东南亚红土镍矿床地质地球化学特征及成因探讨——以印尼苏拉威西岛Kolonodale矿床为例

Kolonodale矿床是东南亚红土镍矿带上一处典型矿床,位于印度尼西亚苏拉威西岛东部。矿床产自富镁超基性岩红土风化壳,矿化剖面自上而下出现红土层→腐岩层→基岩层垂向分带。红土镍矿石产在红土剖面上部,载镍矿物是铁质氧化物。硅镁镍矿石产在红土剖面中下部,载镍矿物为镍蛇纹石、镍滑石等含水层状硅酸盐矿物。地球化学分析显示,沿矿化剖面元素地球化学分异非常显著,Ni次生富集效应明显。超基性岩红土化过程的元素地球化学行为具有多样性,Fe、Al、Ti、Cr属残留富集组分,Si、Mg属淋滤缺失组分,Mn、Ca、Co、Ni属次生富集组分。通过典型矿床对比,Kolonodale矿床属原地自生硅酸盐型红土镍矿床,其发育受地质背景和地表环境条件的综合制约。富镁超基性岩、良好的构造组合、稳定的大地构造环境、湿热热带雨林气候、有利地形地貌等均是成矿有利条件。综合分析认为,Kolonodale矿床的成矿过程可划分为腐岩化、红土化和次生富集3个成矿阶段。     

东南亚红土镍矿床地质地球化学特征及成因探讨 ——以印尼苏拉威西岛Kolonodale矿床为例

Kolonodale矿床是东南亚红土镍矿带上一处典型矿床,位于印度尼西亚苏拉威西岛东部。矿床产自富镁超基性岩红土风化壳,矿化剖面自上而下出现红土层→腐岩层→基岩层垂向分带。红土镍矿石产在红土剖面上部,载镍矿物是铁质氧化物。硅镁镍矿石产在红土剖面中下部,载镍矿物为镍蛇纹石、镍滑石等含水层状硅酸盐矿物。地球化学分析显示,沿矿化剖面元素地球化学分异非常显著,Ni次生富集效应明显。超基性岩红土化过程的元素地球化学行为具有多样性,Fe、Al、Ti、Cr属残留富集组分,Si、Mg属淋滤缺失组分,Mn、Ca、Co、Ni属次生富集组分。通过典型矿床对比,Kolonodale矿床属原地自生硅酸盐型红土镍矿床,其发育受地质背景和地表环境条件的综合制约。富镁超基性岩、良好的构造组合、稳定的大地构造环境、湿热热带雨林气候、有利地形地貌等均是成矿有利条件。综合分析认为,Kolonodale矿床的成矿过程可划分为腐岩化、红土化和次生富集3个成矿阶段。     

印度尼西亚苏拉威西岛砾岩型红土镍矿床地质特征及成因

红土型镍矿是基性、超基性岩在热带、亚热带地区常年高温、多雨的环境下,经过风化--淋滤--沉积富集而成。基性、超基性岩是此类矿床的成矿母岩。因此,以往针对红土型镍矿的找矿勘探首先是寻找基性、超基性岩。笔者近期在印度尼西亚苏拉威西省Kolaka县发现了一种新型红土镍矿床,该矿床成矿母岩并非是基性、超基性岩,而是砾石成分以超基性岩为主的一套砾岩。为了区分传统意义上由基性、超基性岩风化淋滤形成的红土型镍矿,笔者将其称为砾岩型红土镍矿。该矿床的结构分带由上往下可分为:腐植土层、红土层、强风化砾岩层、半风化砾岩层、砾岩层,镍矿体主要分布于半风化砾岩层中。初步认为矿床是由砾岩经过风化--水解-淋滤-沉淀富集等作用形成的。     

浅析东南亚地区红土型镍矿地质特征及成矿规律

东南亚地区红土型镍矿分布较广,成矿地质条件优越。该类矿床产于超基性岩带顶部红土型风化壳内,矿石多为含镍的褐铁矿化黏土,其产出规模、分布范围和品位高低与原岩类型、气候变化、地形地貌和构造条件关系密切。成矿物质主要来源于超基性岩体,是镁铁质-超镁铁质岩体风化-淋滤-淀积的产物,矿石的矿物组分与风化土的矿物组分大体一致,属黏土硅酸盐镍矿床。本文在收集前人资料的基础上,系统地阐述了矿床区域地质背景、矿床地质特征及成矿分布规律初步研究,总结出了该类矿区找矿标志及成矿规律,对寻找红土型镍矿床具有一定的指导作用。     

