星载GPS低轨卫星定轨理论及方法研究

论文研究了星载GPS低轨卫星定轨技术的基本理论和方法,研制了星载GPS低轨卫星约化动力法定轨软件,针对约化动力法和推广卡尔曼滤波存在的问题,开展了星载GPS低轨卫星自适应事后和实时定轨研究,论文最后对星载GPS编队卫星相对定位技术进行了研究。主要工作及创新点概括如下：     

星载GPS低轨卫星定轨理论研究

GPS为低轨卫星定轨提供了一种全新的精密定轨方法-几何法定轨(Geometric Orbit Determination).     

星载GPS定轨方法的研究进展

重点论述了低轨卫星定轨的主要方法和特点,指出了3种方法的优点和不足,以及相应的数据处理策略,同时着重介绍了低轨卫星定轨的数据预处理方法、相关研究进展和解算精度。     

平方根滤波/平滑/双向滤波在LEO星载GPS定轨中的应用

讨论了平方根滤波、卡尔曼平滑和双向滤波对卡尔曼滤波的改进,采用平方根滤波/平滑/双向滤波3种算法计算了两颗GRACE卫星轨道。采用GRACE(gravity recovery and climate experiment)卫星的星载GPS观测数据进行了定轨计算,并用JPL提供的GRACE卫星轨道及KBR(K-band ranging system)观测数据进行了外部检验。     

高精度星载GPS实时定轨卡尔曼滤波模型

在动力学模型补偿算法的基础上,推导了星载GPS实时定轨的卡尔曼滤波模型。以此为理论基础,自主研制了星载GPS实时定轨软件SATODS。使用CHAMP卫星上的星载GPS实测伪距数据以及GPS卫星广播星历来模拟实时定轨数据处理,并将实时定轨结果与JPL精密轨道进行比较分析。结果表明,在滤波收敛后,实时定轨的轨道精度和速度精度的3dRMS分别可达到1.0m和1.2mm/s,受观测数据的GPS卫星数、PDOP值、粗差数据和数据中断等因素的影响较小。     

基于GPS码和载波相位的简缩动力学定轨

GPS的三维定位为精确确定低轨卫星(LEO)的位置和速度提供了优越的条件。简缩动力学定轨方法结合了动态定位技术和动力学轨道建模两种方法的优点,提供最佳的结果,被公认为是最佳的方法。在下面的研究中比较了两种不同的简缩动力学定轨方法,它们都包括了建立在精确力模型基础上的经验加速度。批处理最小二乘估计方法平差计算连续时间间隔内的分段加速度常数,时间间隔相对于轨道周期足够的短。而扩展卡尔曼滤波/平滑方法则使用一阶高斯-马尔可夫过程噪声模型。两种不同方法已由软件实现,采用GRACE卫星的GPS观测数据,可以评价不同滤波策略的优缺点。两种方法提供了精确和相容的结果,使用双频数据是与外部参考解的符合好于5cm,使用单频数据是与外部参考解的符合好于10cm。使用扩展卡尔曼滤波需要更少的计算机内存,以及更少的处理时间,而批处理最小二乘估计得到更平滑的轨道,在数据缺失的情况下更加稳健。     

基于双频P码的星载GPS低轨卫星相对定轨研究

系统讨论基于双频伪距差分技术的星载GPS低轨卫星相对定轨理论、方法和其中的几个关键问题.重点分析相对定轨中函数模型及随机模型的选取及其对定轨结果的影响,并用CHAMP实测数据对以上问题加以分析.     

基于星载GPS双频P码的低轨卫星综合定轨方法研究

由于重力场精化、大气探测、海洋测高等科学研究的需要,低轨卫星得到了迅速发展。精密轨道确定是低轨卫星科学任务顺利完成的前提。本文系统分析了基于星载GPS接收机双频P码非差观测值的低轨卫星定轨方法的原理及数学模型,并用CHAMP卫星的实测观测值对各种定轨方法进行了验算,以分析研究各种不同定轨方法的定轨精度。结果表明简化的动力学定轨精度较高,定轨精度在2dm左右;动力学定轨结果最差,在几m左右;而几何法及简化几何法定轨精度相当,约1m左右,定轨精度介于动力学及简化动力学定轨精度之间。     

