Romanian industry in transition

Restructuring of industry in Romania today is part of the transition from a centrally-planned to a free market economy. The paper deals with salient features of socialist industry and the trends which have occurred since 1989 in the context of greatly reduced state intervention. Current trends are identified as a key to further evolution in the future and some international comparisons are attempted now that industrial enterprises in all parts of Europe are developing new relationships with capital, labour and the state.     

The development and structure of the Croatian economy

The first part of the article deals with the general and historical conditions of the development of the Croatian economy, with an emphasis on industry as the dominant branch. The relatively favorable developmental possibilities of Croatia are stressed, with the combination of the agrarian Pannonian region, the forested stock-farming highland regions and the tourism-transit front of the Adriatic. The basic data on periods of historical development are mentioned, with an explanation of the five developmental stages.The second half of the article deals with a thorough analysis of the basic processes of the restructuring of the Croatian economy. Emphasis is placed on the decreased significance of agrarian and agricultural production (in 1961 Croatia had an agricultural population of 43.7%, while in 1991 it was only 9.6%), and the domination of industry, which in 1987 accounted for 35.1 percent of the employed population and 50.3 percent of the gross national product. The processes of restructuring and transition from a socialist to a market economy, as well as the wartime crisis, caused a fall in the value of industrial products to 43 percent in the years from 1990 to 1994. The branch and spatial restructuring of the economy and industry, privatization processes and the problem of increased unemployment are also analyzed.     

龙胜矿产资源开发保护规划与区域经济的可持续发展

龙胜县矿产资源丰富，经多年的开发利用，基本形成了以滑石为龙头，辅以金、铅锌、温泉的资源开发格局。为了正确处理好矿产资源开发与生态保护、矿业经济与生态经济建设的关系，通过对龙胜县矿产资源开发利用形势的调查研究，阐述了在规范龙胜县的矿业活动及调整矿业经济结构方面的思路。指出以矿山开采企业为主体的龙胜矿业经济体系，其资源开发利用层次不高，经济效益不理想，产生的环境影响也比较大。认为调整矿业产业结构，改变矿业经济不合理增长方式，已成为保障矿业经济可持续健康发展的首要任务。     

Comparative analysis of urban and industrial hierarchies of Romanian Towns in 1990

Urban and industrial hierarchies can be constructed as synthetic indicators of urbanisation and industrialisation at a particular moment in time. The beginning of 1990 is a significant time to undertake this exercise because of the collapse of the communist system and the start of a transition to a market economy. Industrialisation, the key to economic advance in general and to urbanisation in particular, is studied over four decades to bring out the concentration in large units (considered appopriate for economic efficiency) and the locational emphasis on the county (judget) administrative centres identified in 1968 ad the new territorial base for central planning. These centres, with their surrounding villages, experienced a demographic explosion. The paper examines the relations between the urban and industrial hierarchies at all levels with particular emphasis on the type of industry and the administrative functions.     

Transforming the South African tourism industry: The emerging black-owned bed and breakfast economy

In South Africa the tourism industry has been targeted as one of the key sectoral drivers for economic development and transformation of the country over the next two decades. A special feature of the South African tourism economy, which is a legacy of the apartheid period, is that the overwhelming majority of tourism enterprises and of the tourism economy as a whole is under the ownership of the white minority. With the post-apartheid transition, the national government recognizes that this unequal ownership structure in tourism needs to be addressed through a programme of transformation and consolidated support for the development of black owned tourism enterprises, especially of small tourism enterprises. The objective in this paper is to examine the problems and challenges that face the transformation of South Africa's contemporary tourism economy by investigating the development and constraints upon the country's emergent small black-owned accommodation sector in the form of bed and breakfast establishments.     

化工地质矿山行业改革发展的若干问题

作为具有原材料工业和支农产业双重属性的化工地质矿山行业，在由计划经济向市场经济的转换过程中，在管理体制、宏观调控、投资体制、价格政策、运行机制、产业布局和产品结构、中小矿山管理、老矿山出路、地质勘探系统管理、对外开放、发展策略等方面存在严重困难和问题，需要加强管理，进行改革。化工地质矿产行业发展潜力很大，在国家政策的支持下，通过自身的努力，其发展前景将十分广阔。     

基于灰关联模型的旅游产业关联分析——以宜宾市兴文县为例

旅游业作为国民经济的一部分,带动了整个区域经济的全面发展,并促进了产业结构的优化和调整。以兴文县近7年国民经济主要产业的产值变化来分析旅游产业与其他产业关联效应,运用灰色关联模型对旅游业与农业、工业、交通运输、批发零售业、邮电通讯等产业间的关联度进行测算,得出相关产业与旅游业的关联系数和关联度。关联度由大到小依次是：住宿餐饮业〉批发零售业〉农林牧渔业〉邮电通讯业〉交通运输业〉工业。结合兴文县旅游相关产业的实际发展情况,提出产业发展的对策和措施,以期能有助于兴文旅游业自身的快速、协调、高效运行。     

