煤矿地区的滑坡灾害及其防治技术

由于特殊的地质结构,煤矿地区是我国滑坡灾害最严重的地区之一。列举了露天矿边坡、采空塌陷区滑坡和厂区滑坡灾害实例,分析了煤矿地区常见的黄土滑坡、堆积层滑坡、基岩顺层滑坡和切层滑坡的特征与发生机理,认为特殊的地层结构和坡体结构是发生滑坡的地质基础,地下水是滑坡的重要影响因素,不科学的人类工程活动是诱因。要预防滑坡灾害,在选线、选厂、选址时必须加强地质工作,查明老滑坡和新生滑坡的规模和性质,工程地质与力学计算相结合评价滑坡的稳定性,提出预防措施建议。同时介绍了我国常用的治理滑坡的原则和排水、减重、反压和支挡等工程措施,以及今后应深入研究的问题。      

贵州洞湾煤矿地质灾害及其治理

洞湾煤矿位于贵州省晴隆县城以西,含煤地层为龙潭组砂泥岩层,主采煤层为10、22、24、25、26五层,目前开采深度为175m,已形成大寨滑坡及五个塌陷区,通过分析计算,本区煤层的安全开采深度为3 363m。煤层开采会引起滑坡、地面塌陷等地质灾害,为此提出了设置禁采区,拟建污水处理厂,综合利用煤矸石,建立地面移动变形观测站等矿山环境保护与综合治理的技术方法。     

Effects of mining subsidence on masonry buildings in Zonguldak hard coal region in Turkey

Gallerias are the underground constructed results of mining. As these space in underground layers collapse, horizontal and vertical ground movements occur and movement which may reach the earth’s surface are known as mining subsidence. The result of underground displacement may cause surface ground movement which can be detrimental to masonry buildings especially in hard coal regions. Thorough familiarity with general and regional characteristics of an affected area can assist reduction of the effects. Zonguldak and the nearby settlement area, with a population of 300,000, constitute the centre of a hard coal basin where extensive mining has a history extending through 160 years. Mining constitutes the main economic activity in this region, and consequently influences every aspect of life. This study’s intent is to identify the effects of mining subsidence on masonry buildings in the mining area of Kozlu, Zonguldak, Turkey and illustrate them with selected images of damaged masonry buildings. Also included are satellite and mining galleria images.     

Monitoring of coal mining subsidence in peri-urban area of Zonguldak city (NW Turkey) with persistent scatterer interferometry using ALOS-PALSAR

This paper presents the results of spatiotemporal monitoring of surface subsidence over a mining area in Zonguldak Province of Turkey using Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data, providing maps of subsidence rates in the radar line of sight direction. A total of 18 SAR images, acquired between January 2007 and June 2010 by the Japanese Advanced Land Observing Satellite, have been used to map the surface displacements using the Persistent Scatterer Interferometry technique. The use of Phased Array Type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar data has proved useful for avoiding signal decorrelation and estimating surface deformation in the heavily vegetated study region. The technique enables the monitoring of continuous small displacements over a large area. Our findings present that many Persistent Scatterers were located on the vegetation cover. The results reveal areas of ground surface subsidence up to 44 mm/year that are well correlated with the underground coal mining galleries particularly in the Gelik region where the Karadon mining galleries are present.     

基于InSAR技术的缓倾煤层开采诱发顺层岩体地表变形模式研究

贵州贞丰县某煤矿开采煤层以向斜缓倾的三叠系上统火把冲组（T3h）为主,与贵州省大部分煤矿开采的背斜反倾煤层不同,其采矿活动诱发的地面沉降和滑坡风险亦表现出不同的变形破坏模式(背斜反倾煤层易诱发倾倒崩塌、顺层缓倾煤层易诱发地面塌陷与滑坡)。论文利用升、降轨观测的共15期3 m空间分辨率L波段PALSAR -2 SAR为数据源,开展了多期地表变形D -InSAR测量,确定出变形发生的位置、范围与滞后时间。经实地调查验证,InSAR解算结果较好地吻合了矿区开采范围和地表破坏情况,证实了InSAR在煤矿区识别时序性地表形变的准确性。进而分解计算了地表三维变形,并通过与地下开采范围和过程的相关性分析,深化了对该地区缓倾煤层地下开采诱发的顺层滑坡变形模式的认识:（1）InSAR可以识别计算出采矿区地表变形的范围与沉降量,矿区变形在干涉影像中表现为以采空区地表为中心向四周扩散的圆环状变形条纹;（2）地表变形区域覆盖地下采空区上方及附近地表区域,根据地表变形情况与地下采空区范围计算出该地区上山边界角约70°、下山边界角约58°;（3）地下采空与地表沉降变形存在约30 d的时间滞后;（4）顺层地下采空引发的地表水平移动方向受地层产状、地表坡向共同作用,水平向为沿层面的顺层滑移与向沉降中心汇聚的合成运动结果;（5）沿层面的顺层滑移与地表坡度因素叠加造成采空区地表上山侧岩石受拉产生拉裂缝,下山侧则易产生塌陷坑及裂缝。     

