici. Transition element abundances and Ta/Yb ratios indicate that the pre-enrichment mantle was similar to that of E-type MORB, and that these elements were not mobilised by the enrichment process. Mixing calculations suggest that three components were involved in the enrichment process; mantle comparable with the source of MORB, and two other components rich in trace elements. One, the low-K component, had high Sr/Nd, Th/Ta and Ba/Nb and no europium anomaly while the second had lower Sr/Nd, a negative europium anomaly and very high Th/Ta. It was also characterised by low Nb/Ba and high Rb/Ba ratios, similar to those reported from phlogopite-rich peridotite xenoliths. The trace element enrichment processes are therefore thought to have occurred in the mantle wedge above a subduction zone with the trace element characteristics of the high-K end-member reflecting the subduction of sediments and the stabilisation of mantle phlogopite.     

Relative contributions of crust and mantle to the generation of the Tianshan Carboniferous rift-related basic lavas, northwestern China

The Tianshan Carboniferous–Permian rift-related volcanism in northwestern China represents a newly recognized large igneous province extending over at least 1.5 × 10⁶ km². The volcanic successions comprise thick piles of basaltic lavas and subordinate intermediate and silicic lavas and pyroclastics, and are interpreted to result from a mantle plume head with component of ε_Nd(t) ≈ +5, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr(t) ≈ 0.704 and La/Nb ≈ 0.9. On the basis of petrogeochemical data, the Carboniferous basic lavas can be generally incorporated into low-Ti/Y (LT, Ti/Y < 500) magma type that can be further divided into three subtypes: LT1, LT2 and LT3. The chemical evolution of the LT1, LT2 (in central Tianshan) and LT3 (in western Tianshan and Jungar) lavas is controlled by an olivine (ol) + clinopyroxene (cpx) fractionation, but gabbroic fractionation accounts for the chemical variation of the LT3 lavas from eastern Tianshan. Elemental and isotopic data suggest that the chemical variation of Tianshan Carboniferous basic lavas cannot be explained by crystallization from a common parental magma.The Sr–Nd isotopic variation of the crustally contaminated LT3 lavas is related to the nature of lithosphere through which the plume-derived melts have erupted. The involvement of an older (Precambrian) lithosphere led the LT3 lavas in western Tianshan to have lower to negative ε_Nd(t) (−1.2 to +6.1) and variable ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr(t) (0.7036–0.7061), whereas the LT3 lavas from eastern Tianshan and Jungar are characterized by high ε_Nd(t) (+4.2 to +9.7) and low ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr(t) (0.7035–0.7044), that are related to the contamination of upper crust containing early Paleozoic and Devonian arc-basin volcanic rocks and/or to a pre-Carboniferous subduction enrichment of the lithospheric mantle source region. The observed geochemical variations in the Tianshan data are consistent with an AFC process.The Tianshan Carboniferous rift-related volcanic rocks display a spatial petrogeochemical variation in which predominantly uncontaminated LT1 and less-contaminated LT2 tholeiitic lavas erupted in central Tianshan rift and predominantly the strongly contaminated LT3 tholeiites erupted in the circumjacent regions of the central Tianshan rift. The LT1 and LT2 lavas were generated by a higher degree (10–30%) of partial melting in the garnet stability field of the mantle plume compared to the LT3 lavas. The lower degree (<10%) of partial melting in the spinel–garnet transition zone of the mantle plume, as is characteristic of the LT3 lavas, may be the result of a relatively lower geotherm.     

Petrology and geochemistry of shoshonitic plutons from the western Kunlun orogenic belt, Xinjiang, northwestern China: implications for granitoid geneses

A series of granitoids from Proterozoic to Cenozoic age occurred in the western Kunlun orogenic belt, Xinjiang, northwestern China. Several intrusions such as the West Datong (Middle Caledonian age), North Kuda (Late Caledonian age) and Kuzigan, Karibasheng, Zankan (Himalayan age) plutons have shoshonitic affinity. Their rock assemblages include (quartz) monzodiorite–(quartz) monzonite–quartz syenite (Middle Caledonian) or monzonitic granite–granite (Late Caledonian) or biotite (monzonitic) granite–diopside granite–diopside syenite (Himalayan). Generally, biotite is iron–phlogopite, with some eastonite and high Mg/(Mg+Fe_T) and Fe³⁺/Fe²⁺ ratio. Amphibole is mainly edenitic hornblende and magnesian hastingsitic hornblende, with some edenite and higher Mg/(Mg+Fe_T) and Fe³⁺/Fe²⁺ ratio. The rocks show SiO₂ contents of 52.77–71.85% and high K₂O+Na₂O (mostly >8%, average 9.14%), K₂O/Na₂O (mostly >1, average 1.50) and Fe₂O₃/FeO (0.85–1.51, average 1.01) and low TiO₂ contents (0.15–1.12%, average 0.57%). Al₂O₃ contents (13.01–19.20%) are high but variable. The granitoids are prominently enriched in LILE, LREE and volatiles such as F. However, the studied shoshonitic granitoids among the three intrusive periods also show differences in isotopic compositions and trace element concentrations, suggesting their different geneses: the origin of the West Datong pluton is probably related to the involvement of subducted oceanic crust sediments into the mantle source; the North Kuda and Himalayan plutons could have been generated by partial melting of subducted oceanic crust sediments or metasediments of thickened continental lower crust in the process of late-orogenic slab break-off or lithospheric thinning.     

