春季赤道东太平洋海温异常对东亚大气环流春夏季节演变的影响

利用NCEP高度场、风场及OLR资料，分析了春季赤道东太平洋海温异常对东亚大气环流春夏季节演变的影响，结果表明春季赤道东太平洋海温偏暖年，南海－菲律附近出现异常反气旋，西太平洋副高偏强偏西（副高5月占据南海），南海季风爆发迟；而春季海温偏冷年，南海－菲律宾近出现异常气旋，西太平洋副高偏弱偏东（副高5月东移出南海），南海行风爆发早。数值试验腠季赤道东太平洋海温异常不仅对东亚大气环流春季季节变化有明显影响，而且此影响可持续到夏季。     

春季赤道东太平洋海温异常对西太平洋副高的影响

首先给出西太平洋副高脊线、面积和西伸指数的定义 ,在此基础上讨论赤道东太平洋海温异常与西太平洋副高的年际变化关系 ,并进一步分析了春季赤道东太平洋海温异常对西太平洋副高季节变化的影响。结果表明 ,春季赤道东太平洋海温异常与夏季副高位置和强度的年际变化及季节变化都有密切关系。从春季到夏季 ,春季海温偏暖年副高偏南、偏强、偏西 ;偏冷年副高偏北、偏弱、偏东 ,冷年 6月副高北跳较暖年显著 ,进入秋季后南撤更为迅速     

春季赤道东太平洋海温异常与东亚夏季风的关系

定义了新的东亚季风指数,分析表明该季风指数能够更好地反映西太平洋副高的季节变化和年际变化。以此为基础讨论了春季赤道东太平洋海温异常、夏季西太平洋副高及东亚夏季风三者之是的关系,指出春季赤道东太平洋海温偏暖年,夏季西太平洋副高偏南、偏强、偏西,东亚夏季风偏弱,长江流域夏季多雨,华南、河套及其以东地区少雨;春季赤道东太平洋海温偏冷年则反之。     

春季印度洋SSTA对夏季中国西北东部极端降水事件的影响研究

基于近47年来NCAR/NCEP再分析月平均高度场、风场、地面气压,比湿以及NOAA重构的印度洋海表温度资料和中国西北东部97个气象台站逐日降水资料,首先利用百分位法定义了极端降水事件的阈值,运用SVD及合成分析等方法,研究了前期秋季、冬季、春季及同期夏季印度洋海表温度同夏季中国西北东部极端降水事件的关系,结果表明前期春季印度洋海温异常对预测夏季中国西北东部极端降水事件的变化特征具有较明确的指示意义,关键区位于赤道印度洋地区。如果春季赤道印度洋海温异常偏暖,从同期春季到后期夏季,100～110 °E平均经圈环流在赤道附近表现为异常上升气流,对应30 °N附近在对流层中、上层表现为异常的下沉气流,同时来自印度洋的西南季风异常偏弱,使得后期夏季由于没有异常的水汽输送到我国西北东部地区,从而极端降水事件偏少,而偏冷年份正好相反。另外在春季赤道印度洋海温异常暖年,后期夏季南亚高压偏强,且呈西部型;而在异常冷年,南亚高压偏弱,且呈东部型,这可能是引起夏季中国西北东部极端降水事件变化的另一原因。     

EFFECTS OF PACIFIC SSTA ON SUMMER PRECIPITATION OVER EASTERN CHINA, PART I: OBSERVATIONAL ANALYSIS

With the methods of REOF (Rotated Empirical Orthogonal Function), the summer precipitation from 43 stations over eastern China for the 1901 – 2000 period was examined. The results show that South China and Southwest China, the middle and lower reaches of Changjiang River, North China and the southwestern of Northeast China are the three main areas of summer rainfall anomaly. Furthermore, correlation analysis is used in three time series of three mostly summer rainfall modes and four seasonal Pacific SSTA (Sea Surface Temperature Anomaly), and the results suggest that the Pacific SSTA which notably causes the summer rainfall anomaly over eastern China are the SSTA of the preceding winter over Kuroshio region of Northwest Pacific, SSTA of the preceding spring in the eastern and central equatorial Pacific, and SSTA of the current summer in the central region of middle latitude. The relationship between summer precipitation over eastern China and SSTA of Pacific key regions was further verified by SVD (Singular Value Decomposition) analysis. The composite analysis was used to analyze the features of atmospheric general circulation in the years of positive and negative precipitation anomaly. Its results were used to serve as the base of numerical simulation analysis.     