Assessment of geo-environmental properties depressing urban development with GIS: a case study of Kozlu settlement,Turkey

Kozlu is a mining town only 5 km away from the main city of Zonguldak and initially was not favored for settlement due to its rugged and hilly topography. However, along with hard coal production in large quantities throughout the years came the industrialization at its full speed with plenty job opportunities which then gave rise to intense population in the region where there were only a few sheds and slums just a century ago. Workers migrating to Kozlu in thousands needed dwellings to live in, but the law, so-called the Coal Basin Restrictions Law which came in effect in 1910, hindered the implementation of zoning plans. Planned housing was not possible in the region not until the abolishment of the law in 1986. During these 76 years, the settlement in the area mostly by the mining and industry workers was carried out without proper zoning plans, usually on demand basis. Today because of this unplanned housing and harsh topography, the Kozlu settlement area (KSA) has a history of being attraction point for many natural and man-made disasters which can be summarized as are topography, geological and carstic structure, mining activities and mass movements. In this study, a settlement suitability map is produced for the study area using a geographic information system. The map produced is designated into four settlement suitability zones, namely suitable to settlement, slightly suitable to settlement, suitable to settlement with precautions and unsuitable to settlement. It clearly shows that 24.73% of the study area lies in suitable and slightly suitable to settlement areas while the bulky rest pertains to suitable to settlement with precautions and unsuitable to settlement. The latest studies show that the 37.5% of the buildings and houses in the KSA are situated on the lithologic units identified as hydrogeological permeable and semipermeable, 7.8% on carstic caverns and a hefty rate of 47.6% on the surfaces deformed by mining-induced subsidence. Therefore, it is needless to claim that the administrators of Kozlu should promptly develop a settlement plan for the welfare of the city.     

基于InSAR和光学遥感的贵州鬃岭采煤滑坡识别与危险性评价

贵州鬃岭滑坡群具有孕灾规律性强、 发育集中密集、 威胁严重等特点.文章利用InSAR和光学遥感进行精细识别,获取了区域滑坡灾害信息,总结了鬃岭区域滑坡变形破坏模式,基于此建立了该地区的滑坡风险评价的体积-距离统计公式,并对典型灾害体进行了计算,获得了一些重要认识.地下采煤活动是引起鬃岭桌山边缘山体变形的主要原因;InS...     

山西煤矿区滑坡特征及分类

滑坡分类研究一直是滑坡研究的基础和重点。通过对山西煤矿区滑坡灾害的工程实践和大量的调查统计分析,根据滑坡地层结构、岩性特征、诱发机制及运动特征等因素将山西煤矿区滑坡归结为5种类型:顺基岩面推移-滑动型黄土滑坡;蠕滑-挤出型黄土滑坡;水浸溜滑型黄土滑坡;煤层自燃倾覆-拉裂滑移型岩质滑坡;受节理控制的蠕滑-张裂型岩质滑坡。研究结果发现:黄土滑坡滑带土一般为松散土层,岩质滑坡的滑面为软弱结构面（多为泥岩薄层）或煤线;除溜滑型黄土滑坡滑动速度较快外,其他为低速滑坡,其典型特点是历时长,滑距短,致灾范围小,但滑坡推力大,破坏力强,往往造成更大损失。该研究进一步细化了滑坡分类的内容,其成果可对山西矿区及类似滑坡地质灾害的防治提供指导。      

基于InSAR识别的黄土高原活动性地质灾害发育规律分析

地震、 降雨、 人类工程活动诱发的活动性地质灾害在黄土高原频现,但由于其地域广阔、 构造活跃、 地貌类型多样、 各地黄土特性差异较大,一直以来缺乏活动性地质灾害发育分布的系统认识.InSAR技术具有大范围观测地表变形的能力,文章利用2019年1月1日至2020年3月31日期间40期Sentinal-1 SAR数据,计算...     