西藏羌塘戈木错渐新世钾质火山岩的地球化学特征及其构造意义

羌塘戈木错出露一套30Ma的钾质火山岩,岩石类型包括橄榄碱玄岩、橄榄粗面玄武岩、霓辉粗面岩和含白榴石响岩。火山岩的SiO2含量变化于46%~60%之间,Al2O3含量在13%~21%之间,Mg#介于0.14和0.63之间,K2O/Na2O>1。岩石强烈富集轻稀土元素（LREE）,亏损相容元素（Cr、Ni）和高场强元素（Nb、Ta、Ti）,全岩εHf(t)值变化于-1.28~-6.20之间。研究表明,戈木错火山岩母岩浆起源于软流圈流体交代的古俯冲地幔楔的低程度熔融,同源岩浆经历了AFC作用。戈木错火山岩和区域上的鱼鳞山、火车头山钾质—超钾质火山岩共同组成了羌塘渐新世钾质—超钾质火山岩带。综合南羌塘新生代火山岩岩浆性质的演化,认为岩浆的产生可能与35Ma左右羌塘陆内俯冲板片断离导致的软流圈上涌-岩石圈减薄作用有关。     

山东汤头盆地钾质及钠质火山岩的年代学与地球化学:对华北克拉通岩石圈减薄的启示

山东汤头盆地位于沂沭断裂带南段,盆地内广泛发育以粗安质岩石为主体的晚中生代火山岩,这套岩石主要可归为碱性系列,按化学组成可进一步区分为钾质和钠质二种类型。钾质火山岩的主要岩性为黑云母粗安质火山碎屑岩和潜火山岩,钠质火山岩主要为辉石粗安质潜火山岩,其中钾质火山岩是盆地内火山岩的主体。锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年获得钾质和钠质火山岩的成岩年龄分别为124.0±1.3Ma和106.4±4.0Ma,表明钠质火山岩较钾质火山岩形成晚。在化学组成上,钾质火山岩较钠质火山岩全碱含量更高,二者的K2O+Na2O含量分别为11.02%～11.37%和8.75%～8.93%。它们均富轻稀土和大离子亲石元素,但钾质火山岩较钠质火山岩稀土总量更高,且更富轻稀土,二者的∑REE值分别为360.1×10-6～417.0×10-6和232.3×10-6～291.0×10-6,(La/Yb)N比值分别为62.02～64.66和40.32～40.52。钾质火山岩的Cs、Rb、Ba、Th、U、Pb等大离子亲石元素和Zr、Hf等高场强元素均较钠质火山岩富集,但Sr、Ti的含量偏低。钾质与钠质火山岩均具有富集的Sr-Nd同位素组成特征,但钠质火山岩的ISr值偏低、而εNd(t)值偏高,二者的ISr和εNd(t)值分别为0.7107～0.7119和-15.48～-16.96,以及0.7098和-10.03。元素和Sr-Nd同位素组成的系统分析表明浅部地壳混染对火山岩地球化学特征未产生显著影响,二类火山岩地球化学特征的变异应主要受控于岩浆源区组成的不同,而不是岩浆演化过程的差异所致。二元混合模拟指示二类火山岩均最可能起源因华北克拉通下地壳拆沉而形成的富集地幔的熔融,但钠质火山岩源区含有较高比例的亏损软流圈地幔组分。根据对火山岩地质与地球化学特征的综合分析,表明郯庐断裂持续的引张促使岩石圈减薄,并诱发深部软流圈熔体上涌,这一上涌的软流圈熔体随后又与原先富集的岩石圈地幔混合,从而导致晚期的钠质火山岩源区中含有较高的亏损软流圈地幔组分。火山岩成分由钾质向钠质演化,是软流圈地幔上涌并置换原有岩石圈地幔,最终导致华北克拉通减薄的直接响应。     

Nd-Sr isotopic and trace element study of rocks and fluids from the continental deep drilling Project (KTB), Germany

