巢湖流域新石器至汉代古聚落变更与环境变迁

以GIS为手段,在对巢湖流域新石器中晚期至汉代聚落遗址时空分布特征进行分析的基础上,探讨流域内古聚落变更对环境变迁的响应关系.研究表明,巢湖流域新石器中晚期至汉代古聚落变更的规律主要表现为,随着时代推进聚落遗址从高海拔逐渐向低海拔地区转移并向湖泊靠近,这种变更响应于中全新世以来流域气候由温暖湿润向温和干燥的发展,以及由此导致的巢湖湖泊收缩、水位持续下降和生活范围扩展,反映了在气候变化的大背景下,地貌演化和水文条件的改变对古聚落变更的影响;而各时期聚落遗址西多东少的分布格局,则与流域东部极易受河道摆动和洪涝灾害影响的地貌条件有关.因此,气候变化成为巢湖流域古聚落变更的重要激发因子,对古聚落的分布、扩展、演变都产生了重要影响,古聚落变更对环境变迁的响应明显.     

Transmutation of ancient settlements and environmental changes between 6000–2000 aBP in the Chaohu Lake Basin,East China

Based on the temporal-spatial distribution features of ancient settlement sites from the middle and late Neolithic Age to the Han dynasty in the Chaohu Lake Basin of Anhui Province, East China, using the methods of GIS combined with the reconstructed paleoenvironment by the records of lake sediment since Holocene, the transmutation of ancient settlements with response to environmental changes in this area has been discussed. Studies show that the main feature of transmutation of ancient settlements from the middle and late Neolithic Age to the Han Dynasty was that the distribution of settlements in this area changed from high altitudes to low ones and kept approaching the Chaohu Lake with the passage of time. These could be the response to the climate change from warm-moist to a relatively warm-dry condition during the middle Holocene, leading to the lake level fluctuations. The large area of exposed land provided enough space for human activities. These indicate that the above changes in geomorphologic evolution and hydrology influenced by climate conditions affected the transmutation of ancient settlements greatly. The distribution pattern of settlement sites was that the number of sites in the west was more than in the east. This pattern may be related to the geomorphologic conditions such as frequent channel shifting of the Yangtze River as well as flood disasters during the Holocene optimum. Therefore, climate change was the inducement of the transmutation of ancient settlements in the Chaohu Lake Basin, which exerted great influence on the distribution, expansion and development of the ancient settlements.     

Transmutation of ancient settlements and environmental changes between 6000?2000 aBP in the Chaohu Lake Basin, East China

Based on the temporal-spatial distribution features of ancient settlement sites from the middle and late Neolithic Age to the Han dynasty in the Chaohu Lake Basin of Anhui Province, East China, using the methods of GIS combined with the reconstructed paleoenvironment by the records of lake sediment since Holocene, the transmutation of ancient settlements with response to environmental changes in this area has been discussed. Studies show that the main feature of transmutation of ancient settlements from the middle and late Neolithic Age to the Han Dynasty was that the distribution of settlements in this area changed from high altitudes to low ones and kept approaching the Chaohu Lake with the passage of time. These could be the response to the climate change from warm-moist to a relatively warm-dry condition during the middle Holocene, leading to the lake level fluctuations. The large area of exposed land provided enough space for human activities. These indicate that the above changes in geomorphologic evolution and hydrology influenced by climate conditions affected the transmutation of ancient settlements greatly. The distribution pattern of settlement sites was that the number of sites in the west was more than in the east. This pattern may be related to the geomorphologic conditions such as frequent channel shifting of the Yangtze River as well as flood disasters during the Holocene optimum. Therefore, climate change was the inducement of the transmutation of ancient settlements in the Chaohu Lake Basin, which exerted great influence on the distribution, expansion and development of the ancient settlements.     

