改进的DRASTIC模型在地下水易污染性模糊评价中的应用

为了有效避免地下水系统遭受污染,保护地下水资源,采用改进的DRASTIC模型对地下水易污染性进行了评价.鉴于DRASTIC模型的诸多缺陷,将模糊综合评价方法运用到模型中,构建了各评价指标于各个级别的最优相对隶属度矩阵;引用语气算子确定指标权重,计算出了研究区样本集的级别特征值向量.将样本的易污染性进行排序,用研究区样段的水质评价结果进行了验证,结果证明,易污染性程度越高的地区综合评价水质越差;为进一步验证评价方法的真实性,将易污染性排序结果与传统DRASTIC法评价排序结果进行对比,两种方法排序一致.可见,本次改进的模型在克服了DRASTIC的诸多缺陷的同时,使得计算结果真实、可靠,且更加体现了计算过程的科学性与合理性.     

基于DRASTIC的地下水易污染性多目标模糊模式识别模型

介绍了目前国外广泛应用的含水层易污染性评价的DRASTIC模型,分析了该模型存在问题及产生原因,讨论了含水层易污染性及其评价中存在的模糊性,建立了多目标模糊模式识别模型,给出含水层易污染性评价大小的习惯性描述语言.分别用DRASTIC模型和多目标模糊模式识别模型对一个应用实例进行了研究,由评价结果的分析比较结果表明,多目标模糊模式识别模型比DRASTIC模型更真实地反映含水层易污染性.     

基于DRASTIC模型的城市地下水脆弱性评价综述

地下水脆弱性评价是环境规划和决策的有用手段,国内外已有很多研究,也提出了各种计算防污性能的模型。文章针对城市地下水污染问题介绍了评价地下水防污性能的DRASTIC模型。对DRASTIC模型的指标体系和评价方法进行了介绍,列举了DRASTIC模型的局限性;综述了目前国内外基于DRASTIC模型的城市地下水脆弱性分析的改进的模型及其应用实例,并对其应用前景进行了展望。     

越流区开采条件下承压含水层易污染性机理研究——以单井开采为例

地下水易污染性分析是合理开发利用地下水资源、保护地下水环境的一项重要的基础性工作.长期以来针对潜水含水层易污染性的研究进行的较为深入,而对承压含水层易污染性的研究较为少见.同时,易污染性评价方法又以经验方法为主,受人为主观因素影响较大,因此需要通过对承压含水层污染机理进行研究,以减少人为主观因素对评价结果的影响.本文以单井开采承压含水层为例,通过分析承压含水层受污染的原因,以单位面积上越流补给量占开采量的比重为承压含水层易污染性指数,在建立越流区承压水向完整井稳定运动的微分方程的基础上,得到易污染性指数的解析表达式,并分析了各参数对易污染性的影响,使承压含水层易污染性评价有了一定的理论依据,对合理开发利用承压含水层有一定的指导意义.     

丽江盆地城市地下水脆弱性评价

选择七个参数，采用DRASTIC方法和GIS技术，对丽江盆地地下水进行脆弱性评价。结果表明：73．2％属于较高脆弱区，25．8％属于高脆弱区，仅有1％为中等区，应杜绝污染性项目，减少化肥、农药施用量，防止地下水污染。     

石家庄市地下水脆弱性评价

采用DRASTIC评价模型,不考虑地形与土壤两个因素,将人类活动（抽取地下水）与其他5个因素作为评价指标,对石家庄地区的地下水进行评价,由结果可以看出在人类活动频繁地区,人类活动是地下水脆弱性重要影响因素.     