采动作用下上硬下软型缓倾岩质高边坡变形机理试验研究

我国西南岩溶山区地质环境复杂,地下开采活动频繁,大型崩滑灾害频发。为了了解上硬下软缓倾岩质边坡下覆矿层开采时坡体的沉降与地裂缝发育规律,以贵州普洒崩塌为例,通过相似模型试验,研究采动作用下,坡体的地表沉降、内部位移、层间压力变化规律、以及采动诱发的地裂缝发育情况。研究表明:在地下开采情况下,坡体地表沉降和内部位移随开采宽度增加呈线性增大;当开采宽度约为采高的16倍时,地表沉降突增,并伴随裂缝出现;测点越靠近地裂缝,沉降变化率越大,地裂缝发生位置与地表沉降变化率最大的测点大致出现在同一区域;掘进工作面推进时,采空区上方顶板岩层出现卸荷区域,压应力减小,而采动工作面煤层上方岩体出现层间挤压区域,压应力增加;采空区上方大于20倍采高范围以外,岩体层间压力受地下开采活动的扰动影响微弱。本研究为西南岩溶山区在地下采动作用下,对山体崩滑的早期识别与破坏机制分析具有一定的参考意义。      

Assessing the spatial probability of landslides using GIS and informative value model in the Bamenda highlands

Landslides are a major natural hazard in the Bamenda highlands of Cameroon, and their occurrence in this region has most often been studied using qualitative methods. The aim of this research is to quantitatively assess the spatial probability of landslides using GIS and the informative value model. Landslide inventory was done through literature review, aerial photo-interpretation, participatory GIS and field survey. Six geo-environmental factors including slope, curvature, aspect, land use, lithology and geomorphology were used as landslide conditioning (static) factors. The susceptibility of the area to future landslide events was assessed by making a correlation between past landslides and geo-environmental factors using the informative value model. The landslide inventory involving 110 landslides was divided into two equal groups using random division criterion and was used to train and validate the model. The analysis showed that slope and land use are the most important causal factors of landslides in the area. The susceptibility index map predicted most landslides to occur around the steep slopes of the Bamenda escarpment that is being used for multiple anthropic activities. The training model had a success rate of 87%, and the validation model had a prediction rate of 90%. The prediction rate curve shows that 44, 32, 18 and 6% of future landslides will occur on 3, 8, 21 and 68% of the study area. The model correctly classified 89% of unstable areas and 81% of the stable areas with an accuracy rate of 0.90. This quantitative result complement other qualitative assessment results that show the Bamenda escarpment zone as a high-risk area. However, the area susceptible to landslide in this study goes beyond what earlier studies had indicated as houses and other infrastructure were found on old landslide sites whose scars have been eroded by human activities. This new input thus improves the quality of information placed at the disposal of civil protection units and land use managers during decision making.     

SBAS-InSAR和PS-InSAR技术在鲁西南某线性工程沿线地面沉降成因分析中的应用

地面沉降问题严重影响着鲁西南经济发展区交通工程建设。文中选择某线性工程两侧5 km范围作为研究区,文章收集RadarSAT-2(2017—2020年)、Sentinel-1A(2019—2020年)存档数据和沿线区域地质、水文地质、矿产开发资料,采用时序InSAR分析的方法,对研究区沿线地面沉降分布特征及规律进行综合分析。研究结果表明：研究区主要地面沉降诱因是煤矿采空区塌陷和地下水超量开采,前者以矿区工作面为中心形成沉降漏斗,沉降速率变化和沉降中心移动与煤矿作业工作面挖掘进度和转移密切相关;后者沉降分布规律与地下水开采使用点相关,形成与地下水开采使用范围相近的沉降带。研究区在2017—2020年内持续发生沉降,最大年均沉降速率为136.5 mm/a,单年累计最大沉降量为220 mm。经同期CPI水准点观测结果校核,InSAR数据处理成果平均误差小于1 cm/a,相关系数到达70%以上。本文采用的分析方法能及时准确反映出线路方案穿行研究区内各处地面沉降变化,为线路方案规划和地质灾害整治提供有效合理参考。     

Environmental Investigation and Evaluation of Land Subsidence in the Datong Coalfield Based on InSAR Technology

