空间技术观测数据对全球七大板块运动参数的精化

采用截止到2003年GPS观测数据和1997年的VLBI观测数据,利用它们的站速度信息,组合解算完全基于空间技术的板块运动参数;通过对站速度残差的精化分析,得出更加稳健的现时板块运动参数;并通过反复试算得出稳定台站的选取以及台站的分布对板块运动欧拉极有很大的影响。     

Secular changes in Earth’s shape and surface mass loading derived from combinations of reprocessed global GPS networks

The changing distribution of surface mass (oceans, atmospheric pressure, continental water storage, groundwater, lakes, snow and ice) causes detectable changes in the shape of the solid Earth, on time scales ranging from hours to millennia. Transient changes in the Earth’s shape can, regardless of cause, be readily separated from steady secular variation in surface mass loading, but other secular changes due to plate tectonics and glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) cannot. We estimate secular station velocities from almost 11 years of high quality combined GPS position solutions (GPS weeks 1,000–1,570) submitted as part of the first international global navigation satellite system service reprocessing campaign. Individual station velocities are estimated as a linear fit, paying careful attention to outliers and offsets. We remove a suite of a priori GIA models, each with an associated set of plate tectonic Euler vectors estimated by us; the latter are shown to be insensitive to the a priori GIA model. From the coordinate time series residuals after removing the GIA models and corresponding plate tectonic velocities, we use mass-conserving continental basis functions to estimate surface mass loading including the secular term. The different GIA models lead to significant differences in the estimates of loading in selected regions. Although our loading estimates are broadly comparable with independent estimates from other satellite missions, their range highlights the need for better, more robust GIA models that incorporate 3D Earth structure and accurately represent 3D surface displacements.     

组合GPS和VLBI数据建立板块运动模型

利用GPS和VLBI的组合数据,解算了北美、欧亚、太平洋等12板块之间的相对运动欧拉矢量,得到了实测的板块运动模型GVM1。与地学模型(NUVEL1A)的比较指出,GVM1大体上与地学模型一致;EURANOAM的极位置与NUVEL1A的相应极比较接近,旋转速率略微偏大;澳大利亚板块在最近几年内是稳定的;太平洋板块与其他板块对的极位置与地学模型较为接近,这表明多种技术的组合数据提高了板块运动模型建立的精确性和可靠性。     

A geodetic approach for the recovery of global kinematic plate parameters

Modern techniques of precise geodetic positioning are capable of monitoring global tectonic movements. We can avoid the tremendous effort of observing those point motions at every place on the earth, if we accept the model of rigid tectonic plates, which allows us to extrapolate from discrete point observations to the appertaining plates. The target of describing plate kinematics is the determination of its kinematic parameters, which are the coordinates of the rotation pole and the rotational velocity of each tectonic plate. A mathematical model is presented, which is capable of including geodetic observations (point coordinate shifts, distance changes) as well as geophysical quantities (sea floor spreading rates, earthquake slip vectors). The parameter estimation procedure is derived and demonstrated in simulated examples. Finally a global geodetic network for space techniques is designed, which provides an optimum parameter estimation.     

用甚长基线干涉测量（VLBI）数据导出的板块运动参数

本文采用最近获得的ＶＬＢＩ基线变化率，解算了全球５０个ＶＬＢＩ站的站速度。通过对ＶＬＢＩ台站构造稳定性的分析，用位于板块稳定地区台站的站速度求解了欧亚（ＥＵＲＡ）、北美（ＮＯＡＭ）和太平洋（ＰＣＦＣ）三个主要板块之间的相对运动欧拉矢量，这是完全基于ＶＬＢＩ数据导出的板块运动模型，称为ＶＰ－ＭＭ１。通过ＶＰＭＭ１与地学板块运动模型的比较，分析了板块运动的稳定性，得出了几点初步结论。     

Strain rates in the Alpine Mediterranean region: insights from advanced techniques of data processing

Strain rates and Euler poles for various subregions of the Alpine Mediterranean region were calculated by using global navigation satellite system data from permanent stations. The main scope of the study is to compare and analyze strain rate maps that were calculated using different approaches. This area presents a complex tectonic setting due to the interaction of the Eurasian and Nubian plates. The horizontal velocity gradient tensor was computed starting from a new set of site velocities determined by using continuous long-series geodetic data, state-of-the-art antenna calibrations and recomputed precise orbits. Geodesy provides velocities for a sparsely distributed, discrete number of sites, while deformation has a spatially continuous distribution. For this reason, the interpolation method and the geometric approach to the problem play a fundamental role in the estimation of the strain rate field. In the present study, principal deformation axes and principal angle were estimated by applying two different approaches: the Delaunay triangulation and a grid solution. Both methods produce results with broad coherence, providing new information about the deformation throughout the entire study area. Moreover, an evaluation and analysis of Euler poles related to the different velocity patterns, give complementary information to reconstruct the active deformation in the Mediterranean area.     