卡尔曼滤波及其在卫星定轨中的应用

本文详细介绍了卡尔曼滤波的基本原理特点，并结合卫生定轨中的应用讨论了如何提高滤波精度，避免滤波发散等问题。     

基于星载GPS数据的GRACE卫星动力学法定轨

利用GRACEA卫星的星载GPS观测数据,采用非差动力学低轨卫星定轨方法,解算了2012年1月11日至18日的卫星轨道,将得到的结果与GFZ发布的RSO轨道进行对比分析,并通过SLR观测数据进行轨道的校验。结果表明：定轨精度满足低轨卫星精密定轨的要求,与RSO轨道比较,在X、Y、Z方向的均方根误差的平均值分别为4．7cm、4．3cm和4．9cm;通过SLR观测数据进行校验,残差平均值为-1．6cm,均方根误差为4．7cm．     

Precise orbit determination of the Fengyun-3C satellite using onboard GPS and BDS observations

The GNSS Occultation Sounder instrument onboard the Chinese meteorological satellite Fengyun-3C (FY-3C) tracks both GPS and BDS signals for orbit determination. One month’s worth of the onboard dual-frequency GPS and BDS data during March 2015 from the FY-3C satellite is analyzed in this study. The onboard BDS and GPS measurement quality is evaluated in terms of data quantity as well as code multipath error. Severe multipath errors for BDS code ranges are observed especially for high elevations for BDS medium earth orbit satellites (MEOs). The code multipath errors are estimated as piecewise linear model in \(2{^{\circ }}\times 2{^{\circ }}\) grid and applied in precise orbit determination (POD) calculations. POD of FY-3C is firstly performed with GPS data, which shows orbit consistency of approximate 2.7 cm in 3D RMS (root mean square) by overlap comparisons; the estimated orbits are then used as reference orbits for evaluating the orbit precision of GPS and BDS combined POD as well as BDS-based POD. It is indicated that inclusion of BDS geosynchronous orbit satellites (GEOs) could degrade POD precision seriously. The precisions of orbit estimates by combined POD and BDS-based POD are 3.4 and 30.1 cm in 3D RMS when GEOs are involved, respectively. However, if BDS GEOs are excluded, the combined POD can reach similar precision with respect to GPS POD, showing orbit differences about 0.8 cm, while the orbit precision of BDS-based POD can be improved to 8.4 cm. These results indicate that the POD performance with onboard BDS data alone can reach precision better than 10 cm with only five BDS inclined geosynchronous satellite orbit satellites and three MEOs. As the GNOS receiver can only track six BDS satellites for orbit positioning at its maximum channel, it can be expected that the performance of POD with onboard BDS data can be further improved if more observations are generated without such restrictions.     

TJS-2 geostationary satellite orbit determination using onboard GPS measurements

This study analyzes the quality of onboard data of tracking signals from GPS satellites on the far side of the earth and determines the orbit of the geostationary satellite using code and carrier phase observations with 30-h and 3-day orbit arc length. According to the analysis results, the onboard receiver can track 6–8 GPS satellites, and the minimum and maximum carrier to noise spectral densities were 24 and 45 dB-Hz, respectively. For a GPS receiver on a high-altitude platform above the navigation constellations, the blocking of the earth and a weak signal strength usually cause a piece-wise GPS signal tracking and an increase in the number of ambiguity parameters. Individual GPS satellites may be continuously tracked for as little as several minutes and as long as 3 h. Moreover, considering the negative sign of elevation angles reflects the fact that GPS satellites are tracked below the receiver in the study. GPS satellites appear mainly in the elevation angle range of ??53° to ??83°, and dilution of precision values could reach ten or one hundred and more. Also, it is observed that when a signal suffers from atmospheric refraction, other GPS signals tracked simultaneously by the receiver experience strong systematic errors in the code observations. Based on single-frequency code and carrier phase measurements, the mean 3D root mean square (RMS) value of the overlap comparisons between 30-h orbit determination arcs is 2.14 m. However, we found that there were also some biases in the carrier phase residuals, which contributed to poor orbit accuracy. To eliminate the effects of the biases, we established a correction sequence for each GPS satellite. After corrections, the mean 3D RMS was reduced to 0.99 m, representing a 53% improvement.     