Heavy mining of Jurassic and Carboniferous horizontal coal seams in the Datong coalfield has seriously affected the local geological environment, which is mainly manifested by such geohazards as soil avalanches, landslides, mudflows, surface subsidence, surface cracks, surface solid waste accumulation and surface deformation. More seriously, coal mining causes groundwater to leak. Overpumping of groundwater has resulted in substantial land subsidence of the urban area in Datong City. Based on the previous geo-environmental investigation in the work area, the authors used radar remote sensing techniques such as InSAR （synthetic aperture radar interferometry） and D-InSAR （differential synthetic aperture radar interferometry）, supplemented by the optical remote sensing method, for geo-environmental investigation to ascertain the geo-environmental background of the Datong Jurassic and Carboniferous-Permian coalfield and evaluate the effects of the geohazards, thus providing a basis for the geo-environmental protection, geohazard control and prevention, land improvement and optimization of the human environment. In this study 8 cog-nominal ERS-1/2 SAR data frames during 1992 to 2003 were used, but the following processing was made： （1） the multitemporal SAR magnitude images were used to interpret the geological structure, vegetation, microgeomorphology and drainage system; （2） the multi-temporal InSAR coherent images were used to make a classification of surface features and evaluate the coherence change due to coal mining; and （3） the multi-temporal cog-nominal SAR images were used to complete D-InSAR processing to remove the information of differential deformation areas （sites）. In the end, a ten-year time series of differential interferograms were obtained using the multi-temporal cog-nominal SAR images. In the tests, 84 deformed areas （sites） were obtained, belonging to those in 1993-1996, 1996-1997, 1997-1998, 1998-2001, 1998-2002 and 2001-2003 respectively. Of the 84 areas, 44 are m     

Data Mining for Landslide Genetic Mechanism Analysis in the Yunnan Province of China

Landslide susceptibility analysis based on the strong ability of data mining of Geographic Information System (GIS) has become a hot topic in international landslide research. This paper used optimized decision tree and GIS databases to analyze the sensitivity in the northwest mountain areas of Yunnan province of China, and then discussed the formation mechanism of the landslide happened in the area. The translational landslide located in the area with an average gradient less than or equal to 28.7° was reclassified as a higher level 3 sensitive area than before according to the normalized different fault index (NDFI). The results showed that the data mining based on GIS 3D space–time information database can help to find the unique topography, geology hydrology and the other typical spatial information of some special typed of landslides such as translational landslides, thus it can illustrate the relationship between the landslides and their sensitivity factors. The improved landslide susceptibility analysis will provide a new method for identifying the genetic mechanism of landslide, and play an important role in the government regional planning and disaster prevention measures.

     

Application of logistic regression for landslide susceptibility zoning of Cekmece Area, Istanbul, Turkey

As a result of industrialization, throughout the world, cities have been growing rapidly for the last century. One typical example of these growing cities is Istanbul, the population of which is over 10 million. Due to rapid urbanization, new areas suitable for settlement and engineering structures are necessary. The Cekmece area located west of the Istanbul metropolitan area is studied, because the landslide activity is extensive in this area. The purpose of this study is to develop a model that can be used to characterize landslide susceptibility in map form using logistic regression analysis of an extensive landslide database. A database of landslide activity was constructed using both aerial-photography and field studies. About 19.2% of the selected study area is covered by deep-seated landslides. The landslides that occur in the area are primarily located in sandstones with interbedded permeable and impermeable layers such as claystone, siltstone and mudstone. About 31.95% of the total landslide area is located at this unit. To apply logistic regression analyses, a data matrix including 37 variables was constructed. The variables used in the forwards stepwise analyses are different measures of slope, aspect, elevation, stream power index (SPI), plan curvature, profile curvature, geology, geomorphology and relative permeability of lithological units. A total of 25 variables were identified as exerting strong influence on landslide occurrence, and included by the logistic regression equation. Wald statistics values indicate that lithology, SPI and slope are more important than the other parameters in the equation. Beta coefficients of the 25 variables included the logistic regression equation provide a model for landslide susceptibility in the Cekmece area. This model is used to generate a landslide susceptibility map that correctly classified 83.8% of the landslide-prone areas.     