东亚南亚夏季降水对海温异常响应的数值模拟

利用IAP AGCM-Ⅱ大气环流模式，模拟了赤道中太平洋地区海温异常对东亚和南亚夏季（6～8月）降水的影响。结果表明：当1～4月该海温呈正异常时，中南半岛和我国东部降水将明显偏多，孟加拉湾附近降水偏少；而该海温呈负异常时，则我国华中和孟加拉湾附近降水偏多；对以上海温异常最敏感处为中南半岛和孟加拉湾附近地区，其中前者降水与该海温异常呈正相关，后者则呈负相关；该海温异常还会在中高纬地区激发出强迫波列。     

EFFECTS OF PACIFIC SSTA ON SUMMER PRECIPITATION OVER EASTERN CHINA, PART Ⅰ: OBSERVATIONAL ANALYSIS

With the methods of REOF (Rotated Empirical Orthogonal Function), the summer precipitation from 43 stations over eastern China for the 1901 - 2000 period was examined. The results show that South China and Southwest China, the middle and lower reaches of Changjiang River, North China and the southwestern of Northeast China are the three main areas of summer rainfall anomaly. Furthermore, correlation analysis is used in three time series of three mostly summer rainfall modes and four seasonal Pacific SSTA (Sea Surface Temperature Anomaly), and the results suggest that the Pacific SSTA which notably causes the summer rainfall anomaly over eastern China are the SSTA of the preceding winter over Kuroshio region of Northwest Pacific, SSTA of the preceding spring in the eastern and central equatorial Pacific, and SSTA of the current summer in the central region of middle latitude. The relationship between summer precipitation over eastern China and SSTA of Pacific key regions was further verified by SVD (Singular Value Decomposition) analysis.The composite analysis was used to analyze the features of atmospheric general circulation in the years of positive and negative precipitation anomaly. Its results were used to serve as the base of numerical simulation analysis.     

EFFECTS OF PACIFIC SSTA ON SUMMER PRECIPITATION OVER EASTERN CHINA, PART Ⅰ: OBSERVATIONAL ANALYSIS

With the methods of REOF (Rotated Empirical Orthogonal Function), the summer precipitation from 43 stations over eastern China for the 1901 - 2000 period was examined. The results show that South China and Southwest China, the middle and lower reaches of Changjiang River, North China and the southwestern of Northeast China are the three main areas of summer rainfall anomaly. Furthermore, correlation analysis is used in three time series of three mostly summer rainfall modes and four seasonal Pacific SSTA (Sea Surface Temperature Anomaly), and the results suggest that the Pacific SSTA which notably causes the summer rainfall anomaly over eastern China are the SSTA of the preceding winter over Kuroshio region of Northwest Pacific, SSTA of the preceding spring in the eastern and central equatorial Pacific, and SSTA of the current summer in the central region of middle latitude. The relationship between summer precipitation over eastern China and SSTA of Pacific key regions was further verified by SVD (Singular Value Decomposition) analysis.The composite analysis was used to analyze the features of atmospheric general circulation in the years of positive and negative precipitation anomaly. Its results were used to serve as the base of numerical simulation analysis.     

太平洋SSTA对中国东部夏季降水的影响Ⅰ--观测分析

采用旋转经验正交函数（REOF）方法对1901～2000年中国东部43个站夏季降水资料进行分析,得到：华南、西南地区和长江中下游地区及华北北部、东北西南部地区是中国东部夏季降水异常三个最主要的区域,对三个主要模态对应的时间系数序列与太平洋SSTA作相关分析,结果表明影响东部夏季降水的关键海区是：前期冬季西北太平洋黑潮海区、前期春季赤道中东太平洋和同期北太平洋中纬中太平洋海区;并对关键海区SSTA与东部120个站夏季降水作SVD分析,进一步证实：这三个关键海区SSTA与东部夏季降水有显著的耦合相关关系。另外,对三个主要降水异常区的夏季降水异常的极端年份500hPa高度场进行合成分析,其结果为数值模拟分析提供依据。     

