日本海、鄂霍次克海和白令海的古海洋学研究进展

边缘海的存在使大陆和大洋之间的物质和能量交换变得相当复杂。在构造运动和海平面升降的控制下,边缘海和大洋之间时而连通时而隔绝,各种古气候变化信号都在一定程度上被放大。基于近期有关西北太平洋边缘海的古海洋学研究成果,简要概述了日本海、鄂霍次克海、白令海以及北太平洋地区自中新世以来的古气候和古海洋环境演化特征,并认为它们与全球其它地区一样也受控于因地球轨道参数变化引起的太阳辐射率的变化,大尺度的气候变化具有与地球轨道偏心率周期相对应的100ka周期,而41ka的小尺度周期则受地球自转轴斜率变化的控制。一些突发性的气候变化则是由气候不稳定性、海峡的关闭与开启和其它一些地球气候系统的非线性活动所驱动。但同时作为中高纬度边缘海,它们的古海平面、古海水温度、古洋流等古海洋环境因子的变化特征还受到冰盖扩张和退缩、构造运动、冰川性地壳均衡补偿、东亚季风等因素的影响,具有一定的区域特点。     

Distribution of molluscan remains in the sediment of the Chukchi Sea and its vicinity, the Arctic

INTRODUCTIONInordertostudythemarinesedimentationoftheChukchiSeaandBeringSeaandgathertheinformationofpaleoceanographyandpaleoenvironment,theFirstChineseNationalArcticResearchExpeditionTeamcollectedbenthonicmolluscansamplesintheChukchiSea ,BeaufortSeaandBeringSeafromJuly 1sttoSeptember 9th ,1 999byicebreakerXuelong .ItwasnotonlythefirstsamplingthatChinesescientistscollectedmolluscaremainsinabove mentionedar eas,butalsooneofinvestigationsinasinglecruisewithhighersamplingrateandalotofb…     

Monthly Variations of Water Masses in the Yellow and East China Seas, November 6, 1998

The monthly water mass variations in the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea are investigated using over 40 years of historical temperature and salinity observations via a cluster analysis that incorporates geographical distance and depth separation in addition to the temperature and salinity. Results delineate monthly variations in the major water masses and provide some insight into formation mechanisms and intermixing. The major water masses include the Kuroshio-East China Sea water (KE), the Yellow Sea surface water (YSS) and bottom cold water (YSB), mixed water (MW), and coastal water (CW). The distribution of the KE water mass reveals the intrusion pattern into the area west of Cheju. A separate mixed water type appears between the KE water mass and the Yellow Sea water masses during winter. The formation mechanism of the YSB appears to be the surface cooling and active mixing in winter. In the East China Sea, during summer, surface water is differentiated from the subsurface water while there is no differentiation during winter. In the Yellow Sea, a three layer system exists in the summer and fall (May–November) while a two layer system exists during the rest of the year. A fresh water mass generated by Yangtze River discharge (YD) is present over the northern East China Sea and the southern Yellow Sea during summer. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

渤、黄、东海透明度的分布与变化

本文根据1972～1987年间中国和南朝鲜的海洋调查资料,分析研究了渤、黄、东海海水透明度的分布特征和季节变化,并对其影响因子作了较为详细的讨论。渤、黄、东海海水透明度具有明显的地区差异和季节变化。其基本特征为:近岸和河口区透明度低;远岸和受外海水系影响区高。冬季低;夏季高。控制透明度分布和变化的主要影响因子有:风和潮流的搅拌作用、大陆径流、沿岸和外海流系、沉积物分布和海洋层化等。     

南海,南黄海,渤海^210Pb垂直分布模式

利用~(210)Pb同位素地质学技术测定了我国南海,南黄海和渤海26个岩心现代沉积速率和沉积通量。发现采样点岩心中~(210)Pb的放射性强度随深度衰减呈现出五种垂直分布模式,利用其分布模式,分析研究了采样点海区沉积作用强度、物质来源和沉积环境。~(210)Pb资料表明我国陆架浅海采样点、尤其象黄河三角洲高速沉积区近百年来的沉积速率和沉积格局有显著的差异和独特的沉积特征。     

渤、黄、东海水温日变化特征

利用１９５７－１９８９年渤，黄，东海水温周日连续观测资料，分析了水温日变化的基本特征，结果表明：就平均状况而言，不温日变幅以渤海为最大，北黄海次之，南黄海和东海最小；在１ａ中，夏季最大，秋季最小，研究海域水温日变化大致可分为太阳辐射，潮流和内振动３种主要类型。     