Impacts of coal mining subsidence on the surface landscape in Longkou city,Shandong Province of China

Coal mining subsidence is a common human geological disaster that was particularly conspicuous in China. It seriously restricts the sustainable development of mining areas, and it not only damages land resources but also triggers a series of ecological and environmental problems that may result in social and economic issues. This report studied the coal mining subsidence area of Longkou in Shandong province and uses digital elevation data (DEM) of the mining area before subsidence in 1978 as the baseline elevation. Through image algorithms, we obtained coal mining subsidence region data for 1984, 1996, 2000, and 2004. And with spatial data sources of the same period of TM/ETM⁺ and SPOT5 remote sensing images, BP artificial neural network (BPNN) classification is used to extract surface landscape information in the subsidence area. With the support of GIS technology, superimposing subsidence area on the surface landscape—using the largest landscape ecology patch index, landscape shape index, landscape condensation index, and the index of landscape distribution—report analyzes the mining landscape changes before and after subsidence. This study also carries on exploratory research with the landscape changes, thereby providing a scientific basis for integrated prevention and treatment.     

鬃岭高位滑坡带地下水补径排特征及致灾作用研究

本文以贵州省纳雍县鬃岭崩塌滑坡带两个滑坡区为例,通过水文地质调查、水动力场分析、水化学和流量动态对比分析,得出结论（1）天然条件下,崩塌滑坡带存在3个相对独立的地下水系统,采煤活动改变了局部地下水径流排泄方向,使上部基岩裂隙水、中部岩溶水补给到下部基岩裂隙水中,最后从坑道或泉排泄出地表。（2）流量动态和钙离子含量变化表明,雨季中部岩溶水灌入式补给到了采空区坑道中,同时也表明老鬃岭镇滑坡区山体浅部垂直裂缝发育,左家寨滑坡区山体浅部至深部垂直裂缝均有发育。（3）鬃岭崩塌滑坡体内部地下水以非饱和水下渗运动为主,不存在饱和地下水流场,故而不存在水动力驱动滑坡影响作用。（4）在鬃岭崩塌滑坡孕灾或灾害触发过程中,地下水对垂直裂缝、滑动结构面的发展和岩体破坏、失稳主要起到加速和促进作用。本文对岩溶石山地区类似滑坡机理研究有一定意义。      

基于GIS的广东省滑坡灾害区划研究

以广东省小流域分布图为底图,在详细收集全省历史滑坡及现代滑坡资料的基础上,编制了全省滑坡灾害分布图,在ArcGIS8 3平台上,首先将两图进行空间叠加,生成了全省滑坡灾害易发程度分区图,以此分区图与广东省地形坡度、地层岩性、地貌分布、降雨分布图叠加分析,结果表明:广东省滑坡灾害易发区主要发生在地形坡度在10°～45°之间,地貌分布多为中、小起伏山地以及丘陵地区,地层岩性多为极硬、次硬及软硬相间岩层,以及高降雨区。     

基于Weibull时间序列函数的动态沉陷曲线模型

研究开采沉陷灾害发生及发展的动态过程具有重要的理论意义和工程应用价值。因采场上覆岩层及采矿过程的复杂性,全面研究采矿过程中上覆岩层的移动及地表的沉陷具有很大的难度,以研究地表沉陷区观测点下沉变化过程的时间序列为切入点,对开采沉陷的动态过程进行了研究。通过研究地表沉陷区观测点下沉量的时间序列发现,Weibull（韦布尔）函数可较准确地拟合和描述地表观测点的下沉过程曲线。煤层开采地表移动过程的FLAC3D模拟研究发现,同一沉陷区内各观测点的下沉过程在时间和空间上具有独立性。在该基础上,将概率积分沉陷曲线模型与Weibull时间序列函数相结合,给出沉陷区主剖面的动态下沉、倾斜和曲率曲线的唯象学模型,经实例证明建模思路是可行的。     

证据权法在区域滑坡危险性评价中的应用以贵州省为例

以GIS为技术平台,采用证据权法对研究区进行了滑坡地质灾害危险性分析。综合分析历史滑坡数据及其环境因素和触发因素,数据源主要有地形图、DEM、地质图,选取地层岩性、构造、高程、坡度、坡向、地形起伏度、道路、水系作为危险性评价因子。首先应用ArcGIS软件对数据源进行处理,提取各个评价因子图层,并对每个图层进行分级、缓冲区分析等处理,建立若干证据层。然后将历史灾害点与评价因子进行空间关联分析,计算每个评价因子等级的权重,最后计算出评价单元的危险性指数,并将危险性分为极高危险区、高危险区、中等危险区、低危险区。采用成功率曲线法对证据权法评价精度进行验证,结果表明本次评价的精度为71%。利用历史滑坡数据对评价结果进行验证,结果显示评价结果与实际情况较为吻合,说明证据权可以客观定量地评价各影响因子对滑坡的影响程度,该方法应用于区域地质灾害危险性评价比较有效。