贵州省两次大雾过程的对比分析

利用地面观测资料、高空探测资料以及NCEP再分析资料,分析贵州省2011年2月22日(简称"11·2")和2012年11月17日(简称"12·11")两次大雾过程的特点、性质及环流背景,同时分析雾过程中的水汽、动力等条件。结果表明:"11·2"大雾过程中,贵州受静止锋影响,属于锋面雾。"12·11"大雾过程中,贵州处于冷高压后部,属于辐射雾。锋面雾和辐射雾的雾区均与高湿中心区有很好的对应关系。锋面雾发生时有微弱的上升运动,辐射雾为一致的下沉运动。两次大雾过程中均有逆温层存在。两次大雾过程中贵州中部低层均有暖平流输入,使暖湿空气移到温度较低的下垫面,冷却凝结达到饱和,有利于近地层逆温的建立和维持,形成大雾天气。两次大雾过程中水气通量散度在中低层都有水汽辐合,"11·2"水汽通过增湿过程达到饱和状态产生凝结,使水汽达到饱和,从而大雾得以维持和发展。     

安徽沿长江东部春季一次大范围雾天气过程诊断分析

利用地面气象观测资料、高空探测资料、NCEP再分析资料、芜湖市边界层风廓线雷达资料和高速公路气象观测站资料,分析了2012年3月6日安徽省沿长江东部大范围雾天气过程形成的环流背景及雾生消的物理条件。结果表明：安徽沿江东部地区此次春季大范围雾的性质为辐射雾,雾发生时雾区上空为西到西南风为主,无明显冷空气影响,地面为高压控制的均压场,有利于雾的生成和维持。由雾生消的物理条件可知,近地面水汽条件较好和长波辐射降温造成的水汽凝结是此次大范围雾形成的重要原因。地面辐射降温形成的近地面逆温层有利于雾的维持,且随着近地面逆温层的抬升,雾层变厚并发展。低空的逆温层则形成稳定的层结,阻止水汽向上传输。近地面风速大小合适,风垂直切变小,低层有湍流,中层无明显上升运动,构成雾形成的有利动力条件;而湿层变厚又阻止了水汽向高层交换,有利于雾的生成和维持。日出后,太阳辐射增强,有利于雾发生和维持的地面辐射降温、逆温和动力条件逐渐消失,雾逐渐消散。     

大连地区大雾特征

选取2007年2月和4月出现在大连及其沿海地区的两次大雾过程, 采用GTS1型数字式探空仪探测资料、常规观测资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料, 对其环境场、热力和动力作用等进行诊断分析。结果表明:大雾期间, 中高纬度地区高空纬向暖干气流和对流层中下层西南暖湿气流, 为大雾形成提供了有利的水汽和风场条件。低层大气稳定层结的建立及暖干空气与雾层的上下叠置, 有利于大雾的维持。黄渤海的海温作用使冬季地面冷高压进一步增温变性, 有利于辐射雾形成发展, 使春季的暖气团冷却凝结, 有利于平流冷却雾的生成维持。伴有冷平流东移南下的偏北风是促使持续大雾消散的动力因子。     

山东中西部一次持续性大雾的形成及维持机制

利用常规气象观测资料和NCEP/NCAR提供的6 h再分析资料（分辨率为1°×1°）,对2013年1月12-16日发生在山东中西部地区的一次持续性大雾天气过程从环流背景、层结条件、动力和热力学机制等方面进行了诊断分析。结果表明：中高层偏西气流、对流层低层温度脊和地面冷高压的稳定维持为这次持续性大雾过程提供了有利的环流背景;大雾过程经历了辐射雾—平流辐射雾—平流雾的复杂演变阶段,不同阶段的大雾湿层厚度及逆温强度有所不同;适当的风速和低层弱的水汽辐合有利于大雾稳定维持和发展;近地层辐合上升、中高层辐散下沉,易在界面形成逆温层,有利于大雾的出现,而整层的辐合上升运动往往容易形成中高云,不利于近地层水汽的聚集,难以形成大雾。     

南京一次辐射雾过程的边界层特征

选取2007年12月13—14日南京一次辐射雾的外场观测资料及NCEP的2.5°×2.5°NC再分析资料和GDAS全球1°×1°气象资料,从天气形势背景、气象要素以及物理量场等方面,探讨雾形成和持续的主要边界层物理和天气学成因;并利用HYSPLIT-4轨迹模式对此次雾过程进行后向轨迹分析。分析表明:(1)此次雾过程期间始终存在逆温层,甚至出现多层逆温。逆温层的存在,使大气层结更加稳定,利于雾的形成和发展。(2)此次辐射雾过程水汽输送较平流辐射雾小,水汽来源主要来自本地辐射降温后的水汽凝结。(3)此次雾过程地面受高压控制,低层水汽通量散度为正值,近地面有弱辐散,利于辐射降温水汽凝结,而持续的水汽辐散造成的水汽流出以及雾后期随着北部干冷空气南下使得这次辐射雾寿命较短。     