津巴布韦古鲁韦地区镍矿床地质特征及成因探讨

古鲁韦镍矿床位于津巴布韦大岩墙上,矿体严格受含镍的超基性岩——津巴布韦大岩墙控制,并与超基性岩体风化层深度关系密切。文章通过对古鲁韦风化壳镍矿床成矿地质背景和镍矿体地质特征的阐述,说明镍矿成因与超基性岩体、地形地貌、气候等关系,认为含镍的超基性岩经过化学风化作用以后,在风化带中经过富集形成了现在的矿床。     

热带地区红土型镍矿风化壳元素迁移富集规律研究——以菲律宾南部苏里高Pili镍矿为例

位于东南亚热带地区的菲律宾和印度尼西亚是世界上主要的红土型镍矿产区。在菲律宾南部的苏里高(Surigao)地区广泛分布红土型镍矿床,矿床类型属于含水镁硅酸盐型。本文主要通过对菲律宾苏里高地区Pili红土型镍矿详细的野外地质调查,结合红土风化壳剖面的矿物学组成及地球化学特征来探讨热带地区红土风化壳的分层特征及元素迁移富集规律。根据矿物组成特征将Pili红土型镍矿风化壳剖面自上而下分为四层：黏土层、红土层、腐岩层以及基岩。其中腐岩层镍含量可达1%以上,是主要的镍含矿层。红土剖面地球化学特征显示红土层呈现富Fe、Mn贫Si、Mg的特征。上部黏土层相对红土层反而出现富Al、Si、Cr、Ni贫Fe、Mn的特征。区别于常见的红土型镍矿,Pili镍矿红土层反而呈现贫镍的特征。剖面元素迁移率特征显示,黏土层经历了强烈的Si、Mg、Fe、Mn流失,红土层经历了Mg、Si等元素的强烈流失以及Fe、Mn等元素中等程度的流失。下层腐岩层中经历了Fe、Mn、Cr等元素的富集以及镍的强烈富集。由此我们提出三阶段过程来解释Pili红土型镍矿的元素迁移和富集：腐岩发育阶段、红土发育阶段以及晚期溶解再沉淀阶段。腐岩初始发育阶段未发生明显的元素迁移流失。红土初始发育阶段受地表流体的影响发生了强烈的Mg、Si等元素的流失。红土初始形成以后,受热带地区强降水作用影响,后期还原性地表流体不断淋滤使其上部还经历了强烈的Fe、Mn流失而形成黏土层。中部的红土层也相应发生了强烈的镍流失和中等程度的Fe、Mn流失。该阶段强烈的元素迁移可能是热带地区红土型镍矿风化壳所特有的特征。流体淋滤携带的镍逐渐由红土层向下迁移,并以含镍镁硅酸盐的形式最终富集在腐岩层中。本研究的发现对该区红土型镍矿找矿勘查工作具有重要指示意义。     

热带地区红土型镍矿风化壳元素迁移富集规律研究——以菲律宾南部苏里高Pili镍矿为例

位于东南亚热带地区的菲律宾和印度尼西亚是世界上主要的红土型镍矿产区。在菲律宾南部的苏里高(Surigao)地区广泛分布红土型镍矿床,矿床类型属于含水镁硅酸盐型。笔者等主要通过对菲律宾苏里高地区Pili红土型镍矿详细的野外地质调查,结合红土风化壳剖面的矿物学组成及地球化学特征来探讨热带地区红土风化壳的分层特征及元素迁移富集规律。根据矿物组成特征将Pili红土型镍矿风化壳剖面自上而下分为四层：黏土层、红土层、腐岩层以及基岩。其中腐岩层镍含量可达1%以上,是主要的镍含矿层。红土剖面地球化学特征显示红土层呈现富Fe、Mn贫Si、Mg的特征。上部黏土层相对红土层反而出现富Al、Si、Cr、Ni贫Fe、Mn的特征。区别于常见的红土型镍矿,Pili镍矿红土层反而呈现贫镍的特征。剖面元素迁移率特征显示,黏土层经历了强烈的Si、Mg、Fe、Mn流失,红土层经历了Mg、Si等元素的强烈流失以及Fe、Mn等元素中等程度的流失。下层腐岩层中经历了Fe、Mn、Cr等元素的富集以及镍的强烈富集。由此我们提出三阶段过程来解释Pili红土型镍矿的元素迁移和富集：腐岩发育阶段、红土发育阶段以及晚期溶解再沉淀阶段。腐岩初始发育阶段未发生明显的元素迁移流失。红土初始发育阶段受地表流体的影响发生了强烈的Mg、Si等元素的流失。红土初始形成以后,受热带地区强降水作用影响,后期还原性地表流体不断淋滤使其上部还经历了强烈的Fe、Mn流失而形成黏土层。中部的红土层也相应发生了强烈的镍流失和中等程度的Fe、Mn流失。该阶段强烈的元素迁移可能是热带地区红土型镍矿风化壳所特有的特征。流体淋滤携带的镍逐渐由红土层向下迁移,并以含镍镁硅酸盐的形式最终富集在腐岩层中。本研究的发现对该区红土型镍矿找矿勘查工作具有重要指示意义。     