抗差主成分估计在板块运动参数解算中的应用

为解决在采用空间大地测量数据求解板块运动欧拉参数过程中可能出现的矩阵病态问题,以及消除粗差对解算结果的影响,利用抗差主成分估计方法,采用IGG3方案的选权迭代方案对北美板块的2 577个台站进行检测,剔除包含粗差的异常站数据,求出欧拉参数最优解,并进行误差估计,建立北美板块的运动模型。计算结果表明,剔除异常台站前后精度有一定的提高,参数结果与其他模型的解算结果具有较强的一致性。     

On rotation of frames and physical vectors: an exercise based on plate tectonics theory

The mathematical interaction between the simultaneous rotation of both a coordinate frame and a set of physical vectors in that frame is covered and theoretically and empirically explained. A practical example related to the secular motion of the pole determined using recent GPS results is addressed. A least-squares adjustment is introduced to determine a possible displacement of the geodetic north pole of the frame caused by plausible changes in the coordinates of the observing stations defining the frame due to the rotation of the plates on which these stations are located. Two examples of GPS networks are investigated both referred to the latest definition of the IGS08 geodetic frame. The positioning and velocities of the points were exclusively obtained using GPS data as published by the International GNSS Service (IGS). The first case comprises the complete GPS/IGS network of global stations; the second one assumes the closest GPS/IGS stations to the now discontinued International Latitude Service network. The results of this exercise hints at the possibility that the secular global rotation of the frame caused by plate rotations should be accounted for in order to rigorously determine the true absolute velocities referred to the IGS frame before the actual velocities of the rotation of the plates using GPS observations are published.     

ITRF96参考架中的全球板块运动

本文利用独立于地壳构造模型的ＩＴＲＦ９６提供了最新速度场,对ＩＴＲＦ９６中各测站所属的板块进行仔细的检核,建立了一个完全基于空间大地测量技术的新的现代全球板块运动模型,该模型可作为由地质和地球物理资料所建立的各板块运动模型的检核,也可提供ＩＴＲＦ９６框架下研究区域性地壳形变的较好背景场。结果表明基于空间技术的实测资料建立的板块运动模型和ＮＮＲ ＮＵＶＥＬ１Ａ存在不小的差异,这个差异已不能被当前高精     

用大地测量资料反演青藏高原构造应力场的初步尝试

本文讨论了大地测量反演构造应力场的理论与方法。结合青藏高原地质、地球物理资料、利用限单元法，初步建立了青藏高原构造力场三维弹性数值分析模型。用地表水准和ＧＰＳ资料提供的位移值作为地表边界约束条件，反演计算了青藏高原变场和应力场，数值结果表明，青藏高原构造应力场以南北向挤压为主，东西向拉张为辅，欧亚板块与印度板块相撞作用仍控制着高原现今构造应力场。     

利用GPS复测资料研究华北地块旋转运动

利用 ＧＡＭＩＴ和ＧＰＳＡＤＪ软件对华北地区 ＧＰＳ监测网和首都图 ＧＰＳ监测网在 １９９２、１９９５、１９９６年观测的３期ＧＰＳ数据进行统一处理,估算了华北地区地壳水平运动速度场,以此反演块体旋转运动参数,讨论了华北地块旋转运动情况,并与地质、古地磁结果作了比较,最后初步分析华北地块运动的动力学机制。     

A model of present-day tectonic plate motions from 12 years of DORIS measurements

In the frame of the International DORIS Service (IDS), the Laboratoire d’Etudes en Géophysique et Océanographie Spatiales (LEGOS)/Collecte Localisation Satellites (CLS) Analysis Center (LCA) processes DORIS measurements from the SPOT, TOPEX/Poseidon and Envisat satellites and provides weekly station coordinates of the whole network to the IDS. Based on DORIS measurements, the horizontal and vertical velocities of 57 DORIS sites are computed. The 3D positions and velocities of the stations with linear motion are estimated simultaneously from the 12-year (1993–2004) combined normal equation matrix. We include 35 DORIS sites assumed to be located in the stable zones of 9 tectonic plates. For the motion of these plates, we propose a model (LCAVEL-1) of angular velocities in the ITRF2000 reference frame. Based on external comparison with the most recent global plate models (PB2002, REVEL, GSRM-1 and APKIM2000) and on internal analysis, we estimate an average velocity error of the DORIS solution of less than 3 mm/year. The LCAVEL-1 model presents new insights of the Somalia/Nubia pair of plates, as the DORIS technique has the advantage of having a few stations located on those two plates. We also computed (and provide in this article) the horizontal motion of the sites located close to plate boundaries or in the deformation zones defined in contemporary models. These computations could be used in further analysis for these particular regions of the Earth not moving as rigid plates.     