黄东海大陆架及邻域大地构造演化史

本文以板块构造理论为指导，利用“活动论”的观点和大地构造历史分析方法，对黄东海大陆架及其邻域的地质、地球物理、地球化学等调查资料与研究成果进行了全面、系统的综合分析研究，并将地壳演化的连续性与阶段性相结合，总结出了中国东部及邻域的大地构造发展与演化规律。并依据不同地质时期区域构造主应力的分布特征和不同地区的基底、盖层发育情况，着眼于中国东部及邻域构造演化的动力机制，客观地再造了研究区大地构造演化的时空分布。     

Temporal Dynamics and Biomass Partitioning in Three Adriatic Seagrass Species: Posidonia oceanica,Cymodocea nodosa,Zostera marina

Abstract. The temporal dynamics of three seagrasses, Posidonia oceanica, Cymodocea nodosa and Zostera marina, was studied in different areas of the Adriatic Sea by analysing phenological parameters and biomass trends in different compartments of seagrass systems. For this purpose, samplings were conducted in 1997 once per season at each station, Otranto (southern Adriatic Sea) and Grado (northern Adriatic Sea). Structural parameters and biomass of plant compartments differed among seagrasses both in absolute values and in seasonal variability. P. oceanica was the largest plant, showing the highest number of leaves per shoot, highest leaf surface, Leaf Area Index and shoot weight. Z. marina was intermediate in size and had the longest leaves, whereas C. nodosa was the smallest seagrass. P. oceanica accounted for the highest total biomass (mean ± SE: 1895.9 ± 180.2 g DW · m^–2; CV = coefficient of variation: 19.0 %), considerably more than C. nodosa (mean ± SE: 410.4 ± 88.4 g DW·m^–2; CV: 43.1 %) and Z. marina (mean ± SE: 312.1 ± 75.1 g DW · m^–2; CV: 48.1 %), although the two latter species displayed a higher seasonal variability. Similarly, other features, such as shoot density, leaf surface, LAI, shoot weight and relative contributions of above‐ and below‐ground compartments, were less variable across seasons in P. oceanica than in the two other seagrasses, while leaf length showed the highest seasonal fluctuation in P. oceanica. As for biomass partitioning, C. nodosa showed a higher proportion of the below‐ground relative to above‐ground biomass (up to 90 %), with a distinct seasonality, whereas in P. oceanica the proportion of below‐ground biomass (around 80 %) was fairly constant during the year. We infer that in P. oceanica the seasonal forcing is probably buffered by the availability of internal resources stored permanently during the year in the below‐ground. In C. nodosa and Z. marina, instead, growth processes seem to be amplified by a greater influence of environmental factors.     

渤、黄、东海潮汐开边界的1种反演方法

潮汐潮流数值模拟中的 1个主要难点在于开边界条件的确定。本文采用伴随方法 ,利用渤、黄、东海的 64个验潮站资料 (潮汐调和常数 ) ,通过反演渤、黄、东海的开边界条件 ,来实现渤、黄、东海 M2 潮波的数值模拟。为了取得较好的数值模拟结果 ,同时对给定的底摩擦系数进行校正 ,计算出调和常数的模拟值与实测值之差的绝对平均值 :振幅差为 4 .0 cm,迟角差为 2 .5°。实验结果较好地体现了渤、黄、东海 M2 潮波的特征。     

渤黄东海40年温盐流模拟与初步分析

使用ROMS(regional oceanic modeling system)模式模拟了40年的渤黄东海温盐流,数据包括三维的温度、盐度、流速、流向和海表高度,同时包含了逐小时的潮汐信息。将模拟结果与观测资料和卫星反演数据进行对比,检验了模式准确性。整体上,模式模拟的水位与近岸观测值基本一致,能够准确再现风产生的增水;模式较为准确的再现了渤黄东海的温度分布,在深水区模拟的温盐剖面与观测值基本一致;模式模拟渤黄东海区域的海表高度和海表流与卫星反演结果相比偏小,但分布趋势相近。模式结果可以为研究气候变化对水位的影响和黄海暖舌的扩散过程等现象提供数据支持。     

Benthic mucilaginous aggregates in the Mediterranean Sea: Origin, chemical composition and polysaccharide characterization

