基于模态曲率法的大跨度斜拉桥损伤识别

大跨度斜拉桥是重要的交通结构,研究其在主梁损伤条件下的损伤定位问题具有重要的工程价值。合理选择设计参数并对其进行敏感性分析,根据现场实测的桥梁动力特性数据,通过调整选定的设计参数对初始的有限元模型进行修正。在基准有限元模型的基础上,通过模拟不同位置和不同程度的主梁损伤,探讨了模态曲率法对结构损伤识别的有效性。结果表明,模态曲率法能够对大跨斜拉桥进行初步的损伤定位,确定主梁单处损伤和多处损伤的损伤位置;对于单处损伤,在噪声水平3%的情况下仍具有较好的适用性。从而为后期更为精确的桥梁结构损伤检测提供依据。     

基于分布式应变监测的大跨度斜拉桥结构损伤探测

结构损伤具有典型的局部性质,通常表现为局部应变的异常。结构应变的分布式监测与损伤敏感特征分析,是实现大跨桥梁损伤探测与定位的理想途径之一。但是,由于环境噪声的影响,对分布式应变信号的监测往往不能准确反映结构出现的损伤状况。因此,提出了通过小波变换对分布式光纤测试的斜拉桥桥面应变分布进行多尺度分析的方法。这种方法可以克服分布式光纤应变监测信号受观测噪声和空间分辨率平均效应的不利影响,准确地确定空间域信号奇异点在桥面的位置。同时,在实验室建立了比尺为1∶150的模型斜拉桥。通过对斜拉桥数值模型与物理模型试验结果的分析和比较,验证了所提出方法的有效性。     

桥梁损伤预警系统的设计与实现

基于对单塔斜拉桥模型的动力响应试验,研究了结构损伤预警系统的功能、模块划分、工作流程、数据库和应用软件的设计和实现方法。为保证结构损伤预警的实时性与准确性,提出了分别针对突发性损伤和累积性损伤的平行预警模式。开发了桥梁历史数据纵向对比功能,帮助发现桥梁结构异常状态,以进一步触发远程诊断中心预警系统,达到对结构损伤的群体参与协同诊断,并在此基础上编制了桥梁损伤预警系统软件。     

大跨度混凝土梁斜拉桥横向地震作用易损性分析

以某大跨斜拉桥为例,利用SAP2000建立有限元模型,基于结构性能目标,探讨桥梁构件损伤标定方法,并采用IDA的倒塌易损性分析方法,对该斜拉桥进行横向的地震易损性分析,最后采用能力需求比模型法拟合出主塔的易损性曲线。研究结果表明,在横向地震作用下,索塔墩顶截面、上塔柱底部成为易损截面的概率增大,连接主梁的中塔柱底部截面出现完全破坏的概率增大。     

基于多尺度混合有限元模型的钢框架地震时程分析

为了研究建筑结构在强震作用下的微观破坏机理以及提高建筑结构地震反应分析的精确性和可靠性,将多尺度有限元分析方法引入抗震混合试验中。根据经验将复杂结构在地震作用下表现出来的特性划分为线性,非线性以及强非线性部分,形成由宏观有限元模型模拟线性部位,微观有限元模型模拟非线性部位以及试验单元模拟用有限元单元难以模拟的强非线性部位的多尺度混合有限元模型。本文基于3层4跨Benchmark钢框架模型建立多尺度混合有限元模型进行地震反应分析。通过多尺度混合有限元模型与相应普通有限元模型之间的地震时程对比分析,验证了多尺度模型在抗震混合模拟试验中与普通有限元模型相比具有耗时相对较小同时能够得到较高精度的优越性。     

