一次中亚低涡造成的天山北坡暴雨GPS大气水汽总量演变特征

2015年6月26—28日中亚低涡造成天山北坡出现暴雨天气,本文利用常规观测、NCEP再分析资料及9站地基GPS遥感的大气水汽总量资料(GPS-PWV)对这次天气过程水汽特征进行深入研究,结果表明:(1)降水前,500 hPa阿拉伯海水汽经青藏高原向中亚低涡输送,低涡增湿明显;降水期间,500 hPa低涡向北移动并减弱成槽东移,700 hPa孟加拉湾经四川盆地、河西走廊的偏东水汽输送通道建立,与低涡自身偏南(东南)气流在暴雨区上空汇合,暴雨区中低层增湿剧烈;(2)深厚低涡造成的强降水前测站GPS-PWV均存在1~3 d增湿过程和1~2次跃变过程,强降水发生前GPS-PWV跃变均超过5 mm·(4 h)~(-1);(3)在同样水汽输送、辐合条件下,干旱区测站GPS-PWV急剧增幅越大,地面雨强越强,在一定程度上,水汽输送和水汽的辐合与GPS的剧增存在一定的对应关系;(4)中亚低涡造成的乌鲁木齐强降水发生前4~5 h的GPS-PWV增幅达到4 mm以上,GPS-PWV峰值往往达到气候平均值2倍左右。     

伊犁河谷和天山北坡暴雨过程水汽特征分析

选取4次伊犁河谷、天山北坡暴雨天气过程,利用地面逐时降水、常规、NCEP/NCAR 1°×1°再分析及地基GPS遥感的大气水汽总量资料(GPS-PWV),通过合成分析方法得到暴雨期间大气环流的基本配置,阐明了伊犁河谷、天山北坡地区强降水期间环流形势及水汽输送的异同,结果表明:(1)强降水过程中暴雨区上空200 h Pa强辐散气流、500 h Pa槽前正涡度平流、西南气流利于垂直运动的发展,低层偏西、偏东和偏北气流为暴雨区提供水汽和不稳定能量,低层辐合、高层辐散,配合地形辐合抬升,上升运动进一步增强,造成强降水发生;(2)深厚的西西伯利亚低涡低槽系统移速缓慢,停滞时间长,造成强降水前暴雨站增湿时间更长,比较发现强降水发生前暴雨站GPS-PWV均存在1~3 d的增湿过程,暴雨期间测站GPS出现明显跃变,峰值可达到气候平均值的2倍左右;(3)GPS大气可降水量的演变与大尺度的水汽输送、聚集有较好的对应关系,但GPS高值区并不代表降水大值区,还应和动力热力等条件综合判断降水的强弱。     

一次西南涡持续暴雨的GPS大气水汽总量特征

利用成都地区地基GPS遥感的大气水汽总量资料 (GPS-PWV)、NCEP再分析资料、自动站降水量资料和探空站比湿资料,对2010年7月15—18日发生在四川盆地东北部的一次持续性暴雨的水汽变化特征进行综合分析,重点探究这次大暴雨的影响系统 (西南涡) 发生、发展前后GPS-PWV的演变特征及其与降水的关系。结果表明:降水发生时,GPS-PWV通常在短时间内有急剧的上升,并在西南涡形成前达到最大值;西南涡完全形成时,GPS-PWV急升结束;西南涡东移,GPS-PWV继续下降到最低,降水趋于结束。与水汽通量散度相比较,水汽散度垂直通量能更好地描述暴雨过程中的强上升、辐合辐散运动以及水汽输送情况,它与GPS-PWV变化趋势基本一致。因此,GPS-PWV的急升与陡降对大暴雨的形成与减弱有一定指示意义。     

地市级观测业务竞赛能力建设探讨

1用GPS水汽监测资料分析一次强对流性降水过程《气象科学》2013年第5期张振东南京信息工程大学210044摘要：用江苏省地基GPS水汽监测系统得到的大气可降水量（PWV）资料,对江苏地区2009年夏季一次强对流性天气产生的降水过程进行了综合分析,分析了各时段GPS-PWV的变化特征和水汽输送特点,并利用WRF中尺度数值模式对此次过程进行了数值模拟。结果表明：GPS-PWV对于空中水汽变化具有很高的敏感性,能及时地反映大气中水汽的时空变化。通过对数值模式结果进行分析后,     