缅甸达贡山风化壳型硅酸镍矿床

矿床产于超基性岩顶部的风化壳硅镁镍矿层中,超基性岩方辉橄榄岩是成矿母岩和矿体直接载体。矿石为硅酸镍氧化矿石,镍以类质同象存在于硅酸盐矿物中。具有典型的风化壳型硅酸镍矿床特点。     

班公湖-怒江结合带东段类乌齐地区碳酸岩型镍矿成矿规律研究

野外调查发现西藏类乌齐地区分布着众多的含镍碳酸岩体,呈十几米至几百米不等的岩株出露。通过对成矿地质背景、区内地球化学、典型矿床特征的分析研究,认为研究区镍矿是由于富CO2的深部流体在中下地壳对超基性岩交代的过程中,使超基性岩体中的镍进入流体,进而形成富镍的碳酸岩。依据成矿规律和找矿标志,建立了碳酸岩型镍矿找矿模型。     

超基性岩红土风化壳的含矿性分析与快速找矿勘探方法

红土型镍矿是超基性岩受风化作用的产物, 而矿体内因残留有原超基性岩的副矿物——铬铁矿、钛铬铁矿、钒钛铁矿、钛铁矿等, 以及风化作用形成的赤铁矿、褐铁矿、硅酸镍矿、含钴的锂硬锰矿、钾硬锰矿等, 使得矿石成为非常特征的富铁、铬、锰、镍、钴、钒“天然合金矿石”。更因其矿床规模巨大, 埋藏浅, 易于勘探与露天开采, 已逐渐被规模化开发利用, 成为重要的镍原料开采对象。本文以印尼北科纳威地区的矿床为例, 试图对该类矿床的形成机理与找矿勘查方法作一些分析与总结。     

Composition and origin of lateritic nickel ore at Tagaung Taung,Burma

The recently discovered lateritic nickel ore deposit on the summit area of the Tagaung Taung contains about 40 million DMT nickel-saprolite ore with approximately 2% Ni. The serpentinite massif is covered with a thick weathering mantle consisting of saprolite, limonite, and an allochthonous lateritic surface layer. The thickness, nickel content, and physical properties of the ore are very variable. The main minerals in the nickel saprolite ore are nickeliferous serpentine and smectite. Microprobe analyses show a strong depletion of Mg with increasing nickel content in the serpentine minerals; smectite generally contains less nickel than serpentine. Chemical analyses of samples from more than 100 drill holes are used to calculate the mean chemical compositions, mean accumulation factors, and gain and loss of major and trace elements for the various layers. This permits a quantitative approach to be made to the genetic history of the weathering mantle. Gain and loss determinations on the basis of constant chromium content and of constant volume give nearly identical results for the saprolite layer. Calculations on the basis of Ni/Cr ratios indicate that three-quarters of a former 20-m-thick limonite layer has been eroded away. Only the lower part of the original limonite layer with a relatively high SiO₂ content is preserved. The kaolinite- and illite-rich surface layer is a mixture of limonite and weathered clayey material, which was probably derived from adjacent rocks. Part of the autochthonous weathering section is contaminated with infiltrated allochthonous surface material. It is not possible that colluvial-alluvial deposition of clayey material from nonultramafic rocks could have taken place under the present geomorphic regime. Thus, lateritization of the serpentinite and deposition of siallitic material must have occurred before exposure of the Tagaung Taung in its present form.     