江苏矿产资源与矿业发展战略探讨

江苏矿产资源总的特点是大多数非金属矿产比较充裕，能源及重要金属矿产相对不足。省内矿业配套，但存在勘查跟不上采选，开采满足不了冶炼与深加工，规模偏小，效益及集约化程度较低等问题。江苏矿业发展战略，要服从服务于全国总的产业政策，开发开放的总体布局，服从“科教兴省”、“经济国际化”、“区域共同发展”、“海上苏东”的战略及沿江，沿海，沿桥布局的战略，体现大矿业的思想，真正使矿业经济步上按市场经济体制运行和     

21世纪矿业应向后工业发展势态倾斜--适者生存和可持续发展

“后工业”（post-industry)是知识经济或曰“新经济”的发展时代。这个时代的自然资源和一般劳动力资源,包括矿产资源在国民经济和社会发展中的基础地位逐渐为知识产权、市场网络、信息、创新环境等后天获得性资源,以及为创新人才的新“认知”（recognized intellect,RI)所代替。然而,据矿产资源分布及其成矿既具有一定的全球统一性又有区域的特殊性,以及不同国家（地区）对矿产资源勘查程度的不均衡性,特别是矿业活动与其他产业性质的不同,如何能按不同国家（地区）的具体发展状况,做好21世纪矿业向“后工业”发展势态的倾斜,达到适者生存和矿业可持续发展的目标是当代探讨的重大问题。在概括阐述了21世纪矿业发展势态、矿业活动特点及其自然属性的基础上,提出了矿业可持续发展的地质勘查和矿业活动决策支持系统的模拟,以及对当前紧缺铜矿资源可持续发展的新“认知”。     

东北地区煤炭可持续发展研究方法

在中央振兴东北老工业基地总体战略部署的新形势下,对东北地区煤炭工业基地的可持续发展与国民经济建设保证程度进行客观、深入的分析研究,是非常必要的。根据东北地区煤炭工业现状,对东北地区煤炭资源保证程度、煤炭工业区生态环境、地质灾害、区域经济等有关战略问题的影响因子进行论证与分析;并依据指标体系建立原则,结合煤炭城市特点,将13个评价因子25个评价指标引入煤炭工业区可持续发展评价体系;基于GIS数字化管理技术,以资源一环境一经济发展为主线建立影响因子融合模型,在定量分析与空间分析基础上,提出了利用产生式原则构建专家系统以表达专业领域知识和专业问题的解决方案。     

广西有色金属工业利用资本市场加快发展的对策探讨

资本市场是社会主义市场经济重要组成部分。我国有色金属工业进入资本市场从无到有,已经形成独具特色的有色金属行业板块,其在资本市场的地位越来越重要。广西有色金属工业企业如何利用国内外资本市场,推动国有企业改革、制度创新和法人治理结构的完善,实现广西有色金属工业的飞跃发展值得我们探讨。     

The impact of tourism and conservation on agriculture in the mountains of Valcea county, Romania

Valcea is one of Romania's Wallachian counties with landscapes which grade from the Carpathians through the Subcarpathians and Piedmont zone towards the plain. Agriculture plays a major role in the economy but there is also a long-established tourist industry and the industrial base (largely bound up originally with wood processing) has been enlarged and diversified under communism. Environmental pressures on sensitive Carpathian ecosystems have increased over the years through agricultural, industrial and tourist pressures. Under the transition conservation measures will have to include national park designation to provide a buffer for clusters of nature reserves which already exist. The paper discusses the nature of the environmental problems and the significance of national parks for the agriculture of the area, with particular reference to the Parang Mountains.     

Conservation and rural change in Valcea County

Valcea is one of Romania's Wallachian counties with landscapes which grade from the Carpathians through the Subcarpathians and Piedmont zone towards the plain. Agriculture plays a major role in the economy but there is also a long-established tourist industry and the industrial base (established through the processing of local raw materials: agricultural commodities, timber and salt) has been enlarged and diversified under communism. The tourist industry has also expanded with reference to the mineral waters. But agriculture still plays an important role. Environmental pressures on sensitive Carpathian ecosystems have increased over the years and under the transition conservation measures should include national park designations to provide a buffer for clusters of nature reserves. The paper discusses the nature of the environmental problems and the significance of national and ‘natural’ parks for the development of tourism in the area, with particular reference to Buila-Vanturarita area of the Capatina Mountains. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

中国煤炭地质改革进程回顾及问题建议

通过对中国煤炭地质改革与发展历史轨迹的追溯，认为以往中国煤炭地质行业的思维观念、发展设计战略、体制与机制、技术和人材等不但难以适应市场经济的发展，而且在行业中也不具备竞争力。针对上述问题，提出了突破传统观念，创建新的体制和机制，整合资源、盘活现有存量资产，建立技术和人才的支撑体系，强化投融资功能，建立与决策层畅通的信息渠道等实现中国煤炭地质经济跨越式发展的建议。     