全新世巢湖沉积物炭屑记录的火环境变化

通过对巢湖湖泊沉积岩芯不同粒级炭屑浓度和磁化率等指标变化的研究,揭示了全新世以来的区域火环境变化及人类活动影响。结果表明：① 全新世早期,气候由寒冷干旱向温暖湿润过渡,但仍较为干旱,炭屑浓度也相对略高,火活动比较频繁,地方性和区域性火时有发生;② 全新世中期是最温暖湿润的适宜期,炭屑浓度出现全新世以来的低值,火活动微弱,但在文化兴盛时期炭屑浓度出现峰值,则归因于人类活动的影响;③ 全新世晚期,在气候趋于凉干的环境背景下,人类活动的增强更加剧了火活动的频率和强度,炭屑浓度大幅增加;④ 近200 a炭屑浓度的降低可能与湖区附近已没有足够生物量引起火灾有关。     

巢湖流域的土地利用变化及其生态系统功能损益

基于多时点TM影像解译数据,研究了巢湖流域近30年以来的土地利用/覆盖变化,并借助于生态系统服务价值理论,估算了研究区土地利用/覆盖类型变化所造成的生态系统服务价值损益。由于巢湖流域主要以水田为主,生态服务价值较高,同时考虑该区域水田一年两季的耕作特点,单位面积耕地生态系统服务价值是全国平均值的两倍,单位面积林草地的生态系统服务价值是全国平均价值的1.45倍。研究结果表明:巢湖流域近30年生态服务功能价值损失了831.68×10⁶元,年均损失27.7×10⁶元,并呈现逐年加剧趋势;流域生态服务价值损失量空间分布极不平衡,合肥每年生态服务价值损失量超过流域均值5倍,由此表明大城市扩张对巢湖流域生态服务价值损益作用明显。     

鄱阳湖流域史前人类遗址时空分布及其环境响应（英文）

The temporal-spatial geographic distribution of archaeological sites and its feature between 10.0–2.8 ka BP(ka BP= thousands of years before 0 BP, where "0 BP" is defined as the year AD 1950) were determined, based on GIS spatial analysis in the Poyang Lake Basin. The relationship between geographic distribution of sites of different periods under subsistence existence of ancient civilizations, climate and environmental change was investigated. The results revealed numerous archaeological sites of the Neolithic Age(10.0–3.6 ka BP). The sites were mainly located in the northern part of the Poyang Lake Basin, a hilly and mountainous area with many river terraces suitable for the development of human civilization. The number of archaeological sites rapidly increased during the Shang and Zhou dynasties(3.6–2.8 ka BP) and spread widely on the floodplains of the middle and lower reaches of Ganjiang River and onto the west, south, and southeast beach areas of the Poyang Lake. Holocene records of climate change suggested that it was possible that climate fluctuations had a great impact on human evolution in the study area. Before 3.6 ka BP, westward and northward expansion of Neolithic cultures in the Poyang Lake watershed occurred under the background of climate amelioration(becoming warmer and wetter). The ancient people lived in the hilly areas with high elevation. The simple mode of a fishing and gathering economy was mostly suited to this area in the early Neolithic Age. The scope of human activities was expanded and cultural diversity developed in the late Neolithic Age. However, with population growth and increasing survival pressure in a dry-cold climatic stage after 3.6 ka BP, this simple living mode had to be abandoned, and various forms of economy, the majority being agriculture, were developed on flood plains of the lower reaches of numerous rivers around Poyang Lake. This promoted flourishing of the Bronze culture of South China.     

山东北部地区聚落遗址时空分布与环境演变的关系

利用GIS软件对山东北部地区聚落遗址时空分布特征进行分析,并结合双王城剖面沉积环境分析和前人研究成果探讨了聚落时空分布与环境演变之间的关系。结果表明:距今8000-5000 年间,在气候温暖湿润和海面相对较高的环境背景下,人类活动主要集中在海拔相对较高(20~200 m),地形较为平坦(坡度< 2°)的洪积台地和冲积平原上;西部平原地区由于地势低洼,容易积水而发生水患,因而很少有遗址分布。距今5000 年之后,气候暖湿程度降低,海平面持续下降,人类活动范围明显向海扩展;西部低洼地区在气候变干和海面降低的双重影响下,自然环境得到改善,也开始被古人广泛开发利用。这一时期区域文化繁荣发展,逐渐形成社会结构复杂、城邦林立的初期文明。然而距今4000 年左右,由于气候变化和洪患灾害加剧,史前文化开始明显衰落。商周时期气候环境趋于稳定,文化发展再次兴盛。北部滨海平原地区随着生产技术的进步,人类适应区域资源环境条件,在早期农业人群难以定居的滩涂地上形成以盐业生产为主要经济活动的聚落群。     