Benthic mucilaginous aggregates are frequently formed in various parts of the Mediterranean basin, as in the Tyrrhenian and Adriatic Seas. Notwithstanding their wide spatial distribution, the role played by these aggregates in the biogeochemical cycling of organic matter is still largely unknown.The characteristics of the benthic aggregates examined in the present study showed that they are different from other mucilaginous aggregates, such as the “pelagic” ones that can form in the same areas in the water column and subsequently sediment to the seafloor. The aggregates are usually formed of structures of the filamentous macroalgae Acinetospora crinita, Chrysonephos lewisii and Nematochrysopsis marina. The elemental composition of the aggregates showed a marine macrophyte origin on the basis of the bulk organic matter content of the aggregates. Carbohydrates and proteins account for 26.6 to 55.9% of the organic carbon in the mucilage, respectively. Monosaccharide composition of exopolysaccharides in the mucilage aggregates revealed a characteristic pattern, with galactose, xylose or mannose and fucose as the major components. The relatively high content of deoxysugars is another distinctive feature. The abundant sulphate and uronic groups present in the polysaccharides in addition to their macromolecular dimensions and elongation contribute to inter-chain aggregation. Electron microscopic observations suggest that the polysaccharide fraction is the main macromolecular component in the formation of the persistent gel network in the aggregates.     

出访关岛、文莱和新加坡的水文气象保障分析

2003年10月中旬到11月中旬,舰艇编队出访关岛、文莱和新加坡期间,多次遇有台风、冷空气等灾害性天气。保障中通过分析西太平洋海域的船舶报资料、卫星云图和日本传真图资料以及编队发回的海上实况资料等信息,结合南海海域和菲律宾海域10—11月份多年的水文气象平均资料,对出访过程中所要航行的海区做了整体的掌握和重点的分析,为编队航行提供了及时准确的天气海洋预报,使编队能及时规避冷空气和台风等灾害性天气,圆满完成了出访期间的水文气象保障工作。     

黄、渤海几种溶解态痕量金属(Cu、Ni、Co、Zn)分布特征及其影响因素

海水中的痕量金属在海洋生物地球化学循环中至关重要。本研究在严格采用痕量金属洁净(trace-metalclean)采样和分析测试技术的前提下,于2016年7月采集了渤海与黄海表、底层海水水样,获得黄、渤海几种痕量金属(Cu、Ni、Co、Zn)的空间分布特征。研究结果显示,黄、渤海海水中痕量金属的空间分布具有近岸高、远岸低的特点,体现了人类活动对近岸海域的影响,而其在局部海域的分布则受到沿岸流、冷水团、沉积物再悬浮过程以及生物过程等因素的影响。Cu、Ni、Co在黄、渤海海水中的分布特征较为类似,平均浓度由高到低依次为渤海北黄海南黄海,而溶解态Zn的分布则与其他几种金属不同,在黄、渤海平均浓度类似,整体偏低,具有其特殊性。本研究测定的几种痕量金属在黄、渤海海水中的浓度较以往报道数据偏低,其中易污染的痕量金属Zn的浓度更是低近1—3个数量级,体现了痕量洁净采样和测试方法的重要性。     

中国黄渤海春秋季今生颗石藻

The living coccolithophores(LCs) are an important class of calcified taxa of phytoplankton functional groups,and major producers of marine biogenic inorganic carbon,playing an important role in the marine carbon cycle.In this study,we report the two-demensional abundance,composition of LCs and its correlation with the environmental parameters in spring and autumn,in order to understand the ecological role of LCs in the Yellow Sea and the Bohai Sea.In spring,totally 9 taxa belonging to coccolithophyceae were identified using a polarized microscope at the 1 000× magnification.The dominant species were Emiliania huxleyi,Gephyrocapsa oceanica,Helicosphaera carteri,and Calcidiscus leptoporus.The abundance of coccosphores and coccoliths ranged 0–7.72cells/m L,and 0–216.09 coccoliths/m L,with the average values of 0.21 cells/m L,and 11.36 coccoliths/m L,respectively.The Emiliania huxleyi distribution was similar to Gephyrocapsa oceanica.The highest abundance of coccoliths was observed in the east of Shandong Peninsula in northern Yellow Sea,whereas Helicosphaera carteri distributed more widely.Emiliania huxleyi and Gephyrocapsa oceanica were the two predominant species in LCs with higher abundances.The distribution of LCs was similar to that of coccoliths.In autumn,14 taxa belonging to coccolithophyceae were identified with dominant species as Emiliania huxleyi,Gephyrocapsa oceanica,Helicosphaera carteri,Calcidiscus leptoporus and Oolithotus fragilis.The abundance of coccosphores and coccoliths ranged 0–24.69 cells/m L,and 0–507.15 coccoliths/m L,with the average values of 1.47 cells/m L,and55.89 coccoliths/m L,respectively.The highest abundance of coccoliths was located in Qingdao coastal waters and south of the survey area.The distribution of LCs was similar to the coccoliths; in addition,LCs presented large abundance in the east of the central Yellow Sea area.     