山东一次持续性平流辐射雾过程特征及成因分析

2017年1月1—5日,山东出现了一次大范围的平流辐射雾过程。利用山东地区自动气象站观测资料、青岛探空站资料、风廓线雷达资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,通过分析此次连续大雾过程的大尺度环流背景场、温湿场特征,地面、高空气象要素条件,揭示了其形成原因、维持机制和消散机理。结果表明：中高纬度平直的大气环流、静稳的垂直结构是此次大雾形成的背景条件;水汽输送阶段变化造成的低层水汽浓度变化是大雾阶段变化的原因;两次弱低槽冷锋过程显著增加了雾的强度和范围,也使雾的性质由平流雾变为辐射雾。当低层水汽持续减少,中低层东风气流增强并破坏了大气的稳定层结时,大雾逐渐消散。     

江苏地区夏季一次辐射雾的数值模拟及生消机理分析

利用地面观测资料、秒级探空资料结合WRF中尺度数值模式,对2016年6月25—26日江苏南部地区一次影响范围广、持续时间长的罕见辐射雾过程进行了数值模拟分析。结果表明:(1)雾区范围和气象要素数值模拟结果与实况基本一致;(2)低层超薄超强逆温为此次夏季雾的形成、发展和维持提供了稳定条件;(3)成雾前江苏南部地区白天出现的降水是夜间浓雾形成的重要水汽来源;(4)夜间地表辐射冷却作用是浓雾形成的重要因素;地面风速稳定低于2 m·s^-1,有利于浓雾的维持;日出后随着短波辐射增强风速增大、稳定层结破坏促使浓雾减弱消散。     

南京一次持续性浓雾天气过程的边界层特征及水汽来源分析

本文选取2006年12月24—27日（平流辐射雾）南京大雾的外场观测资料及NCEP的2.5°×2.5° NC再分析资料和GDAS全球1°×1°气象资料,结合天气形势、气象要素、物理量场,并利用轨迹分析方法,对这次浓雾的边界层特征及水汽输送进行分析,探讨这次浓雾形成和持续的主要边界层物理和天气学成因。分析表明：（1）这次浓雾过程期间始终存在深厚的逆温层结,甚至出现多层逆温。浓雾过程中,在中上空不同逆温层顶温度比地面温度高出2~5℃。逆温层厚多在200 m以上,26日08时逆温层厚达500 m。逆温层的存在,使大气层结更加稳定,在雾形成前期利于低层水汽聚集,雾形成后又抑制水汽的扩散,利于雾体的发展和维持,是这次浓雾能持续约64 h,强浓雾时段（能见度＜50 m）持续约37 h的重要因素。（2）这次平流雾过程低层水汽通量散度呈负值,上空持续出现水汽辐合,最强水汽辐合出现在25日02时左右,为-30×10-7 g·s-1·cm-2·hPa-1。低层辐合利于水汽的聚集,雾得以形成和发展,而雾过程后期水汽辐散则加快雾的消亡。贯穿整个雾过程的水汽辐合是这次平流辐射雾长时间维持的重要条件。（3）这次平流辐射雾过程中水汽输送路径是自中国东部沿海抵达南京;雾期间,水汽又来自海上源源不断的输送,最大时南京上空水汽通量达到2 g·s-1·hPa-1·cm-1。水汽的供应和后期补充量,决定了浓雾的持续时间。     

河北平原一次持续大雾天气分析

利用气象观测资料和NCEP 1°×1°资料,从天气背景、温湿特征、层结条件、动力热力学特征等方面分析了2007年11月7～13日河北平原1次持续大雾的成因.结果表明:这次大雾是在较为稳定的大气环流背景下产生的,中高层以纬向环流为主,冷空气以扩散形势影响华北地区;地面夜间风速在0～2 m/s,充足的水汽及地面辐射冷却作用有利于大雾的形成和维持;大气层结是对流稳定的,同时近地面层为逆温结构;近地面层的弱辐合及持续微弱的暖平流十分有利于逆温层的维持,对于大雾长时间维持具有重要作用.大雾多发生在地面辐合线偏向冷空气一侧.本次大雾性质复杂,持续大雾由平流辐射雾-辐射雾-平流雾3个阶段构成,不同阶段大雾逆温强度及湿层厚度有所不同.     

华北平原一次大雾天气过程的数值模拟

应用非静力平衡中尺度模式MM5V3,模拟分析了2005年11月19-21日发生在华北平原的一次大雾天气过程.结果表明,本次大雾是发生在相对稳定的大气环流背景下的辐射雾.模拟的天气形势与实况基本一致,模拟雾在范围、强度、生消时间等方面基本反映了实际大雾的生消变化规律.近地层逆温的维持和充沛的水汽条件对雾层长时间维持起着重要作用.诊断分析表明,大雾维持期间,雾区近地面层处在弱的水汽辐合区;900 hPa以上为辐散区和负涡度区,整层大气中下沉运动占主导,大规模的下沉辐散运动有利于中低层大气增温,与近地层的辐射降温相配合,有助于边界层内形成逆温;冷暖平流的作用也有助于逆温形成;地面和大气的长波辐射冷却,是最主要的降温因子;太阳短波辐射是导致大雾减轻及日变化的主要原因.     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

<正>The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth’s climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.