西辽河平原(内蒙古部分)地下水固有脆弱性评价

在西辽河平原地下水资源评价的基础上,选取影响西辽河平原固有脆弱性的最主要的7个影响因子,利用GIS平台的空间分析功能,将研究区划分为14365个评价单元,运用基于DRASTIC的模糊综合评价方法对该区的地下水固有脆弱性进行了综合评价,并绘制了脆弱性分布图。评价结果表明西辽河平原(内蒙古部分)地下水脆弱性存在3个分区:大部分地区为地下水稍易污染区;南部的黄土地区为地下水稍难污染区;而西辽河和乌尔吉木伦河的中上游为地下水相对略易污染区。评价结果对该区地下水资源保护、防止地下水污染具有指导作用。     

松花江松原段沿岸浅层地下水脆弱性评价

为给松花江流域地下水污染防治与控制提供理论依据,基于DRASTIC模型,选取净补给量、包气带介质、含水层富水性、地下水水位埋深、土地利用类型、污染源影响和地下水开采模数建成评价指标体系,结合GIS技术对松花江松原段沿江两侧5～10 km范围内的浅层地下水脆弱性进行了分区,并将结果与地下水质污染评价结果进行了对比,最后通...     

皖北平原区浅层地下水脆弱性评价研究

皖北平原是安徽省地下水开发利用程度较高的地区。依据国际上运用较广泛的 DRASTIC 指标体系,结合安徽省皖北平原的实际情况,构建该区域浅层地下水脆弱性评价指标体系,利用 ArcGIS软件的空间分析功能评价该区域浅层地下水的脆弱性,绘制脆弱性分布图,评价结果可为该地区地下水资源保护和污染防治提供技术参考。     

基于熵权与GIS耦合的DRASTIC地下水脆弱性模糊优选评价

地下水脆弱性评价与编图是保护地下水环境工作的基础,DRASTIC模型是目前国际上最普遍应用的地下水脆弱性评价方法。在利用GIS进行地下水脆弱性评价的基础上,引进基于熵权的模糊优选评价方法,构建了基于熵权与GIS耦合的DRASTIC地下水脆弱性模糊优选评价模型。将该模型应用于黄水河流域,计算出了各评价参数的熵权和各叠加分区基于熵权的隶属度,据此将地下水脆弱性划分为高、中、低3个等级。结果表明,评价过程中避免了人为因素的干扰,更能真实地反映客观情况,为地下水脆弱性的评价提供新的思路和方法。     

内蒙古奈曼旗水环境承载力评价

水环境评价模型指标体系的选取和权重的确定是研究水环境承载力模型的关键.选取地下水脆弱性能,水环境质量,水体污染,开采程度,污染河水对地下水的影响等5个评价指标进行综合评价,利用层次分析法作为一种定量研究方法,运用专家评分法确定了评价指标体系中的各指标权重,并进行指标体系的可靠性和有效性判断,对区内地下水环境进行综合评价及可开采潜力分析.根据取得分值分区,确定承载力评价分区图,为地下水资源的合理利用提供了依据.     

Loss caused by earthquakes: rapid estimates

Rapid population growth and increased economic activity impose an urgent challenge on the sustainability of water resources in Beijing. Water resources system is a complex uncertain system under climate change which is of vulnerability. But water resources system vulnerability research is relatively weak. In this study, we present a multifunctional hierarchy indicator system for the performance evaluation of water resources vulnerability (WRV) under climate change. We established an evaluation model, i.e., analytic hierarchy process combining set pair analysis (AHPSPA) model, for assessing WRV, in which weight is determined by the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method and the evaluation degrees are determined by the set pair analysis (SPA) theory. According to the principle of scientificalness, representative, completeness and operability, the index systems and standard of water resources vulnerability evaluation are established based on the analysis of sensibility and adaptability which include five subsystems: climate change, water resources change, social and economic infrastructure, water use level and water security capability. The AHPSPA model is used to assess water resource vulnerability in Beijing with 26 indexes under eight kinds of future climate change scenarios. Certain and uncertain information quantity of the WRV is calculated by connection numbers in the AHPSPA model. Results show that the WRV of Beijing is in the middle vulnerability (3 or III) under above-mentioned different climate change scenarios. The uncertain information is between 37.77 and 39.99 % in the WRV evaluation system in Beijing. Compared with present situation, the WRV will become better under scenario I and III and will become worse under scenario II, scenario IV, scenario representative concentration pathways (RCP)2.6, scenario RCP4.5, scenario RCP6.0 and scenario RCP8.5. In addition, we find that water resources change and water use level factors play more important role in the evaluation system of water resource vulnerability in Beijing. Finally, we make some suggestions for water resources management of Beijing.     