Nickel geochemistry of a Philippine laterite examined by bulk and microprobe synchrotron analyses

The Ni geochemistry of limonite and saprolite laterite ores from Pujada in the Philippines has been investigated using a mixture of laboratory and synchrotron techniques. Nickel laterite profiles are typically composed of complicated mineral assemblages, with Ni being distributed heterogeneously at the micron scale, and thus a high degree of spatial resolution is required for analysis. This study represents the first such analysis of Philippine laterite ores. Synchrotron bulk and microprobe X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), comprising both X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopies, together with synchrotron microprobe X-ray fluorescence microscopy (XFM) and diffraction (XRD) have been applied to provide quantitative analysis of the mineral components and Ni speciation.Synchrotron microprobe EXAFS spectroscopy suggests that the limonite Ni is associated with phyllomanganate via adsorption onto the Mn oxide layers and substitution for Mn within these layers. Laboratory scanning electron microscopy, coupled to electron dispersive spectroscopy analyses, indicates that Ni is also associated with concentrated Fe containing particles and this is further confirmed by synchrotron bulk and microprobe investigation. Linear combination fitting of the bulk EXAFS limonite data suggests 60 ± 15% of the Ni is associated with phyllomanganate, with the predominant fraction adsorbed above vacancies in the MnO₆ layers with the remainder being substituted for Mn within these layers. The remaining 40 ± 10% of the Ni in the limonite ore is incorporated into goethite through replacement of the Fe. In the saprolite ore, 90 ± 23% of the Ni is associated with a serpentine mineral, most likely lizardite, as a replacement for Mg. The remaining Ni is found within phyllomanganate adsorbed above vacancies in the MnO₆ layers.     

Composition and origin of the Çaldağ oxide nickel laterite,W. Turkey

The Çalda? nickel laterite deposit located in the Aegean region of W. Turkey contains a reserve of 33 million tons of Ni ore with an average grade of 1.14% Ni. The deposit is developed on an ophiolitic serpentinite body which was obducted onto Triassic dolomites in the Late Cretaceous. The deposit weathering profile is both laterally and vertically variable. A limonite zone, which is the main ore horizon, is located at the base of the profile. A hematite horizon is located above the limonite, which in the south of the deposit is capped by Eocene freshwater limestones and in the north by a siliceous horizon. The deposit is unusual in lacking a significant saprolite zone with little development of Ni-silicates. The boundary between the limonite zone and serpentinite below is sharp with a marked decrease in concentrations of MgO from 13 to 1 wt.% over a distance of 2 mm representing the ‘Mg discontinuity’. Ni concentrations within goethite, the main ore mineral, reach a maximum of ~3 wt.% near the base of the limonite zone. Silica concentrations are high throughout most of the laterite with up to 80 wt.% silica in the upper portion of some profiles. The combination of a serpentinite protolith and a high water table at Çalda?, in association with an aggressive weathering environment in a tropical climate, resulted in the formation of an oxide-dominated deposit. The precipitation of silica may coincide with a change in climate with silica precipitation linked to an increase in seasonality. Additional variations within profile morphology are attributed to transportation during and after laterite development as a result of faulting, pocket type laterite formation and slumping, each of which produces a contrasting set of textural and geochemical features.     

The Avebury Ni deposit,Tasmania: A case study of an unconventional nickel deposit

The Avebury Ni deposit, which has a resource of 260,000 tons of Ni at a grade of 0.9%, is a unique example of a significant Ni sulfide deposit associated with an ophiolite sequence; the deposit is unique because it was formed by hydrothermal processes and also because ophiolites are generally considered unprospective for magmatic Ni sulfide mineralization. The deposit is hosted by Middle Cambrian cumulate peridotite and dunite rocks that were most probably formed from S-poor boninitic magmas. The mineralization, which consists principally of pentlandite, occurs in both serpentinites and skarns in the ultramafic cumulates. The ultramafic rocks are variably metasomatised as the result of the intrusion of the Late Devonian Heemskirk granite. Sulfide-rich and sulfide-poor portions of the ultramafic rocks are variably enriched in W, Bi, U, Pb, Mo, Sn and Sb relative to the primitive mantle. Modest to strong correlations between Cu, Au, Pd, REE, Sn, Mo, W and Ni provide strong evidence that the mineralization is hydrothermal in origin. In situ metasomatism of a magmatic Ni sulfide deposit is ruled out on the basis of poor or negative correlations between Ir, Ru, Rh and Pt when compared to Ni. Although the sulfide-free ultramafic rocks have high Ni contents, this Ni would have been unavailable to the ore-forming fluids as it was hosted in inaccessible sites, such as oxides and silicates. The strong correlations between Au, Pd and Ni suggest that the source of the Ni was magmatic sulfides somewhere at depth that not only have high Ni but also elevated Pd and Au contents.     

