一种基于GIS建立数字古高程模型的方法

随着 GIS和3D技术的不断成熟,古地理重建已从传统的二维古地理图的绘制,逐渐向含地形地貌 特征的三维可视化方向发展。对此,作者提出一种基于GIS技术建立数字古高程模型的方法：首先以不同年代 的岩相古地理图为基础,结合解释的古高程和古水深范围,进行古地形地貌的复原;然后利用相关数学算法及 GIS方法对等值线图进行空间插值渲染及3D表达。以晚侏罗世拉萨地体为例,对该方法流程进行了详细的介 绍。结果表明按照文中设计的方法,对古环境进行近似的3D渲染复原是可行的,生成的数字古高程模型能够正 确且直观地反应古地理图上沉积相所指示的地形地貌特征。该研究将计算机和 GIS技术应用于古地理重建工作, 为中国古地理重建的信息化发展提供了一种新的研究方法和手段。     

一种基于GIS建立数字古高程模型的方法

随着 GIS和3D技术的不断成熟,古地理重建已从传统的二维古地理图的绘制,逐渐向含地形地貌 特征的三维可视化方向发展。对此,作者提出一种基于GIS技术建立数字古高程模型的方法：首先以不同年代 的岩相古地理图为基础,结合解释的古高程和古水深范围,进行古地形地貌的复原;然后利用相关数学算法及 GIS方法对等值线图进行空间插值渲染及3D表达。以晚侏罗世拉萨地体为例,对该方法流程进行了详细的介 绍。结果表明按照文中设计的方法,对古地理环境进行近似的3D渲染复原是可行的,生成的数字古高程模型能 够正确且直观地反应古地理图上沉积相所指示的地形地貌特征。该研究将计算机和 GIS技术应用于古地理重建 工作,为中国古地理重建的信息化发展提供了一种新的研究方法和手段。     

湖泊水下数字高程模型建模方法及应用模型

介绍了当前湖泊水下地形测量的一般方法和作业过程。针对逐点插入构建不规则三角网算法，本文提出了效率改正算法和格网索引号快速计算算法。基于不规则三角网，给出了湖泊水下数字高程模型的一般应用模型——任意点高程计算、填挖方计算模型及等深线计算模型。     

数字高程模型预处理方法的研究进展

数字高程模型(Digital Elevation Model,简称DEM)是地形表面形态属性的数字化表达,被广泛应用于流域水文模拟中河网水系的提取.从DEM直接提取的河网水系及相关的流域地理空间信息,是分布式水文模拟的地理信息平台.由于DEM中洼地和平坦区的存在会影响水流方向的确定和数字河网的正确提取.因此在河网自动提取过程中必须首先对DEM数据进行预处理.本文对国内外各种DEM预处理方法进行了归纳总结.将DEM数据预处理方法分为两大类:分步处理法,以及一体化处理法.分步处理法按处理对象又可分为洼地处理方法和平坦区处理方法两部分;而一体化处理法则采用迭代算法同时对洼地和平地进行处理.     

数字高程模型信息提取与数字水文模型研究进展

回顾了数字高程模型(DEM)数据的信息提取方法,阐述了由DEM提取的信息在水文水资源领域应用的现状,探讨了数字模型在水文科学中的作用和数字水文在数字地球所处的地位及应用前景。     

基于数字高程模型的中国岩溶地貌研究进展及前景分析

数字高程模型（DEM）蕴含丰富的地形地貌信息,基于DEM的数字地形分析方法为岩溶地貌研究提供了科学、有效的技术手段。文章针对前人应用DEM研究中国岩溶地貌所涉及的关键技术方法,从岩溶地貌识别的尺度效应、岩溶地貌的识别与分类、岩溶地貌的形态及格局分析、岩溶区生态环境变化等方面进行了梳理和分析,提出未来应构建科学的岩溶地貌数字分类体系,对岩溶地貌进行多尺度、深层次的地形分析和定量表达,并从地形现状研究拓展到地形演变的过程与机理研究,发掘出DEM在岩溶地貌研究中更多的应用。     

与遥感数据数字分析相复合的数字高程模型软件包

目前,人们对辅助数据与数字图象分析的复合普遍关注。其中,一个重要的辅助数据类型是数字高程模型(简称DEMs),以及由此派生的数据集合。然而,在现行图象分析系统中要求使用这些数据的软件却不多见。 这篇文章概述了DEMs在遥感数据数字分析中的作用,阐述了遥感应用中使用和处理DEMs的运算软件包(PRODEM)。这个软件包的一个重要特性是它包含了数据操作和格式转换模型。并允许直接同图象分析系统接口。     

