基于朴素贝叶斯的FY-4A/AGRI云检测方法

光学遥感云检测是定量遥感和遥感应用的基础, 尝试将朴素贝叶斯的机器学习方法应用于风云四号气象卫星A星(FY-4A)搭载的先进静止轨道辐射成像仪(AGRI)红外通道数据云检测。因辐射物理方法的云检测采用可见光通道导致存在日夜不连续现象,仅选取FY-4A/AGRI载荷7个红外通道的光谱数据,构建10种特征分类,利用正交偏振云-气溶胶激光雷达(CALIOP)与FY-4A/AGRI时空匹配数据,对不同地表类型和不同季节的数据集进行分类训练和验证。与CALIOP数据交叉验证显示除积雪上空云识别准确率约为81%,深海、浅水、陆地和荒漠上空的云识别准确率均高于92%,误判率基本低于10%,总体云识别精度达到90%;与2021年10月和2022年1,4,7月MODIS 2级云检测产品比对,深海、浅水云识别准确率均在88%以上,误判率分别低于3%和10%,夏季云识别效果最佳,总体云识别准确率高达90%。云检测结果不仅得到云、可能云、可能晴空和晴空4种分类结果,还得到每种特征和综合特征云检测分类器的不确定性概率值,这为云和地表相关检测产品提供重要参考。     

基于深度学习的FY3D/MERSI和EOS/MODIS云检测模型研究

针对FY3D/MERSI和EOS/MODIS的云检测问题,提出了一种基于深度学习技术的全自动云检测算法,首次将深度学习引入到卫星影像云检测领域。本算法使用深度全卷积神经网络(Deep Convolutional Neural Networks)作为核心结构,基于EOS/MODIS基本云检测原理选择合适的通道作为特性向量参数,针对不同的场景进行分类和网络模型的训练,最终得到基于深度学习的云检测模型。经过EOS/MODIS数据和FY3D/MERSI数据的测试,云检测的精度达到98%以上,可以看出基于深度学习的云检测算法能够用于云检测,该算法具有效率高、精度高等特点,云检测效果理想。     

基于多尺度特征融合网络的云和云阴影检测试验

基于深度学习的高分辨率光学影像云检测过程中,云和云阴影及其边缘细节丢失较为严重,主要原因在于不同尺度空间语义信息特征融合存在不足。针对该问题,本文构建一种基于深度学习的多尺度特征融合网络（Multi-scale Feature Fusion Network, MFFN）的云和云阴影检测方法,该算法结合防止网络退化的残差神经网络模块（Res.block）、扩大网络感受野的多尺度卷积模块（MCM）和提取并融合不同尺度信息的多尺度特征模块（MFM）。试验表明,本算法能提取丰富的空间信息与语义信息,可取得较为精细的云与云阴影掩模,具有较高检测精度,其中云检测准确率达0.9796,云阴影检测准确率达0.8307。同时,该工作可为深度学习技术应用于业务云检测提供理论支持及技术储备。     

基于光谱分析和综合阈值的FY-3/MERSI云检测

云检测是卫星遥感影像应用中的重要环节。为了获取FY-3中分辨率光谱成像仪(Medium Resolution Spectral Imager,MERSI)传感器精确的云掩膜数据,在分析云与植被、水体、裸露地表等地物在不同波段光谱差异的基础上,结合FY-3/MERSI数据的通道特性,构建基于多光谱和综合阈值的云检测算法。采用热红外通道亮温(CH_5)检测出高云,使用云检测指数(Normalized Cloud Detection Index,I_(NCD))和可见光波段反射率(CH_3)检测中低云。利用江西地区的FY-3/MERSI数据进行应用,将检测结果与其他算法、人机交互解译结果进行了对比分析。结果表明,该算法对FY-3/MERSI影像上的云区具有较好的检测效果,同时利用地面气象观测资料进行验证,检测精度均高于88%,能够满足当前云检测精度需求。     

基于迁移学习的卫星云图云分类

针对在基于机器学习的云图识别中,由于不存在公认的云分类样本库的现实条件下,带来的训练样本数量不足和不平衡,从而难以获得可靠的分类模型的问题,利用迁移学习中的多源加权Tradaboost算法(内部采用极限学习机作为分类器)来进行卫星云图云的检测。利用多人(多源)标注的大量厚云的样本,构成多源辅助样本集;利用少量标注的薄云样板构成目标样本集。使用迁移学习和辅助样本集,对仅在薄云样本集下的训练获得的极限学习机分类器进行辅助训练,提高其薄云识别率。基于国家卫星气象中心的HJ-1A/B的卫星数据实验结果表明,迁移学习可以充分利用容易获得的大样本厚云辅助样本知识,对同类型有关联的小样本薄云分类器进行识别提高。实验表明,迁移学习算法可以进一步用于更多多源样本和其他云分类的任务。     