Geochemical analyses were interpreted on the dominant lithological units and on a deep crustal fluid from the Continental Deep Drilling Project (KTB) Pilot Hole, situated at the western margin of the Variscan Bohemian Massif. The biotite gneiss (from 384 m depth) shows a rare earth element pattern very similar to the European shale composite with Nd model ages of 940 Ma (CHUR) and 1.4 Ga (DM). The lamprophyre dike in the upper profile (1549 m), a nepheline and olivine normative basalt, is geochemically and isotopically similar to rocks from the Tertiary Central European Volcanic Province. The lower metabasite sequence (3575–4000 m), with an intrusion age of approximately 500 Ma, is made up primarily of highly metamorphosed subalkalic olivine basalts. The geochemical characteristics of the metabasites are a (La/Yb)_N of 5–10, an La concentration of 20–50 times chondrite as well as (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i of 0.7035–0.7038 and _Nd(T) of 4–6. These values suggest a depleted mantle source for the igneous precursors, evolving by assimilation-fractional crystallization processes with up to 25% of upper crust into the ultramafic, basaltic, and intermediate rock types of the metabasite sequence. The strong geochemical and chronological similarities between the KTB metabasites and rocks from the Münchberg Massif suggest that these units belong to the same lithological complex. The high salinity as well as the radiogenic ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratio of 0.709413 in the KTB fluid from 4000 m depth might be the result of migrating fluids reacting with the regional Permo-Mesozoic evaporite deposits, followed by extensive Sr isotopic exchange with the upper crust.     

大别造山带北缘后碰撞富钾火山岩：地球化学与岩石成因

大别造山带北缘晚中生代富钾火山岩分布在磨子潭-晓天断裂以北的上叠式火山盆地中，主要为一套以钾玄岩-粗安岩-安粗岩-粗面岩为主体的中偏碱性岩石组合，晚期出现少量碱性火山岩。化学成分上具有富碱、富钾、贫钛、氧化系数较高等特点。岩石的Rb、Ba、Th、Pb等大离子亲石元素含量高，富轻稀土，La/Nb、Ba/Nb及LREE/HREE比值高，并且有显著的Nb、Ti负异常和Pb正异常，而铕异常则不明显。富钾火山岩的Isr值较高（=0.70872-0.70895）,εNd(t)值显著偏低（=-14.62--18.51）。根据对岩石产出动力地质背景及地球化学特征的综合分析，结合同位素组成的混合模拟，表明本区富钾火山岩最可能起源于受俯冲陆壳析出流体交代作用所形成的富集地幔（EM I）的部分熔融。     

Geochemistry of basaltic lavas from the southern Lau Basin: input of compositionally variable subduction components

We present new major element, trace element, and Sr–Nd–Pb isotope data for 18 basaltic lavas and six glasses collected in situ from the Eastern Lau Spreading Centre (ELSC) and the Valu Fa Ridge (VFR). All lava samples are aphanitic and contain rare plagioclase and clinopyroxene microlites and microphenocrysts. The rocks are sub-alkaline and range from basalt and basaltic andesite to more differentiated andesite. In terms of trace element compositions, the samples are transitional between typical normal mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB) and island arc basalt. Samples from the VFR have higher large ion lithophile element/high field strength element ratios (e.g. Ba/Nb) than the ELSC samples. VFR and ELSC Sr–Nd isotopic compositions plot between Indian MORB and Tonga arc lavas, but VFR samples have higher ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr for a given ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd ratio than ELSC analogues. The Pb isotopic composition of ELSC lavas is more Indian MORB-like, whereas that of VFR lavas is more Pacific MORB-like. Our new data, combined with literature data for the Central Lau Spreading Centre, indicate that the mantle beneath the ELSC and VFR spreading centres was originally of Pacific type in composition, but was displaced by Indian-type mantle as rifting propagated to the south. The mantle beneath the spreading centres also was variably affected by subduction-induced metasomatism, mainly by fluids released from the altered, subducting oceanic crust; the influence of these components is best seen in VFR lavas. To a first approximation, the effects of underflow on the composition and degree of partial melting of the mantle source of Lau spreading centre lavas inversely correlate with distance of the spreading centres from the Tonga arc. Superimposed on this general process, however, are the effects of the local geographic contrasts in the composition of subduction components. The latter have been transferred mainly by dehydration-generated fluids into the mantle beneath the Tonga supra-subduction zone.     

“三江”地区与青藏高原内部早第三纪高镁钾质岩地球化学对比:地幔源区的差异及其意义

"三江"地区和青藏高原内部广泛分布有新生代早第三纪高镁钾质岩(MgO6%,K2O/Na2O1),通常认为它们应起源于地幔源区,虽然它们均有着富钾、富集LILE和亏损HFSE的共同特征,并在形成时代上有着一致性,但青藏高原这些在不同区域的早第三纪火山岩在地球化学特征有显著的差异。"三江"地区同高原内部高镁钾质岩相比具有明显高的εNd(t)值,指示前者起源于一个相对亏损的富集地幔源区。青藏高原早第三纪高镁钾质岩可能源于与古俯冲环境相联系的富集地幔源区,但不同地区的富集物质和地幔源区矿物组成以及形成深度却是各不同。青藏高原内部高镁钾质岩的形成可能与高原腹部始新世下地壳的拆沉有关;而"三江"地区早第三纪高镁钾质岩可能与发生在50～40Ma北向俯冲的特提斯大洋板片断离有关。同时早第三纪特提斯大洋板片的北向俯冲和断离对"三江"地区在该时期的成矿物质的富集和成矿过程有着重要的贡献。