利用空间技术建立绝对板块运动模型

利用欧拉定律和ITRF2005的速度场,给出了全球板块运动模型ITRF2005VEL,并计算了全球地壳旋转总角动量之和。采用离散的Tisserand条件对实测的全球台站运动速度进行约束,建立了一个新的基于NNR参考框架的实测的绝对板块运动模型NNR-ITRF2005,并与地学模型NNR-NUVEL1A和ITRF其他序列建立的NNR模型进行了比较和分析。结果表明,从整体上来看,NNR-ITRF2005比较接近于NNR-NU-VEL1A,但个别板块由于测站较少、分布不均或者测站观测时间短对板块的约束不够等原因,使得这些板块的欧拉极与地学模型的偏差较大。     

利用L曲线法求解块体相对于欧亚板块旋转的欧拉矢量

为了解决采用GPS观测数据求解块体欧拉矢量过程中可能出现的矩阵病态问题,本文介绍应用L曲线法求解块体旋转的欧拉矢量,并对计算结果进行了误差估计;最后通过实例解算,表明该方法求解结果精度高,得到点位的水平运动速度残差南北向85％,东西向79％以上在1mm以内,GPS观测速度与理论速度残差可用来分析块体内部的变形特征.     

Present-day crustal deformation in China relative to ITRF97 kinematic plate model

 A global plate motion model is established based on the ITRF97 velocity fields and geological model NUVEL1. Sub-plate models are estimated by using the velocity fields derived from 45 global positioning system (GPS) sites under the ITRF97 reference frame in China. Comparisons between space geodesy and geological models are given. It is found that the Euler vector of the AFRC–EURA pair has an obvious discrepancy between space geodetic and geological models. The motion patterns of tectonic blocks in China predicted by GPS are consistent with those of geological data on the whole. Received: 9 November 2000 / Accepted: 17 September 2001     

基于菱形块的全球离散格网欧拉数计算

对全球离散格网的研究已成为目前国际GIS界的研究热点,其中欧拉数是讨论球面栅格区域局部拓扑不变量的重要参数,也是描述和推断球面栅格拓扑关系首先要解决的问题。本文以菱形块作为全球离散格网的数据组织单元,在利用线性四叉树Morton编码作为地址码对菱形块进行邻近搜索的基础上,在对菱形块进行剖分的同时,对其子菱形块进行行列号的剖分,然后利用菱形块行列号进行邻近搜索,最后利用邻近搜索的结果计算出全球离散格网的栅格区域进行欧拉数。最后,本文在C++和DirecX环境下验证了该算法的有效性和正确性。     

利用局域复测GPS网研究中国大陆块体现今地壳运动速度场

利用1992年以来我国进行的6项不同规模高精度GPS地壳监测网的资料，采用统一的数据处理策略，重新进行了数据处理，并统一进行了平差，归算到相同的ITRF97坐标框架基准之下，获得了中国前覆最广、测站最多的一个较为完整的、框架统一的GPS地壳运动图像和速度场，并对结果作了初步的地学解释。     

美国三维坐标基准现代化新进展

随着空间大地测量技术的发展和对高精度参考系统的迫切需求,美国国家大地测量局（NGS）计划对美国国家空间参考系（NSRS）进行现代化。本文主要介绍了提出并采用板块固定参考框架的理由,并根据NGS的NSRS现代化蓝图阐述了三维坐标基准现代化的基本策略及特点。新的三维坐标基准相比现有的NAD83,主要改进为：①采用了“板块固定”策略,板块参考框架由3个增加至4个;②参考框架实现将主要依靠主动控制点（连续运行基准站）,被动控制点仅充当补充和辅助角色;③将提供框架内速度场模型。目前各板块框架板块旋转的欧拉极点和框架内速度场模型还需进一步确定。     

The parallel sum of matrices and its application in geodetic adjustments

Summary . It is well known that for the comparison and combination of geodetic networks their heterogeneous datum definitions are well to be considered. Various algorithms have been developed for this purpose. As an alternative concept to deal with hybrid datum problems, the operator parallel sum of matrices is introduced in this paper. To begin with, a definition is given and some basic properties are explained. To demonstrate the usefulness of the operator, two practical applications are given. The first deals with the estimation of parameters describing the deformation of two networks which are to be compared to each other. The second one treats the estimation of parameters representing the heterogeneous datum definitions of two networks which are to be merged into a hybrid network. It will be shown that – regardless of the datum definitions of the preadjusted individual networks – the parallel sum of matrices can be used to simplify the algorithms applied for the estimation of those parameters. Received 15 December 1995; Accepted 24 September 1996     

Efficiency Evaluating of Automatic Lineament Extraction by Means of Remote Sensing (Case Study: Venarch,Iran)

One of the main geological evidence for many ore-bearing deposits and mineralized regions is the existence of points in highly fractured zones and the fragmentation intensity resulted from development of hydrothermal alteration along the fractures, the process leading to the occurrence of ore deposits. In this paper, a new algorithm has been proposed including a set of image processing techniques for detection the lineaments in satellite images by means of programming in MATLAB environment. The set of utilized methods includes line segment extraction by EDLine algorithm, merging line segments by Tavares method and linking the resulting line segments based on the collinearity and proximity criterion. The tectonic structures were stabilized by B-Spline curve fitting. The proposed algorithms were implemented on the ASTER image of a structurally multiple fractured region located in the central Iran, and the lineament map of Venarch area has been depicted. The results obtained from the proposed algorithms indicate a high accuracy of the operations detection of 80% for the reference map lineaments and the overall accuracy of the method is effectively reported as 62%. Combination of the above algorithms proposes a new method that precisely resulted in obtaining image processing of geological evidence for increasing the accuracy and decreasing the risk, before any field operations.