Hierarchy evaluation of water resources vulnerability under climate change in Beijing,China

Rapid population growth and increased economic activity impose an urgent challenge on the sustainability of water resources in Beijing. Water resources system is a complex uncertain system under climate change which is of vulnerability. But water resources system vulnerability research is relatively weak. In this study, we present a multifunctional hierarchy indicator system for the performance evaluation of water resources vulnerability (WRV) under climate change. We established an evaluation model, i.e., analytic hierarchy process combining set pair analysis (AHPSPA) model, for assessing WRV, in which weight is determined by the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method and the evaluation degrees are determined by the set pair analysis (SPA) theory. According to the principle of scientificalness, representative, completeness and operability, the index systems and standard of water resources vulnerability evaluation are established based on the analysis of sensibility and adaptability which include five subsystems: climate change, water resources change, social and economic infrastructure, water use level and water security capability. The AHPSPA model is used to assess water resource vulnerability in Beijing with 26 indexes under eight kinds of future climate change scenarios. Certain and uncertain information quantity of the WRV is calculated by connection numbers in the AHPSPA model. Results show that the WRV of Beijing is in the middle vulnerability (3 or III) under above-mentioned different climate change scenarios. The uncertain information is between 37.77 and 39.99 % in the WRV evaluation system in Beijing. Compared with present situation, the WRV will become better under scenario I and III and will become worse under scenario II, scenario IV, scenario representative concentration pathways (RCP)2.6, scenario RCP4.5, scenario RCP6.0 and scenario RCP8.5. In addition, we find that water resources change and water use level factors play more important role in the evaluation system of water resource vulnerability in Beijing. Finally, we make some suggestions for water resources management of Beijing.

     

基于集对云模型的边坡稳定性评价

集对分析对边坡稳定性进行评价时,采用线性公式来表达联系度,难以准确反映工程实际,且具体的联系度扼杀了系统的随机性。对此,将云理论中“隶属云”的概念引入对联系度进行改进得到云联系度,形成了集对云模型。该模型将云联系度矩阵与云理论改进AHP确定的权重矩阵相结合,得到综合云联系度矩阵,通过云发生器绘出等级云图。该模型兼顾系统的模糊性和随机性,且实现了等级的可视化,并通过X云发生器得到隶属不同等级的概率。将该模型应用于边坡工程中,与既有模型和工程实际进行对比分析,验证该模型的准确性,并对不同的边坡进行稳定性排序。模型结合云理论与集对分析的优点,充分考虑系统的随机性,为边坡稳定性评价提供了一种思路和参考。      

基于GIS的地下水易污性评价系统

介绍了基于MapGIS开发的地下水易污性DRAMTICH评价系统,说明地下水易污性评价软件(GW-VAS)的基本框架、主要功能、组成部分、系统特点以及使用方法。该系统还对DRASTIC等其它常见的地下水易污性评价方法进行了综合集成,克服了单一方法缺乏对比性的不足,提高了评价结果的客观性、科学性和实用性。并将该方法应用于黄水河流域,利用传统的权重评分法和本文开发的方法进行了对比,结果表明,系统通用性好,方法实用性强。 更多还原     