苏鲁超高压变质带岗上超镁铁质岩铬尖晶石形成过程——铬成矿新机制

岗上超镁铁质岩主要由纯橄岩和石榴橄榄岩组成,主要组成矿物有橄榄石、铬尖晶石、石榴子石、单斜辉石和斜方辉石等。铬尖晶石的Cr#[Cr/(Cr+Mg)×100]从51到89变化,铬尖晶石矿物表现为4期次演化的特点,反映了从岩浆期向榴辉岩相、角闪岩相和绿片岩相演化特征。随着超镁铁质岩的演化,铬尖晶石中Cr#不断增大(51增大到89),而铬尖晶石Mg#[Mg×100/(Mg+Fe2+)]不断减少,氧逸度不断增加。在绿片岩相—绿片角闪岩相退变质过程中,铬尖晶石中Cr、Mg和Al减少,Fe相对增加,产生富Cr尖晶石变质作用样式。晚期剪切变形等次生变化有利于富铬铬尖晶石矿物的形成和铬尖晶石的富集。同时,角闪岩相和绿片岩相变质作用使铬尖晶石富集呈现容易开采的条带状,降低了铬尖晶石与其他硅酸盐矿物的结合强度,降低了开采强度和成本,使原本不易于开采的铬铁矿矿体变得可以开采。这些意味着铬铁矿矿体展布要结合后期变质作用进行综合分析。     

印度尼西亚红土型镍矿

红土型镍矿分布在环太平洋亚热带-热带多雨地区。镍矿体产于趟基性岩上部的红土风化壳中,受地形控制明显,成因类型为红土型硅酸镍氧化矿,以褐铁矿型和腐岩型为主,矿石质量和可利用性均较好。     

西昆仑造山带东端新C-2013-198航磁异常处含钴镍矿化超镁铁质岩的发现及其找矿意义

新C-2013-198号航磁异常位于西昆仑造山带东端黄羊滩地区,苏巴什构造结合带南侧。三级查证工作表明,该异常对应地质体为含钴镍矿化超镁铁质岩,由辉橄岩和辉石岩组成。其中辉橄岩Ni含量分布在0.15%～0.32%,Co 0.012%～0.016%,Ni平均品位0.21%,Co 0.014%;辉石岩Ni含量为0.10%～0.19%,Co 0.007%～0.010%,Ni平均品位0.14%,Co 0.008%。含钴镍矿化仅赋存于超镁铁质岩石中,具明显岩浆控矿特征。赋矿超镁铁质岩与伴生辉长岩、斜长花岗岩构成蛇绿岩岩石组合,为西昆仑造山带苏巴什蛇绿岩的一部分。综合分析认为,含钴镍矿化成矿类型为与蛇绿岩有关的岩浆硫化物矿床,具煎茶岭式镍矿成矿特征。推断新疆南部西昆仑地区具有寻找煎茶岭式镍矿的找矿前景。     

Two‐Stage Sulfide Mineral Assemblages in the Mineralized Ultramafic Rocks of the Laowangzhai Gold Deposit (Yunnan,SW China): Implications for Metallogenic Evolution

The Laowangzhai gold deposit, located in the Ailaoshan gold belt (SW China), is hosted in various types of rocks, including in quartz porphyry, carbonaceous slate, meta‐sandstone, lamprophyre, and altered ultramafic rocks. In contrast to other wall rocks, the orebodies in altered ultramafic rocks are characterized by the occurrence of a large amount of Ni‐bearing minerals. The ore‐forming process of the orebodies hosted by altered ultramafic rocks can be divided into two stages: pyrite‐vaesite‐native gold and gersdorffite‐violarite stages. The contents of As and Sb increased during the evolution of ore‐forming fluid based on the mineral assemblages. Thermodynamic modeling of the Ni‐Cu‐As‐Fe‐S system using the SUPCRT92 software package with the updated database of slop16.dat indicates the fS₂ in ore‐forming fluid decreases significantly from stage I to stage II. The decreases of fS₂ due to crystallization of sulfides and fO₂ due to fluid–rock reaction were responsible for ore formation in altered ultramafic rocks of the Laowangzhai gold deposit. Geological evidence, the in situ sulfur isotope values of pyrite, and the other published isotopic data suggest that the ore‐forming fluid for ultramafic rock ores was dominantly composed of evolved magmatic fluid with the important input of sediments.