维修加固桥梁的抗震韧性评价方法

以《公路桥梁技术状况评定标准》(JTG/T H21—2011)中的跨中挠度限度为损伤指标来进行主梁的易损性分析,提出了一种针对维修加固桥梁的抗震韧性评价方法。以一座在多年运营发生破坏后进行过主梁维修加固的五跨连续梁桥为例,采用有限元建模和模型修正的方法,利用增量动力分析,研究了维修加固前后桥梁的主梁构件在不同强度地震作用下易损性的变化;利用经验统计方法探讨了既有桥梁弹性模量与跨中挠度的关系,提出了基于跨中挠度的功能损失函数;结合案例桥梁具体维修加固工法,初步建立了恢复函数曲线,计算了维修加固前后桥梁的抗震韧性指标。分析结果表明:针对维修加固桥梁,利用跨中挠度作为损伤指标进行抗震韧性评估是可行的,从易损性曲线可以得到维修加固对于抗震性能的提升是较为明显的;维修加固对于韧性提升是随着破坏等级的提升递减的,对轻微破坏较为明显,至结构失效时则差异较小。     

润扬斜拉桥有限元模拟及模态分析

本文主要研究润扬长江大桥北汊斜拉桥以结构健康监测和状态评估为目标的空间有限元模型建立过程中的一些基础性问题。在建模过程中,尽可能多地考虑了一些影响全桥有限元模型精度的因素:如斜拉索的几何非线性(重力垂度和初始应力),将构造正交各向异性钢箱梁桥面板用复合材料力学的方法等效为物理正交各向异性板等。然后应用所建立的有限元模型进行模态分析,最后将有限元模态计算结果与环境振动试验结果进行比较,验证了润扬斜拉桥有限元模型的有效性。由此建立的有限元模型可以为该桥的结构健康监测和状态评估提供分析的基础。     

基于振动台试验的RC框架模型修正及模拟损伤识别

利用有限元模型修正技术综合利用理论建模和实验建模的优点,可以得到更加符合结构实际的基准模型,为结构动力分析、损伤诊断及健康监测提供更可靠的依据。基于一12层钢筋混凝土框架模型振动台试验测点加速度记录,采用特征系统实现算法对该模型结构进行模态参数识别,识别结果与有限元分析结果之间存在明显的差异。采用基于灵敏度分析的参数型有限元模型修正技术,选择识别精度较高的实测模态频率为修正基准,以构件的弹性模量和密度为修正参数,对该框架的初始有限元模型进行了修正,得到基准有限元模型。进一步以基准有限元模型为标准,以构件弹性模量的降低模拟结构的损伤,对两种假设工况下的损伤结构进行修正,得到构件弹性模量的变化值并与假设的降低值对比,验证了有限元模型修正技术在结构损伤识别中应用的可行性。     

改进曲率模态识别桥梁损伤位置方法研究

结构健康监测和结构状态评估的主要前提之一是结构损伤识别。基于曲率模态对结构局部损伤比较敏感和频率指标测试简单方便、精度高的特点,本文提出了一种以结构的曲率模态为基础,综合考虑频率的变化的改进的结构损伤识别方法。随机子空间方法是一种行之有效的基于环境激励的结构状态识别方法。该方法的主要优点是无需人工激励,不中断桥梁的运营。为此,论文提出了一种不中断桥梁运营的基于改进曲率模态的桥梁结构损伤识别方法。最后用一三跨连续梁的有限元模型对该改进方法进行了验证。结果表明,采用随机子空间结合改进的曲率模态方法可以在不中断桥梁运营的前提下有效地识别出桥梁的损伤状况。     

基于响应面的预应力混凝土桥动力有限元模型研究

建立了基于正交实验的响应面模型和精细有限元模型,并将其用于中华大桥的有限元模型修正,通过实测动力数据对修正后的有限元模型计算结果进行了验证。基于修正后的有限元模型,分析了预应力对预应力钢筋混凝土桥梁模态信息（频率和振型）的影响,以及单元类型对桥梁模态频率的影响。结果表明,修正后的有限元模型能够比较准确地反映桥梁实际结构的动力特性,基于响应面模型和遗传算法的修正方法可有效地用于大桥的健康监测和状态评估;预应力对预应力钢筋混凝土桥梁模态信息的影响较小,建模时可不予精确考虑;对于由多根预应力混凝土梁组成的桥梁体系,采用实体单元分析较好。     

Cluster computing-aided model updating for a high-fidelity finite element model of a long-span cable-stayed bridge