卫星精密定轨的三频观测量IF组合法

随着全球卫星导航系统的发展,GNSS卫星发播多频观测量已成必然趋势。然而,目前IGS分析中心依然使用双频观测量的策略进行轨道、钟差等产品的解算,并没有顾及额外频点观测量对定轨产品带来的效益。本文使用两个双频无电离层组合（IF）作为观测模型,研究第三频点观测量对轨道、钟差及测站位置精度的改善。在观测方程中将卫星端的相位偏差分成时变和时不变分量,通过对两个IF组合的观测方程进行参数重组,推导了与IGS钟差产品基准一致的满秩观测模型。基于超宽巷、宽巷和窄巷双差模糊度构建策略,给出了三频观测量的模糊度固定方法。首先以12颗GPS Block IIF卫星为例,在两种测站布局情况下进行L1/L2 IF双频定轨（S1）、L1/L5 IF双频定轨（S2）、L1/L2和L1/L5两个IF组合的三频定轨（S3）试验。结果表明S3方案最优,测站均匀、不均匀情况下轨道结果S3相较S1分别改善10%以内、10%左右,钟差的RMS略有改善,STD分别改善6.4%、10.0%,而S3相较S2的改善幅度更小,改善百分比基本在5%以内。随后进行了BDS单系统定轨,并使用激光检核轨道,表明三频定轨较B1/B3定轨结果改善显著,但是较B1/B2方案结果改善微弱,可能的原因是天线相位中心误差改正值不准确。     

GPS卫星定轨中的摄动力影响分析

分析了地球重力场、海洋潮汐、行星摄动、地极潮汐、相对论加速度等对GPS轨道拟合及轨道外推造成的影响,认为在GPS定轨中除了顾及地球重力场及海洋潮汐对卫星轨道影响之外,还应注意地球重力场模型及海洋潮汐模型的选用问题;此外,在短弧定轨可以不考虑行星摄动、地极潮汐以及相对论加速度的影响,但长弧定轨中需考虑它们的影响。     

Improving BeiDou precise orbit determination using observations of onboard MEO satellite receivers

In recent years, the precise orbit determination (POD) of the regional Chinese BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) has been a hot spot because of its special constellation consisting of five geostationary earth orbit (GEO) satellites and five inclined geosynchronous satellite orbit (IGSO) satellites besides four medium earth orbit (MEO) satellites since the end of 2012. GEO and IGSO satellites play an important role in regional BDS applications. However, this brings a great challenge to the POD, especially for the GEO satellites due to their geostationary orbiting. Though a number of studies have been carried out to improve the POD performance of GEO satellites, the result is still much worse than that of IGSO and MEO, particularly in the along-track direction. The major reason is that the geostationary characteristic of a GEO satellite results in a bad geometry with respect to the ground tracking network. In order to improve the tracking geometry of the GEO satellites, a possible strategy is to mount global navigation satellite system (GNSS) receivers on MEO satellites to collect the signals from GEO/IGSO GNSS satellites so as that these observations can be used to improve GEO/IGSO POD. We extended our POD software package to simulate all the related observations and to assimilate the MEO-onboard GNSS observations in orbit determination. Based on GPS and BDS constellations, simulated studies are undertaken for various tracking scenarios. The impact of the onboard GNSS observations is investigated carefully and presented in detail. The results show that MEO-onboard observations can significantly improve the orbit precision of GEO satellites from metres to decimetres, especially in the along-track direction. The POD results of IGSO satellites also benefit from the MEO-onboard data and the precision can be improved by more than 50% in 3D direction.     

On optimal filtering of GPS dual frequency observations without using orbit information

The concept of optimal filtering of observations collected with a dual frequency GPS P-code receiver is investigated in comparison to an approach for C/A-code units. The filter presented here uses only data gathered between one receiver and one satellite. The estimated state vector consists of a one-way pseudorange, ionospheric influence, and ambiguity biases. Neither orbit information nor station information is required. The independently estimated biases are used to form double differences where, in case of a P-code receiver, the wide lane integer ambiguities are usually recovered successfully except when elevation angles are very small. An elevation dependent uncertainty for pseudorange measurements was discovered for different receiver types. An exponential model for the pseudorange uncertainty was used with success in the filter gain computations.     

GPS卫星精密定轨中的摄动力分析

在介绍各种摄动模型的基础上,将IGS提供的SP3精密星历作为几何轨道,应用不同的摄动模型进行几何轨道平滑,求得卫星轨道的动力学参数,再用动力学参数积分求定卫星的轨道,将其与IGS提供的SP3精密星历进行比较,从而详细分析每一种摄动力对GPS轨道影响的量级,而且说明建立的GPS卫星轨道的摄动模型是比较准确的。     

由星载GPS相位数据确定地球重力场模型若干问题研究

人造地球卫星在地球引力场中运动,可以探测地球重力场的长波信息。随着GPS技术的发展,星载GPS技术日趋成熟,因此由星载GPS相位数据确定地球重力场模型是当前国际地学研究的热点之一。本文给出了确定地球重力场模型中的星载GPS星地相位双差观测量,阐述了Cowell II数值轨道积分公式,导出了参数估计中星地双差观测量的偏导数,利用分块Bayes最小二乘参数估计地球引力场位系数等有关参数。