基于数字高程模型因子分析的地球化学异常提取

利用R型因子分析方法,对西北某地区1∶5万图幅岩屑样测试数据进行了分析,提取了5个代表性因子,绘制地球化学分区图。结合区域成矿地质背景、研究区地质条件及野外地质调查发现的41个矿化点,确定具有成矿意义的因子F3(Cu-Zn-Ag组合)。利用基于GIS数字高程模型对F3因子进行异常信息提取,结果显示76%的铜矿化点与异常吻合,较铜单元素圈定的异常提高了10%。异常主体位于志留系公婆泉组变质安山岩与石炭纪侵入岩的接触带(岩性偏安山岩),野外异常查证发现这些异常部位多见矿化现象。研究区北部钾长花岗岩区出现的少量弱小异常,为岩浆热液有关的黄铁矿化及黄铜矿化引起。槽探工程进一步验证了该方法在中大比例尺异常提取方面的良好效果。     

A GIS-based Weights-of-Evidence model for mapping cliff instabilities associated with mine subsidence

The Weights-of-Evidence (W-of-E) technique was applied, within a geographic information system (GIS), to derive a model of rockfall potential associated with mining-induced subsidence. The purpose of the model was to describe the potential for rockfalls from up to 60 m high steep sandstone gorges and slopes associated with proposed underground longwall operations within the immediate vicinity of a previously mined area. Ten known rock falls associated with the previous mining operation were used as training points. Six evidential themes were considered-slope, cliff height, planform curvature, profile curvature, the distance of the cliff areas from the longwall panels, and the distance of the cliff areas from the river. Two models were created, one based on a mine layout in which longwall panels extend beneath the steep areas of a nearby river, and a second in which the mine layout is modified so that mining does not occur directly beneath or within 50 m of the steep slopes. This is to allow for the comparison of rockfall potential based on different mining configurations. The results demonstrate that the W-of-E method is a suitable tool for mine subsidence impact assessment, and suggest that not mining directly under the Nepean river may decrease rockfall potential, on average, by approximately ten times. Numerous limitations with the results, relating to the availability of appropriate evidential theme data and the accuracy of training points, are discussed.     

辽宁省瓦房店金刚石原生矿找矿方法组合模型的建立

为了进一步扩大金刚石勘查成果,提交新增金刚石矿资源量,以辽宁省瓦房店地区金伯利岩型金刚石原生矿作为重点研究对象,总结归纳了应用地球物理、水系重砂、地球化学、遥感及三维地质等技术方法的找矿模型,建立了周期短且经济的3种找矿方法组合模型,即重砂法+地面高精度磁测+工程揭露(化探)找矿方法组岩模型、航空物探+地面高精度磁测+重砂法+工程揭露(化探)找矿方法组合模型以及遥感+重砂法+地面高精度磁测+化探+工程揭露找矿方法组合模型。研究成果可对辽宁省金刚石勘查工作起到指导意义。     

Probabilistic GIS-based method for delineation of urban flooding risk hotspots

Identifying urban flooding risk hotspots is one of the first steps in an integrated methodology for urban flood risk assessment and mitigation. This work employs three GIS-based frameworks for identifying urban flooding risk hotspots for residential buildings and urban corridors. This is done by overlaying a map of potentially flood-prone areas [estimated through the topographic wetness index (TWI)], a map of residential areas and urban corridors [extracted from a city-wide assessment of urban morphology types (UMT)], and a geo-spatial census dataset. A maximum likelihood method (MLE) is employed for estimating the threshold used for identifying the flood-prone areas (the TWI threshold) based on the inundation profiles calculated for various return periods within a given spatial window. Furthermore, Bayesian parameter estimation is employed in order to estimate the TWI threshold based on inundation profiles calculated for more than one spatial window. For different statistics of the TWI threshold (e.g. MLE estimate, 16th percentile, 50th percentile), the map of the potentially flood-prone areas is overlaid with the map of urban morphology units, identified as residential and urban corridors, in order to delineate the urban hotspots for both UMT. Moreover, information related to population density is integrated by overlaying geo-spatial census datasets in order to estimate the number of people affected by flooding. Differences in exposure characteristics have been assessed for a range of different residential types. As a demonstration, urban flooding risk hotspots are delineated for different percentiles of the TWI value for the city of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.     