A Correlation Analysis of Tourism Based on Gray Theory——A case of Xingwen County

Tourism industry has already become an important part of national economy,which not only played a positive role in the development of the economy,but promoted the adjustment and optimization of industrial structure.The paper analyzes the correlation between the tourism industry and the other industry through changes of the Xingwen County tourism industrial output value in the past seven years.With the Gray Model,the correlation degree among the tourism industry and agriculture,industry,transport,wholesale and retail trade,postal and telecommunications industries is measured.The analysis result indicates that the order of the corresponding correlation degree:catering accommodation is 0.691> wholesale and retail is 0.617 > agriculture is 0.616 > Postal and telecommunications industry is 0.610> Transport is 0.602> Industry is 0.537.In accordance with the actual conditions of the industry in Xingwen,the industrial development policies and measures are put forward,which help the tourism industry Xingwen their rapid,coordinated and highly efficient operation.     

The development, present significance and future prospects of socialist agricultural enterprises in Slovenia

An important state sector developed in Slovenian agriculture under communism and although it accounted for a less than a tenth of the agricultural area it assumed a major role in supplying food to the urban markets; also in providing raw material to the food processing industry and for exporting. In the context of the transition to a market economy legislation has been enacted that provides for denationalisation and the restructuring of enterprises. This threatens the survival of the state sector and creates problems for the food market because the private farmers are not yet well-organised to provide an alternative supply. The government is committed by the legislation already passed but is anxious to avoid marketing problems.     

坚持地质勘查 加快成果转化 创办新型产业

辽宁化工地质勘查院充分利用自身找硼的技术优势 ,从多渠道广泛吸收地质勘查资金 ,争取到并完成了 5个社会地质项目。为加速地质成果转化 ,适时地把握住机遇 ,克服重重困难 ,经必要的商业包装 ,慎重选择合作伙伴 ,在相关领导的支持下 ,成功创办了勘查开采一体化的新地勘企业长茂矿业有限责任公司。同时 ,加大改革力度 ,通过机构改革、精干地质找矿专业队伍、成立物业公司等方面工作及加大科学管理力度 ,积极推进事转企的过渡。在工程勘察及其它多种经营方面 ,又上了一个新的台阶。     

区域经济与环境协调发展的综合决策研究

实施我国区域经济与环境协调发展的综合决策是提高经济运行质量和环境质量的关键。立足于区域经济与环境协调发展综合决策的运行机制,提出我国区域经济与环境协调发展综合决策的主要途径为:建立和完善经济与环境协调发展的综合决策制度;严格禁止产业结构优化升级中污染物的超标迁移;确保三大经济核心区成为经济与环境协调发展的核心区;重点开发轴线地区应率先成为重点环保轴线地区;各类经济技术开发区应建成经济与环境协调发展的示范区。     

秦皇岛市矿产开发引发的地质环境问题及对策

秦皇岛市矿产资源丰富,矿业已成为秦皇岛市特别是地方经济的支柱之一。伴随着矿业的发展,在矿产开发过程中引发的地质环境问题日益突出,如采空区地表变形(地面塌陷、地裂缝等)、岩溶塌陷、露天采矿边坡失稳、尾矿引发的泥石流、水土流失以及地貌景观的破坏等。这些地质环境问题主要分布在北部的山区和丘陵台地区。形成的原因复杂,主要有法制不健全、缺乏强制恢复机制、布局不合理、监管不到位、开采技术落后、不合理开采、资金缺乏以及从业者环保意识淡薄等方面的原因。对于矿山地质环境的保护,应采取加强立法、建立保证金制度、统一规划、加强监管、加大宣传力度以及建立责任追究制度等措施。     

当前全球矿业形势分析与展望

全球矿业发展与工业化进程密切相关,具有与全球经济发展周期基本一致的显著的周期性特征。在同一个周期内,各种资源需求在时间上具有波次(递进)性,它决定着矿业的持续与繁荣。从2003开始全球矿业进入了第3个周期,其特征包括矿业产业集中度加剧、垄断特征更加显著、矿产品低成本时代终结等。同时,这一时期出现了大量国际金融资本进入矿产品市场的现象,使得矿产品价格体系趋于复杂化。从中长期来看,中国、印度、非洲等新兴经济体工业化、城镇化进程不会停滞,刚性资源需求将推动此轮超级周期继续前行。从中短期来看,欧美债务危机继续升级恶化,中东格局正发生着重大变化,全球经济二次探底风险愈发增大。在全球经济增长不如预期、矿产品需求下降、新增矿山产能释放和矿产品价格进入新一轮调整阶段的情况下,未来一段时期内,全球矿业形势将表现为"需求放缓、价格高位、震荡加剧"。