北太平洋海温异常与东亚夏季风相互作用的年代际变化

主要利用英国气象局提供的海温资料和ＮＣＡＲ／ＮＣＥＰ提供的４０年高度场及风场资料分析了东亚夏季风与北太平洋ＳＳＴＡ的关系，指出两者之间相互作用存在着年代际变化特征，７０年代中期以前，北太平海异常通过一大；圆波列作用于东亚夏季风，造成我国华北地区夏季降水偏多，７６年以后，北太平洋海温异常使大圆波列减弱，与东亚夏季风关系淡漠，不再影响华北降水。由此指出：影响东亚天气气候的海温关键区，并不总固定在某一海     

EFFECTS OF PACIFIC SSTA ON SUMMER PRECIPITATION OVER EASTERN CHINA, PART Ⅱ: NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS

Based on an observational analysis, seven numerical experiments are designed to study the impacts of Pacific SSTA on summer precipitation over eastem China and relevant physical mechanism by NCAR CCM3. The numerical simulation results show that preceding winter SSTA in the Kuroshio region leads to summer precipitation anomaly over the Yangtze River valleys by modifying atmospheric general circulation over eastern Asia and middle-high latitude. West Pacific subtropical high is notably affected by preceding spring SSTA over the middle and east of Equator Pacific; SSTA of the central region of middle latitude in the corresponding period causes the summer rainfall anomaly over eastern China so as to trigger the atmospheric Eurasia-Pacific teleconnection pattern.     

EFFECTS OF PACIFIC SSTA ON SUMMER PRECIPITATION OVER EASTERN CHINA, PART II: NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS

Based on an observational analysis, seven numerical experiments are designed to study the impacts of Pacific SSTA on summer precipitation over eastern China and relevant physical mechanism by NCAR CCM3. The numerical simulation results show that preceding winter SSTA in the Kuroshio region leads to summer precipitation anomaly over the Yangtze River valleys by modifying atmospheric general circulation over eastern Asia and middle-high latitude. West Pacific subtropical high is notably affected by preceding spring SSTA over the middle and east of Equator Pacific; SSTA of the central region of middle latitude in the corresponding period causes the summer rainfall anomaly over eastern China so as to trigger the atmospheric Eurasia-Pacific teleconnection pattern.     

EFFECTS OF PACIFIC SSTA ON SUMMER PRECIPITATION OVER EASTERN CHINA, PART Ⅱ: NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS

Based on an observational analysis, seven numerical experiments are designed to study the impacts of Pacific SSTA on summer precipitation over eastem China and relevant physical mechanism by NCAR CCM3. The numerical simulation results show that preceding winter SSTA in the Kuroshio region leads to summer precipitation anomaly over the Yangtze River valleys by modifying atmospheric general circulation over eastern Asia and middle-high latitude. West Pacific subtropical high is notably affected by preceding spring SSTA over the middle and east of Equator Pacific; SSTA of the central region of middle latitude in the corresponding period causes the summer rainfall anomaly over eastern China so as to trigger the atmospheric Eurasia-Pacific teleconnection pattern.     

太平洋SSTA对中国东部夏季降水的影响II--数值模拟

基于观测分析的结果,采用NCARCCM3模式,设计4组7个数值试验,研究太平洋海表温度异常对中国东部夏季降水影响及其可能的物理过程。结果表明：数值模拟与观测分析所得的结果一致,前期冬季西北太平洋黑潮海区海温异常,引起亚洲中高纬和东亚东部地区大气环流异常,导致长江流域夏季降水异常;前期春季赤道中东太平洋海温异常,西太平洋副热带高压异常;同期夏季北太平洋中纬中太平洋海区海温异常,激发夏季EUP遥相关型,影响东部夏季降水。     

印度洋海温异常对亚洲季风区天气气候影响的数值模拟研究

利用中国科学院大气物理研究所ＩＡＰ９Ｌ大气环流模式，模拟研究了印度洋ＳＳＴＡ对亚洲季风区大气环流和天气气候异常的影响。结果表明，印度洋赤道低纬地区的暖（冷）ＳＳＴＡ，可以在北半球中高纬度地区激发产生与ＰＮＡ和ＥＡＰ类似的冬季型或夏季遥相关型波列，对亚洲季风区中低纬度地区的环流异常或天气气候异常有重要作用。当印度洋暖（冷）ＳＳＴＡ强迫时，亚洲夏季风建立较正常偏晚（偏早），撤退较早（较晚），季风季节长     