A GIS-based DRASTIC model for assessing groundwater vulnerability in the Ordos Plateau, China

Groundwater plays a key role in arid regions as the majority of water is supplied by it. Groundwater pollution is a major issue, because it is susceptible to contamination from land use and other anthropogenic impacts. A study was carried out to build a vulnerability map for the Ordos Plateau using the DRASTIC model in a GIS environment. The map was designed to show the areas of the highest potential for groundwater pollution based on hydrogeological conditions. Seven environmental parameters, such as depth to water table, net recharge, aquifer media, soil media, topography, impact of the vadose zone media, and hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer, were incorporated into the DRASTIC model and GIS was used to create a groundwater vulnerability map by overlaying the available data. The results of this study show that 24.8 % of the study area has high pollution potential, 24.2 % has moderate pollution potential, 19.7 % has low pollution potential, and the remaining 31.3 % of the area has no risk of groundwater pollution. The regional distribution of nitrate is well correlated with the DRASTIC vulnerability index. In contrast to this, although the DRASTIC model indicated that the western part had no risk, nitrate concentrations were higher in some of these areas. In particular, higher nitrate concentrations were recorded along river valleys and around lakes, such as the Mulin River valley. This is mainly caused by the intensive agricultural development and favorable conditions for recharge along river valleys.     

基于GIS的水沙运动模型的开发研究

黄河是我国水利的重要工作对象,针对复杂的数学模型需要一个表现平台对其进行可视化的需求,重点研究如何使各种水沙运动模型信息快速、直观、丰富地表现在GIS平台上.研究的主要模块包括流速场符号化、水文信息分类渲染、流速场动画.     

A GIS-based multi-criteria analysis model for earthquake vulnerability assessment using Choquet integral and game theory

Developing an accurate model for discharge estimation techniques of the ungauged river basin is a crucial challenge in water resource management especially in under-development regions. This article is a thorough review of the historical improvement stages of this topic to understand previous challenges that faced researchers, the shortfalls of methods and techniques, how researchers prevailed and what deficiencies still require solutions. This revision focuses on data-driven approaches and GIS-based methods that have improved the accuracy of estimation of hydrological variables, considering their advantages and disadvantages. Past studies used artificial intelligence and geo-statistical methods to forecast the runoff at ungauged river basins, and mapping the spatial distribution has been considered in this study. A recommendation for future research on the potential of a hybrid model utilizing both approaches is proposed and described.     

航道水下数字高程模型的构建方法

以东莞市某航道水下数字地形构建为例,应用GPS—RTK技术并配合测深仪,荻取水下地形测量原始数据。通过VC＋ObjectARXCAD二次开发,在构建格网DEM精度和运行效率方面,利用几种内插方法实现了数字航道水下地形模型的构建,得出在水下地形起伏不大的情况下．TIN线性内插在构建航道格网DEM中是一种高效率、高精度的方法。     

基于GIS的黄河三角洲地下水开发适宜性评价模型

本文运用地理信息系统(GIS)技术,建立了黄河三角洲地区浅层地下水开发适宜性综合评价模型.评价模型考虑了浅层地下水补给、含水层导水性和储水性、地下水水质、土地利用以及地下水开采对环境影响等多方面因素,模型评价结果为地下水开发适宜性等级分区图.模型评价成果为黄河三角洲地区浅层地下水资源规划和开发利用提供了科学依据.     

RockGIS: a GIS-based model for the analysis of fragmentation in rockfalls

A rockfall is a mass instability event frequently observed in road cuts, open pit mines and quarries, steep slopes and cliffs. After its detachment, the rock mass may disaggregate and break due to the impact with the ground surface, thus producing new rock fragments. The consideration of the fragmentation of the rockfall mass is critical for the calculation of the trajectories of the blocks and the impact energies and for the assessment of the potential damage and the design of protective structures. In this paper, we present RockGIS, a GIS-based tool that simulates stochastically the fragmentation of the rockfall, based on a lumped mass approach. In RockGIS, the fragmentation is triggered by the disaggregation of the detached rock mass through the pre-existing discontinuities just before the impact with the ground. An energy threshold is defined in order to determine whether the impacting blocks break or not. The distribution of the initial mass between a set of newly generated rock fragments is carried out stochastically following a power law. The trajectories of the new rock fragments are distributed within a cone. The fragmentation model has been calibrated and tested with a 10,000 m³ rockfall that took place in 2011 near Vilanova de Banat, Eastern Pyrenees, Spain.