基于深度学习的卫星多通道图像融合的海雾监测处理方法

海雾无论在海上还是在沿岸地带，都因其恶劣的能见度对交通运输、海洋捕捞和海洋开发工程以及军事活动等造成不良影响，因此对于海雾的实时监测和预报就显得尤为重要。本文提出了基于深度学习的静止气象卫星多通道图像融合分割算法，使用D LinkNet深度卷积神经网络语义分割算法模型对黄渤海海域范围的16通道、空间分辨率为0.5 km的Himawari 8卫星数据进行研究。分别采用均交并比（mIOU）以及观测值检验作为评价指标，在测试集上的mIOU为0.9436，并且用卫星测试数据结果与海上观测数据结果进行对比，得出雾区准确率（检测有雾且真实有雾/检测有雾）为66.5%，雾区识别率（检测有雾且真实有雾/（真实有雾-云覆盖））为51.9%，检测正确率(检测正确/总样本)93.2%。本文提出的方法能为海雾监测提供一个可靠的参考。     

多阈值和神经网络卫星云图云系自动分割试验

卫星云图自动分割是实现卫星云图云系自动识别的基础.选用1992~1994年和1997~1998年夏季有典型天气系统的177幅GMS红外云图建立了云系模型库, 云系分类样本3079个, 包含16类云系, 云系分割样本2764个.利用云系分割样本集进行神经网络试验, 训练集为从32幅云图中抽取的484个样本, 测试集为从145幅云图中抽取的2280个样本, 神经网络模型训练正确率达到98.8%, 测试正确率为86.4%.用1997年7月18~21日和1998年6月15~17日的两组卫星云图做自动分割应用试验, 结果经专家判识, 正确率达到90%以上.本文的工作表明:用多阈值和人工神经网络相结合方法对卫星云图进行云分割在实际应用中是可行的.卫星云图自动分割系统的输入是GMS红外云图, 输出是分割出的每一个云区, 同时还包括云区的边界链码、起始点、周长、面积, 并保留了原始图像数据.在下一步的云系识别过程中, 可以在此基础上进行云系分类识别试验.     

基于迁移学习和Xception网络的海雾能见度等级估测研究

采用基于Xception卷积神经网络算法构建了一个海雾能见度识别的框架,通过对海雾能见度探测设备同位置摄像头监控图像的采集,将图像样本结合能见度数据进行标签分类,利用迁移学习结合Xception网络进行训练,提取图像能见度特征,构建能见度等级估测模型,实现能见度等级的估测。通过对浙江省宁波市北仑区三山大闸摄像头监控进行图像的采集,抽取万余有效样本进行训练,进行能见度等级识别结果分析,结果显示模型识别精度可达99.36%,验证集准确率可达99.20%。基于Xception算法的海雾能见度等级估测方法如果在数据集健康准确的情况下,能够满足海雾能见度实时性和识别准确率的要求,可以作为未安装能见度探测设备地区的能见度等级辅助监测方法。     

基于Mask R-CNN的遥感影像土地分割与轮廓提取

传统的模式识别难以对土地遥感影像一次性精确统计分析.在精确分割出土地种类的前提下,本文提出了一种基于骨干网络为ResNet-101-RPN的Mask R-CNN的遥感影像土地分割与轮廓提取方法.该方法包括以下步骤：数据获取、图像去雾、遥感影像土地统计分析、土地分割和轮廓获取.在一个具有挑战性的卫星地图瓦片数据集上对所提出的方法进行训练和测试.实验结果表明,该方法以0.907的均值平均精度（mAP）和31.33像素的均值平均距离误差（mADE）获得了令人满意的不同种类土地分割和轮廓提取结果.     

一种人工神经网络云分类方法的改进与应用

采用2005—2009年FY-2C静止气象卫星可见光和红外自旋扫描辐射计的红外1(IR1)、红外2(IR2) 和水汽 (WV) 亮温资料,选取2449个云分类样本。设计两层嵌套的前向传递后向反馈 (BP) 人工神经网络模型,第1层网络选取IR1,IR2,WV亮温及IR1与WV亮温差和IR2与WV亮温差5个特征量,第2层网络选取特征量IR1与IR2亮温差,两层网络都采用一层隐含层且带有附加动量法的简单网络,降低了网络的冗余度。误差分析表明:嵌套BP人工神经网络模型的分类准确率在中云和薄卷云这两类上分别提高了42.7%和11.3%,整个分类模型的平均平方误差和标准化平均平方误差分别降低了6.1%和44.7%,相关系数提高了3.4%。通过3个个例的对比分析发现,嵌套模型的分类结果比传统模型的分类结果更合理,特别是在中低云和薄卷云的云量和位置分辨能力上有了较大提高。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

<正>The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth’s climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.