近600年来巢湖流域旱涝灾害研究

基于历史文献中的水旱灾害记录,重建巢湖流域1370~1988年旱涝灾害等级序列,并进行连续功率谱分析。结果表明:近600多a来,巢湖流域涝灾和旱灾发生的频率几乎相当,平均为2.28~2.40 a一遇;但特大涝灾和大涝灾的频率远高于特大旱灾和大旱灾。巢湖流域水旱灾害存在准周期的变化,主要为:2~3、7~10 a,这与长江中下游的洪涝灾害变化步调基本一致。自然气候因素和人类活动对环境演变的影响是今后进一步研究的主要方向。     

1860s以来巢湖沉积物金属元素富集特点及其对人类活动的指示意义

根据对巢湖CH1钻孔沉积物进行²¹⁰Pb比活度测试和粒度、磁学、金属元素分析,在推算沉积速率并建立沉积物年代学标尺的基础上,分析了沉积物金属元素富集与粒度组成和磁学特性间的关系。在对沉积物金属元素含量进行粒度校正后,发现大约自沉积速率推算年代1860s A.D.起,沉积物Cu、Zn元素开始出现非自然水平富集,是化石燃料高温燃烧、金属冶炼与机械制造等人为活动影响所致。这与始自1861年,以生产枪炮、弹药、火轮船为主的中国近代第一个兵工厂——安庆内军械所,在时间上与可能的金属污染性质上是完全一致的,说明巢湖沉积物金属元素的非自然水平富集,是对这一时期区域工业发轫与人类工业活动的沉积响应。     

Coincidence of abandoned settlements and climate change in the Xinjiang oases zone during the last 2000 years

The study on the relationship of abandoned settlements and climate change in the oases could provide a historical reference for understanding human responses to present and future global warming in the arid zone. A total of 554 abandoned historical settlements in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China, were used to examine the relationship between abandoned settlements and temperature change over the past 2000 years. The analysis covered dynastic epochs from the Han Dynasty (206BC–220AD) to the Qing Dynasty (1644AD–1911AD) in the oases of Xinjiang. Greater density of settlements was found at the oases larger than 2000 km², which were more stable and less sensitive to climate change compared to smaller oases. Settlements flourished at small oases and the middle and lower reaches of rivers during warm periods and shrank back to piedmont basins and upstream alluvial fans during cold periods. These results demonstrated responses of oasis agriculture to climate change.     

安徽巢湖全新世湖泊沉积物磁化率与粒度组合的变化特征及其环境意义

通过对获取的巢湖湖泊沉积岩芯的磁化率与粒度组合特征的分析,结合孢粉及相邻其它区域的环境考古资料,得出该岩芯柱样所反映的环境变化信息。结果表明:(1)巢湖湖泊沉积物磁化率曲线在117 cm以下总体上比较平稳而略有下降,117 cm以上人类活动所导致的侵蚀作用加剧使得磁化率值异常升高;(2)本岩芯柱样117 cm以下样品的磁化率强度与粘土的百分比含量呈正相关,而与粉砂组分的百分比含量成负相关;(3)根据磁化率与粒度组合变化特征,结合孢粉分析及全新世以来区域气候变化背景,9 870 Cal a B.P.以来的巢湖流域古气候环境演变可以划分6个不同的时期:9 870~7 000 Cal a B.P.,气候呈温和略干的特点;7 000~4 750 Cal a B.P.,气候温暖湿润;4 750~2 170 Cal a B.P.,流域气候温和干燥,巢湖湖盆局部地区可能出露水面以上;2 170~1 040 Cal a B.P.,气候总体上温和湿润,但是冷暖波动明显;1 040~2 00 Cal a B.P.流域处在温凉稍湿的时期,人类活动逐渐加强;200 Cal a B.P.至今,流域总体上处于相对温暖湿润阶段。     

巢湖西湖岸新石器-商周遗址空间分布规律及其成因

将地理信息系统空间分析方法引入巢湖西湖岸新石器-商周遗址考古工作,通过点密度分析、空间距离分析、三维分析、缓冲区分析等方法研究遗址空间分布规律及其影响因素。研究表明自新石器至商周时期研究区内遗址时空分布呈现:随时间推移由湖岸边逐渐向西北部扩展,后迁移至南部,再均匀扩散的遗址迁移轨迹;先民多选择靠近水源、地势平坦、土壤肥沃的自然岗地、河谷阶地、山麓面居住,导致古遗址空间上大致呈线状、团聚状、分散状等分布特征,具有明显的河谷谷地指向性、阶地岗地指向性、土壤指向性等规律。提出遗址分布在早期可能主要受到气候水文、地貌、植被土壤等自然因素影响,后期生产力发展水平、经济生活方式等人文因素影响加重。本研究为GIS支持下区域考古研究提供了合适的研究实例,同时GIS方法得到一些推论假设仍需要田野考古调查与发掘等进一步佐证。     