Accurate and high-fidelity finite element (FE) models are in great demand in the design, performance assessment, and life-cycle maintenance of long-span cable-stayed bridges. The structural system of a long-span cable-stayed bridge is often huge in size and complex with many components connected and various materials constituted. Therefore, the FE model of a long-span cable-stayed bridge involves a large number of elements and nodes with many uncertainties. The model updating of the FE model to best represent a real bridge is necessary but very challenging. One of the challenging issues is that the numerical computation needed for searching the global optimum of a large set of structural parameters is so extensive that the existing FE (not surrogate) model-based updating methods cannot fulfill this task. In this study, a cluster computing-aided FE model updating framework is proposed for the high-performance FE model updating of large and complex structures. In the framework, several computer software packages, including MSC.Marc, Python, and MATLAB, are interconnected for making use of their respective functions of strength. The shake table test of a scaled physical structure of the Sutong cable-stayed bridge in China is used to validate the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed framework. The simulated bridge responses based on the updated FE model are in good agreement with the measured ones from the shake table test. The successful application of the proposed framework provides a reference for the model updating of other types of large and complex structures.     

基于粘滞阻尼器的元江大桥减震设计方案

为了提高大跨度桥梁的抗震性能水平,基于粘滞阻尼器的结构减震控制技术成为专家学者研究的重点和工程设计人员首先考虑的抗震设防措施。现有成果主要集中在大跨度公路斜拉桥的研究和应用,在山区的非规则高墩钢桁连续梁桥研究的较少。以云南省元江大桥为例,采用Midas/civil建立弹性分析的有限元模型,对元江大桥进行了动力特性分析。采用快速非线性时程分析方法对粘滞阻尼器参数进行了优化分析,并且总结了粘滞阻尼器参数对高墩连续梁桥的减震作用规律。最后,通过有控和无控结构的地震动响应对比分析,评价了安装阻尼器后的结构主控部位的减震效果。结果表明:减震控制提高了结构的安全性。     

Structural health monitoring of long-span suspension bridges using wavelet packet analysis

During the service life of civil engineering structures such as long-span bridges, local damage at key positions may continually accumulate, and may finally result in their sudden failure. One core issue of global vibration-based health monitoring methods is to seek some damage indices that are sensitive to structural damage. This paper proposes an online structural health monitoring method for long-span suspension bridges using wavelet packet transform (WPT). The WPT- based method is based on the energy variations of structural ambient vibration responses decomposed using wavelet packet analysis. The main feature of this method is that the proposed wavelet packet energy spectrum (WPES) has the ability to detect structural damage from ambient vibration tests of a long-span suspension bridge. As an example application, the WPES-based health monitoring system is used on the Runyang Suspension Bridge under daily environmental conditions. The analysis reveals that changes in environmental temperature have a long-term influence on the WPES, while the effect of traffic loadings on the measured WPES of the bridge presents instantaneous changes because of the nonstationary properties of the loadings. The condition indication indices VD reflect the influences of environmental temperature on the dynamic properties of the Runyang Suspension Bridge. The field tests demonstrate that the proposed WPES-based condition indication index VD is a good candidate index for health monitoring of long-span suspension bridges under ambient excitations.     

Ambient vibration based seismic evaluation of isolated Gülburnu highway bridge

This paper describes ambient vibration based seismic evaluation procedure of an isolated highway bridge. The procedure includes finite element modeling, ambient vibration testing, finite element model updating and time history analysis. Gülburnu Highway Bridge located on the Giresun–Espiye state highway is selected as a case study. Three dimensional finite element model of the bridge is created by SAP2000 software to determine the dynamic characteristics analytically. Since input force is not measured, Operational Modal Analysis is applied to identify dynamic characteristics. Enhanced Frequency Domain Decomposition and Stochastic Subspace Identification methods are used to obtain experimental dynamic characteristics. Analytical and experimental dynamic characteristic are compared with each other and finite element model of the bridge is updated by changing of material properties to reduce the differences between the results. Analytical model of the bridge after model updating is analyzed using 1992 Erzincan earthquake record to determine the seismic behavior. EW, NS and UP components of the ground motion are applied to the bridge at the longitudinal, transverse and vertical directions, respectively. It is demonstrated that the ambient vibration measurements are enough to identify the most significant modes of highway bridges. Maximum differences between the natural frequencies are reduced averagely from 9% to 2% by model updating. It is seen from the earthquake analyses that friction pendulum isolators are very effective in reducing the displacements and internal forces.     