基于指标信度测度赋权的岩溶隧道水害危险性集对云评价研究

隧道水害危险性评价是一个非线性复杂的不确定系统问题。首先,针对其评价指标参数具有不确定性、模糊性和随机性等特点,在充分考虑岩溶隧道水害危险性评价指标关联性的基础上,提出了基于Jousselme距离的指标信度测度动态赋权理论,实现不同的实例、不同的指标实测值对整个系统的动态赋权,降低实际工作中由于指标实测值误差或错误导致评价结果偏差的风险;其次,运用云理论优化集对联系度,与所得权重加权得出系统综合云联系度,并与等级评价区间期望加权平均得到危险值,同时生成对应的等级云图判定隧道水害危险性等级,进而判定岩溶隧道水害危险状态,实现水害危险等级判定的可视化;再次,基于大气降水为岩溶隧道水害主要来源的视角,选取年均降水量、入渗系数、汇水面积、渗透系数和单位涌水量5项指标作为集对云评价指标,并以6条典型岩溶隧道为样本数据进行模型检验,发现评价结果与其他方法的评价结果相吻合,证明了该模型的可靠性和有效性。最后,将模型应用于京珠高速公路媲双坳岩溶隧道水害事故中,评价结果与实际情况相符,采取与评价等级相对应的处治措施,取得了良好的水害治理效果,表明该模型具有工程实用价值,评价流程可操作性强,为岩溶隧道水害的预测和防治提供参考。      

天津市宁河县地下水脆弱性评价体系研究

根据天津市宁河县的主要环境地质问题,选择包气带岩性、厚度等7个参数作为评价指标,建立该区地下水脆弱性评价体系,认为只有评价参数选择正确、适当,地下水脆弱性评价才能为地下水管理、保护和规划提供决策参考.     

哈尔滨市及周边地区地下水易污性评价

在哈尔滨城市地质调查项目实测的地质、水文地质资料的基础上,利用DRASTIC方法,选择地下水埋深、净补给量、含水层介质、包气带影响等7个参数作为评价指标,建立哈尔滨地区地下水易污性评价体系,编制哈尔滨地区地下水易污性分区图。研究表明,哈尔滨地区地下水易污性较高的区域占17.1%,主要分布在松花江两岸,为地下水污染的高风险地区,应列为地下水资源管理重点防护区域。     

Development of a GIS-based catastrophe theory model (modified DRASTIC model) for groundwater vulnerability assessment

This study developed a new paradigm for groundwater vulnerability assessment by modifying the standard DRASTIC index (DI) model based on catastrophe theory. The developed paradigm was called the catastrophe theory-based DI (CDI) model. The proposed model was applied to assess groundwater vulnerability to pollution index (GVPI) in Perak Province, Malaysia. The area vulnerability index was modeled by considering the DRASTIC multiple vulnerability causative factors (VCFs) obtained from different data sources. The weights and ranking of the VCFs were computed by using the inner fuzzy membership mechanism of the CDI model. The estimated vulnerability index values of the CDI model were processed in a geographic information system (GIS) environment to produce a catastrophe theory–DRASTIC groundwater vulnerability to pollution index (CDGVPI) map, which demarcated the area into five vulnerability zones. The produced CDGVPI map was validated by applying the water quality status–vulnerability zone relationship (WVR) approach and the relative operating characteristic (ROC) curve method. The performance of the developed CDI model was compared with that of the standard DI model. The validation results of the WVR approach exhibits 89.29% prediction accuracy for the CDI model compared with 75% for the DI model. Meanwhile, the ROC validation results for the CDI and DI models are 88.8% and 78%, respectively. The GIS-based CDI model demonstrated better performance than the DI model. The GVPI maps produced in this study can be used for precise decision making process in environmental planning and groundwater management.     

基于GIS应用DATUW模型评价地下水环境脆弱性

地下水环境脆弱性是当前地下水研究领域中的一个热点,其评价结果对于城市规划、垃圾堆放场址建设、地下水源选取与保护等具有非常重要的作用。本文是在MapGIS平台上,基于DRASTIC评价技术,选取地下水位埋深、含水层介质、地形坡度、含水层上覆地层、单井涌水量五个因子,利用DATUW模型,评价哈尔滨市区的地下水环境脆弱性。根据评价结果,将研究区的地下水环境划分为高、中、低三个脆弱性区,并就分区结果,提出了防护建议。