2017-2019年南疆西部和昆仑山北坡大气可降水量变化特征

基于2017-2019年南疆地基GPS大气可降水量（下文简称“GPS-PWV”）、常规探空水汽廓线计算的大气可降水量（下文简称“RS-PWV”）和逐时降水资料,统计分析南疆西部和昆仑山北坡GPS-PWV时空变化特征、夏季不同海拔高度不同降水量级下GPS-PWV变化与实际降水的对应关系。结果表明：（1）南疆西部和昆仑山北坡GPS-PWV与RS-PWV,二者具有符合预期的很高的相关性。（2）不同海拔高度站点GPS-PWV空间分布差异明显,大部分站点GPS-PWV随海拔高度的增加而降低。（3）各站点GPS-PWV逐月变化均呈单峰型,冬季12月或1月最小,夏季7、8月最大;春、夏季各站GPS-PWV距平日变化为单峰型,秋、冬季GPS-PWV距平日变化除秋季乌恰站、若羌站为单峰型外,其它均为三峰或四峰型。（4）各站有、无降水时PWV平均值差异明显,昆仑山北坡差异更大;降水发生前GPS-PWV已开始上升,南疆西部PWV峰值主要出现在降水前0～1 h,昆仑山北坡PWV峰值主要出现在降水前0～3 h和7～9 h。     

我国西北地区近50年降水和温度的变化

用近50年的每月温度和降水资料研究了我国西北地区的气候变化.结果表明:(1)该地区在1986年附近发生了一次明显的气候跃变,要比全国气候跃变晚6～8年;(2)跃变后比跃变前全区年平均气温上升了0.51℃,冬季上升了1.27℃;(3)跃变后比跃变前全区年降水总量上升了5.2%,夏季上升了6.8%.进而讨论了温度和降水的增加对该地区生态环境的影响.     

引入地基GPS可降水量资料对一次西南涡暴雨水汽场的初步分析

利用成都地区4个地基GPS站遥感的大气可降水量(GPS-PWV)数据,结合自动气象站雨量和NCEP再分析等资料,对2008年7月20～22日一次由高原涡诱生西南涡引发的四川盆地暴雨过程的水汽变化进行了分析。结果表明,降水开始前GPS-PWV有一个急升过程,且与过程1h最大雨量有较好的对应关系,GPS-PWV的增幅和所达到的最大值可以较好地反映西南暖湿气流对四川盆地水汽的影响程度;而GPS-PWV的骤降则预示降水即将结束。西南涡在GPS-PWV急速上升之后形成于盆地;在其发展强盛时段,盆地处于低空水汽通量大值区和水汽辐合中心,随着西南涡的东移,GPS-PWV逐渐减小至最低水平。     

基于地基GPS水汽资料对成都地区一次暴雨过程的分析

本文利用成都地区地基GPS得到的GPS-PWV对2008年一次暴雨过程进行了综合分析,得出了成都地区GPS-PWV的变化同实际降水间存在的相关性.结果表明：GPS-PWV对于空中水汽变化具有很高的敏感性,能及时反映大气中水汽的时空变化;降水强度的极大值滞后于可降水量的峰值,对降水有一定的提前性;强烈的上升运动有利于PWV的积累增长,并且上升运动的强度同GPS-PWV的大小有很强的相关性;GPS-PWV处于高值区时往往大气都处于不稳定的状态。     

PMP估算中大气可降水量计算方法的探讨

干旱区水汽变化影响区域水资源系统的结构和演变,基于2020年1月—2022年12月中昆仑山北坡地区4个地基GPS遥感大气可降水量资料(GPS-PWV)、2个探空站观测资料和108个地面气象观测站逐时水汽压资料,利用一元线性拟合方法建立了适用于中昆仑山北坡地区的大气水汽含量(W-PWV)和地面水汽压计算模型(W-e)并对计算结果进行评估,分析了中昆仑山北坡地区东段、中段、西段W-PWV的时空分布特征及降水开始时刻与W-PWV峰值的关系。结果表明：(1) W-PWV年平均高值区位于研究区西段,中段次之,东段沙漠南缘W-PWV最低。海拔高度大于1 500 m测站W-PWV随高度升高逐渐减少。夏季地面气象观测站平均W-PWV是春、秋季的2倍左右;(2) 研究区W-PWV月变化具有单峰型特征,其中海拔高度1 300~1 500 m测站的W-PWV在7月和8月达到峰值,其余测站的W-PWV在8月达到峰值,海拔低于2 000 m和高于2 000 m测站W-PWV分别在夜间和白天维持较高值;(3) 水汽含量模型计算的测站W-PWV与降水开始时刻有较好的对应关系,降水前各站W-PWV均存在不同程度跃变过程,降水过程前1~2 h内W-PWV峰值达到测站W-PWV月平均值的1.5倍以上。

     

华西秋雨天气过程中GPS遥感水汽总量演变特征

利用成都地区地基GPS观测网2007年9-11月的观测数据, 结合自动气象站资料计算出30 min间隔GPS遥感的大气水汽总量(GPS-PWV)。将成都地区秋季降雨分为阵性降雨和连续性降雨(秋绵雨), 结合其他气象要素资料, 分析了GPS-PWV变化与成都秋雨之间的关系。结果表明:高值的水汽总量是产生降水的必要条件; 不同的降水过程, GPS-PWV的变化幅度、极值水平和持续时间存在明显差异。水汽的增长、上升运动的增强和温度的减少是造成阵性降水的主要原因; 而秋绵雨过程中, 水汽的增长和地面露点温度差与降水过程有较好的对应关系。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

<正>The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth’s climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.