亚洲中高纬度环流对东亚夏季降水的影响

夏季印度季风和东亚季风环流的主要差异之一在于：东亚夏季风环流受中高纬度环流影响很大。文中探讨了中高纬度环流对东亚夏季风环流以及长江中下游地区夏季降水的影响。结果表明：东亚夏季降水环流型及长江中下游地区夏季降水的强弱受乌拉尔山和鄂霍次克海形势的影响,特别是东亚夏季梅雨期异常的降水与中高纬度阻塞型的建立密切相关。研究表明：当鄂霍次克海高压建立并稳定时,亚洲中高纬度及东亚东部地区的距平场易分别形成＋－＋的距平波列,东亚地区距平波列的这种分布形势及其相互作用常常造成东亚夏季特别是梅雨期降水偏多;反之,当鄂霍次克海为低值区时,亚洲中高纬度和东亚东部地区的距平场易形成－＋－的距平波列,东亚距平波列的这种分布形势不利于东亚夏季梅雨期的降水。因此,在考虑东亚夏季风环流的形势及其对同期降水的影响时,中高纬度的环流形势及其与低纬环流的相互作用是非常重要的因素。     

冬季赤道中东太平洋区域海表温度异常对北太平洋风暴轴年际变化的影响

对１５个冬季北太平洋风暴轴区域５００ｈＰａ天气尺度滤波位势高度方差与同期热带太平洋海表温度进行了奇异值分解（ＳＶＤ）分析,结果表明,ＳＶＤ得到的第一对空间典型分布反映了赤道中、东太平洋区域海温异常对风暴轴变化的影响。进一步的合成分析显示,赤道中、东太平洋区域海表温度异常可以通过激发或加强５００ｈＰａ高度场上的ＰＮＡ遥相关型,主要影响冬季北太平洋风暴轴的东西摆动及其中、东端的强度变化。     

春夏季节转换中西太平洋副热带高压东移与大尺度环流和温度场变化关系

分析了由春向夏的季节转换过程中西太平洋副热带高压与大尺度环流和温度场之间的变化关系.结果表明:4月份,西太平洋副热带高压开始表现出向东移动特征,6月份它与向西移动的北美副高在东太平洋120～160 (W区域合并.这一期间,沿15～20 (N之间的纬圈环流同时表现出向东移动特征,该纬圈环流的上升支位于南海-西太平洋暖池一带,下沉支主要位于东太平洋180 (～120 (W区域.伴随上述变化,位于北半球太平洋的局地Hadley环流在纬向随时间表现出东强西弱变化特点.西太平洋副高向东移动与15～20 (N之间的纬圈环流和130 (W东太平洋局地Hadley环流在15～25 (N上空交汇、下沉密切相关.在由春向夏季节转换中,大气和海表温度关于赤道季节转换速率沿纬向表现出东慢西快差异,上述变化为西太平洋副热带高压的向东移动提供了有利的气候背景.     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF INFLUENCE OF INDIAN OCEAN SSTA ON WEATHER AND CLIMATE IN ASIAN MONSOON REGION

Sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) exerts great influence on the generation of global weather and climate. Much progress has been made with respect to SSTA in the Pacific Ocean region in contrast to the Indian Ocean. The IAP9L model, which is developed at the Institute of Atmospheric Physics of the Chinese Academy of Science, is used to simulate the influence of the Indian Ocean SSTA on the general circulation and weather/climate anomalies in the monsoon region of Asia. It is found that the warm (cool) SSTA in the equatorial low latitudes of the Indian Ocean triggers winter (summer) teleconnection patterns in middle and higher latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere that are similar to PNA or EAP. They play a very important role in the anomaly of circulation or weather and climate in the middle and lower latitudes of the Asian summer monsoon region. With the warm (cool) SSTA forcing in the Indian Ocean, the Asian summer monsoon sets up at a late (early) date and withdraws at a early (late) date, lasting for a short (long) duration at a weak (strong) intensity. The Indian Ocean SSTA is shown to be an indicator for precipitation variation in China.     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF THE INFLUENCE OF INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE ON CLIMATIC VARIATIONS OVER EAST ASIAN MONSOON REGION DURING EQUATORIAL EAST PACIFIC OCEAN SSTA

1 INTRODUCTION In the recent years, more and more researches have shown that the effect of Tropical Ocean is very evident in the process of ocean-air interaction; Sea-Surface Temperature Anomaly (SSTA) takes on global configuration and SSTA in different areas are interrelated and also have their respective characteristics. The SSTA over Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean are interrelated. WU et al.[1] and MENG et al.[2] indicated that the evident positive correlation of inter-annual…