Damage identification of structures with uncertain frequency and mode shape data

A statistical method with combined uncertain frequency and mode shape data for structural damage identification is proposed. By comparing the measured vibration data before damage or analytical finite element model of the intact structure with those measured after damage, the finite element model is updated so that its vibration characteristic changes are equal to the changes in the measured data as closely as possible. The effects of uncertainties in both the measured vibration data and finite element model are considered as random variables in model updating. The statistical variations of the updated finite element model are derived with perturbation method and Monte Carlo technique. The probabilities of damage existence in the structural members are then defined. The proposed method is applied to a laboratory tested steel cantilever beam and frame structure. The results show that all the damages are identified correctly with high probabilities of damage existence. Discussions are also made on the applicability of the method when no measurement data of intact structure are available. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

大跨度拱桥地震动输入模式研究

地震动输入是大跨度桥梁地震反应分析的重要一环。从明确大跨度拱桥的临界跨度入手,探讨了大跨度拱桥地震动输入模式中的行波效应、三向输入及其地震动选取问题。基于某大跨度钢管混凝土拱桥,建立了有限元分析模型,考查了行波效应及三向地震动输入对拱关键截面内力、减隔震支座位移及粘滞阻尼器冲程的影响。结果表明:给出的大跨度拱桥临界跨度确定方法合理,行波效应对拱顶轴力有重要影响,不考虑三向地震动同时作用会明显低估大跨度拱桥的地震反应。确定大跨度拱桥地震动输入模式时需考虑行波效应与三向地震动同时输入。     

Investigations on serviceability control of long-span structures under human-induced excitation

The increasing strength of new structural materials and the span of new structures,accompanied by aesthetic requirements for greater slenderness,are resulting in more applications of long-span structures.In this paper,serviceability control technology and its design theory are studied.First,a novel tuned mass damper(TMD)with controllable stiffness is developed.Second,methods for modeling human-induced loads are proposed,including standing up,walking,jumping and running,and an analysis method for long-span floor response is proposed based on a finite element model.Third,a design method for long-span floors installed with a multiple TMD(MTMD)system considering human comfort is introduced, largely based on a study of existing literature.Finally,a design,analysis and field test is conducted using several large scale buildings in China including the Beijing Olympic Park National Conference Center,Changsha New Railway Station and the Xi’an Northern Railway Station.The analytical and field test results show that the MTMD system designed using the proposed method is capable of effectively mitigating the vertical vibration of long-span floor structures.The study presented in this paper provides an important reference for the analysis of vibration serviceability of similar long-span floors and design of control system for these structures.     

基于损伤分析的旧曲线梁桥抗震性能评估

曲线桥梁在役期间可能面临地震灾害,导致结构损坏甚至坍塌,为了评估在役桥梁的抗震性能,提出基于损伤分析的曲线梁桥抗震性能评估方法.建立旧曲线梁桥有限元模型,基于损伤分析的原理,提出适合曲线梁桥地震响应特性的构件损伤模型,在全桥有限元模型中输入不同类型地震动,计算各构件的损伤指数,并结合旧桥检算系数,由各构件损伤指数综合得...     

基于场地效应的悬索桥随机地震响应分析

因大跨径悬索桥梁具有较大的跨越尺度,同时墩柱基础所处场地条件也存在差异,所以对其进行地震响应分析时需考虑局部场地效应。为了正确分析场地效应对大跨度桥梁的地震响应,以某悬索桥为研究背景,采用MIDAS/CIVIL有限元软件,建立该悬索桥的有限元模型,在考虑地震动的局部场地效应情况下列举9种不同的计算工况,对大跨度悬索桥进行时程分析,通过控制一个塔墩处场地类别,改变另一个塔墩处的场地类别来分析场地效应对桥梁跨中位移和弯矩的影响。研究结果显示:场地效应对悬索桥的跨中位移和弯矩存在一定影响,不同的场地条件对桥梁同一位置的破坏程度不同。