渤、黄、东海潮汐、潮流的数值模拟与研究

基于FVCOM海洋数值模式,采用高分辨率的三角形网格,对渤、黄、东海的潮汐、潮流进行数值模拟,并通过比较120个沿岸验潮站和14个潮流观测站的实测与模拟结果进行模型验证,两者符合较好。根据模拟结果,给出了四个主要分潮的潮汐同潮图和5m层潮流最大流速及最大潮流同潮时分布。渤、黄、东海共有5个半日分潮和3个全日分潮的独立旋转潮波系统,且都呈逆时针方向旋转;半日潮流和全日潮流各有12个圆流点;在冲绳岛和奄美岛两侧的4个半日潮流圆流点分别呈对称分布,其中有3个为本文首次给出;在日本九州岛西侧还新给出2个全日潮流圆流点。有关它们的存在性需要实测资料的进一步检验。     

渤海、黄海和东海的构造性质与演化

渤海、黄海、东海的性质与发展是不同的。渤海和黄海是内陆海,是由于地幔物质的上拱,地壳弯曲断裂而成。东海是一个边缘海,是由于 菲律宾海板块向亚洲板块之下插入,在大陆岩石圈的基础上形成的。它们现在的构造格局基本上是在晚上新世或早更新世奠定的。     

渤海1999年4月运动类铃虫的平面分布

研究了1999年4月末用浅海Ⅲ型网在渤海30个站住采集的浮游生物样品中的砂壳纤毛虫,发现砂壳纤毛虫种类单一,几乎全部为运动类铃虫(Codonellopsis mobilis Wang 1936),丰度为32～10731个／m^3,碳生物量为0～1．52mg／m^3。     

渤、黄、东海潮汐的一种验潮站资料同化数值模式

以往的研究表明,采用直接的数值计算所得渤、黄、东海潮汐分布与实测值存在一定偏差。为了改善数值计算结果,建立了一种同化数值模式。计算中,在连续方程中增加了一个松弛项,将模式结果向已有实测调和常数的控制点推算潮高值趋近。在数值模拟中,共选取40个沿岸和岛屿验潮站作为控制点,另外选取71个验潮站作为检验点。数值实验表明,随着松弛系数的增加,控制点的计算和实测调和常数之差逐渐减小,直至松弛系数太大时,计算溢出。与此同时,检验点的计算和实测调和常数之偏差开始时也同步地明显减小,但当松弛系数加大到一定数值后,偏差值基本上不再减小,表明通过松弛同化可以改善计算结果,但计算与实测的逼近程度仍有一定限度。对沿岸111个验潮站计算值与实测值的比较表明,对M2分潮,振幅和迟角偏差分别从同化前的6.9cm和5.6°减小至同化后的3.5cm和3.1°;对S2分潮,从2.5cm和6.5°减小至1.9cm和4.0°;对K1分潮,从3.0cm和7.8°减小至1.4cm和4.1°;对O1分潮,从2.0cm和7.5°减小至1.3cm和4.2°。     

Evaluation of anthropogenic carbon in the Nordic Seas using observed relationships of N, P and C versus CFCs

Several methods to compute the anthropogenic component of total dissolved inorganic carbon () in the ocean have been reported, all in some way deducing (a) the effect by the natural processes, and (b) the background concentration in the pre-industrial scenario. In this work we present a method of calculating using nutrient and CFC data, which takes advantage of the linear relationships found between nitrate (N), phosphate (P) and CFC-11 in the Nordic Seas sub-surface waters. The basis of the method is that older water has lower CFC-11 concentration and also has been exposed to more sinking organic matter that has decayed, resulting in the slopes of P versus CFC-11 and N versus CFC-11 being close to the classic Redfield ratio of 1:16. Combining this with the slope in total alkalinity (A_T) versus CFC-11 to correct for the dissolution of metal carbonates gives us the possibility to deduce the concentration of anthropogenic C_T in the Nordic Seas. This further allowed us to compute the inventory of anthropogenic C_T below 250 m in the Nordic Seas in spring 2002, to ∼1.2 Gt C.