Changing Properties of Snowpack in the Great Salt Lake Basin,Western United States,from a 26-Year SNOTEL Record

Daily observations from automated snowpack telemetry (SNOTEL) stations from within the drainage basin of the Great Salt Lake over the period from 1982 to 2007 are analyzed. The major finding is a shift toward an earlier date of peak snow water equivalent (SWE) by around fifteen days. Less robust findings are reductions in the amounts of peak SWE and 1 April SWE. This suggests increased chances of late-summer water shortages, especially when combined with rapid recent population growth. Less freshwater is likely to be available to flow into the Great Salt Lake, increasing its salinity and potentially affecting its ecology.     

1950-2000年中国东部和西部湖区水量空间变化趋势

Lakes in China have undergone considerable environmental changes during the past 50 years, e.g. lake level, water area changes, as did in the past several thousands years.The enhanced human activities, such as land reclamation, application of chemical fertilizer,land use and cover, irrigation and industrialization in the catchment etc., have played an im-portant role on the recent decades' changes of these lakes, although constrained to a great extent by the natural impact. Comparative study on variations of lake volume (water level,depth and area) in the eastern and western lake regions of China during 1950-2000 indicated that, lake volume in the eastern region had approximately undergone a two-stage change, i.e.a dramatic decrease from the 1950s to 1970s, and a continuous increase between the 1980s and 1990s; while, in the western region, lake volume had been decreasing nearly all the time.Further studies on some typical lakes concluded that, climatic change was a primary factor for the variations of lake volume during the past 50 years, although human activities showed important effect.     

2000—2019年赛里木湖湖冰物候特征变化

基于MODIS影像、中国湖泊数据集及气象数据,综合分析了2000—2019年赛里木湖湖冰物候特征变化及影响因素.结果表明:(1)赛里木湖湖冰开始冻结和开始消融日期平均出现在11月2日和4月26日,湖冰完全封冻和完全消融日期平均出现在1月18日和5月17日,湖冰完全封冻期和湖冰冰期平均为99 d和196 d.(2)近20...     

青海湖湖东风成剖面化学元素特征及其环境指示意义

通过对青海湖湖东沙地风成沉积剖面化学元素特征的分析,结合光释光测年结果,并和已有研究进行对比,探讨了青海湖区12.5 ka BP以来的气候环境变化过程,将其划分为5个阶段：12.5 ka BP前气候寒冷干燥,青海湖应处于冰川消退的寒冷期,风沙活动强烈;12.5~11.9 ka BP气候向暖湿转变,其中12.2~11.9 ka BP发生一次寒冷事件,对应于新仙女木事件;11.9~8.0 ka BP气候冷暖波动频繁,期间出现了3次寒冷事件;8.0~2.6 ka BP是一个持续时间较长的温暖湿润期;2.6 ka BP至今,气候以干冷为主,与现代气候相近。     

艾比湖流域绿洲化与荒漠化过程时空演变研究

艾比湖流域生态格局是绿洲化过程和荒漠化过程相互作用的结果,以1990、2000年和2005年的遥感数据作为数据源,进行景观分类与制图,利用ArcGIS提取了艾比湖流域的绿洲和荒漠景观,基于占补平衡原理和变化检测,对比分析了绿洲退缩区和扩张区的数量特征和空间格局,并利用重心迁移模型得出绿洲和荒漠重心的变化趋势。结果表明：①1990-2005年间,研究区绿洲面积有所增加,荒漠面积呈减少趋势,绿洲退缩区的面积为1 853.75 km2,而绿洲扩张区的面积达到了1 912.13 km2。②研究时段内,绿洲的空间变化较大,其扩张区多位于艾比湖湖区周围以及艾比湖湖区西部以耕地为主的区域,绿洲退缩区主要位于研究区的东北部。③绿洲的重心向西南方向迁移了3.4196 km,同时,荒漠的重心向东北迁移,迁移距离为6.9999 km。     

气候变化和人类活动对鄱阳湖流域入湖输沙量影响的定量估算

采用HydroTrend水文模型,以鄱阳湖流域的赣江、抚河、信江、饶河和修水为研究对象,基于1956-2010年鄱阳湖流域气候数据、水沙数据及其他相关资料,分别模拟了5个子流域的入湖水沙通量变化。在此基础上,探讨了气候变化、植被覆盖变化和水库修建活动对输沙量变化的影响,并定量估算了上述因子对流域输沙量变化的贡献。结果表明：① 1956-2010年,气候、植被和水库三种因子影响下的流域年均输沙量分别为15.5 Mt、20.8 Mt、8.5 Mt,而三种因子共同影响下的流域年均输沙量达到12.6 Mt。② 1956-2010年,植被覆盖变化使流域年均输沙量增加4.2 Mt,而水库拦截造成流域年均输沙量减少8.2 Mt,两者分别占实际年均输沙量的32.4%和63.2%。③ 1956-1989年,植被覆盖变化导致的输沙增加量和水库修建拦截导致的输沙减少量均为5.1 Mt/a,两者对流域输沙量贡献持平;1990-2010年,水土流失加重导致的输沙增加量和水库拦截导致的输沙减少量分别为2.7 Mt/a和13.3 Mt/a,水库对入湖输沙量的影响效应是植被覆盖变化的5倍左右。     

Holocene environmental changes and development of Figurnoye Lake in the southern Bunger Hills, East Antarctica

The lithology, radiocarbon chronology, granulometry, geochemistry and distribution of diatoms were investigated in three sediment cores from fresh-water Figurnoye Lake in the southern Bunger Hills, East Antarctica. Our paleolimnological data provide a record of Holocene environmental changes for this region. In the early Holocene (prior to 9.0 ± 0.5 kyr BP), warm climate conditions caused intensive melting of either the floating glacier ice mass or glaciers in the immediate lake surroundings, leading to the accumulation of terrigenous clastic sediments and limiting biogenic production in the lake. From ca. 9.0 ± 0.5 to 5.5 ± 0.5 kyr BP, highly biogenic sediments dominated by benthic mosses formed, indicating more distal glaciers or snowfields. A relatively cold and dry climate during this period caused weaker lake-water circulation and, likely, occurrence of lake ice conditions were more severe than present. The distribution of marine diatoms in the cores shows that, sometime between 8 and 5 kyr BP, limited amounts of marine water episodically penetrated to the lake, requiring a relative sea-level rise exceeding 10–11 m. During the last ca. 5.5 ± 0.5 kyr BP, sedimentation of mainly biogenic matter with a dominance of laminated microbial mats occurred in the lake under warm climatic conditions, interrupted by relative coolings: the first one around 2 kyr BP and then shortly before recent time. Between ca. 5.5 and 4 kyr BP, the drainage of numerous ice-dammed lakes took place in the southern Bunger Hills and, as a result, drier landscapes have existed here from about 4 kyr BP.     

Glacier changes in the Sanjiangyuan Nature Reserve of China during 2000–2018

The glaciers in the Sanjiangyuan Nature Reserve of China (SNRC) are a significant water resource for the Yangtze,Yellow,and Mekong rivers.Based on Landsat Thematic Mapper(TM)/Operational Land Imager (OLI) images acquired in 2000,2010,and 2018,the outlines of glaciers in the SNRC were obtained by combining band ratio method with manual interpretation.There were 1714 glaciers in the SNRC in 2018,with an area of 2331.15±54.84 km2,an ice volume of 188.90±6.41 km3,and an average length of 1475.4±15 m.During 2000-2018,the corresponding values of glaciers decreased by 69,271.95±132.06 km2,18.59±8.83 km3,and 84.75±34 m,respectively.Glaciers in the Yangtze River source area witnessed the largest area loss (-154.45 km2),whereas glaciers in the Mekong River source area experienced the fastest area loss (-2.02％·a-1) and the maximum reduction of the average length (-125.82 m).Overall,the retreat of glaciers in the SNRC exhibited an accelerating trend.Especially,the loss rate of glacier area in the Yellow River source area in 2010-2018 was more than twice that in 2000-2010.The glacier change is primarily attributed to the significant rise in temperature during the ablation period.Some other factors including the size,orientation and terminus elevation of glaciers also contributed to the heterogeneity of glacier change.