铜陵地区燕山期侵入岩成因与三端元岩浆混合作用

本文从岩石学、矿物学、岩石化学、同位素地球化学方面探讨了铜陵地区岩浆演化的制约因素。显微镜下发现了岩浆混合结构。研究表明岩浆混合作用属较均一的化学混合。高钾钙碱性-钾玄岩系列岩石组合表明燕山早期为加厚的陆壳或具有山根的造山带,岩浆形成于55km以下。Izanagi板块俯冲及大陆岩石圈拆沉减薄诱发软流圈物质上涌,减压熔融产生玄武岩岩浆,底侵并加热下地壳物质部分熔融产生正长岩岩浆。参与岩浆混合的是进化的玄武岩岩浆。铜陵地区侵入岩主要是三端元岩浆——玄武岩岩浆、正长岩岩浆和花岗岩岩浆混合的产物。     

新疆尾亚矿区3期岩浆混合作用的初步研究

新疆东天山的尾亚钒钛磁铁矿矿区，发育3期岩浆混合作用。第一期为辉长质与花岗质岩浆混合．并生成闪长质岩石；第二期为闪长质与花岗质岩浆的混合，生成了石英二长质岩浆；第三期为石英二长岩浆与闪长质岩浆的混合。在各类岩石氧化物对SiO2的哈克图解上，尾亚3期岩浆混合岩石的投影点分别呈相关的线性关系。在稀土和微量元素方面，3期岩浆混合作用形成的岩石分别表现出相近的地球化学特征。配分曲线形态各自相似．形成的过渡岩石——岩浆混合岩类与各自的端元岩石具有继承关系。3期岩浆混合作用之间具有明显的继承性：第一期形成的岩浆混合岩，成分相当于闪长岩，与第二期岩浆混合的基性端元属同类岩石．且与第二期各类岩石具有相似的地球化学特征；第二期形成的石英二长闪长岩，与第三期的端元岩石石英二长斑岩体完全可以对比。尾亚地区的3期岩浆混合作用表明，混合作用可以是多阶段、多期次的，本区火成岩类最初的母岩浆是酸性的陆壳硅铝质和基性的幔源铁镁质岩浆。岩浆混合作用反映了本区壳幔相互作用的本质。     

东昆仑造山带三叠纪岩浆混合成因花岗岩的岩浆底侵作用机制

东昆仑造山带广泛出露三叠纪岩浆混合成因花岗岩，它们具有共同的特征：岩体成分变化大；花岗岩类岩石中富含镁铁质微粒包体（mafic microgranular enclave--MME）；不同岩性之间常常呈渐变过渡关系。同时，这些岩体无一例外都和代表下地壳的深变质岩共生，暗示岩浆就位于地壳深部。此外，东昆仑地区广泛发育基性侵入体，它们产在深变质岩中，或者与岩浆混合成因花岗岩类共生，暗示下地壳物质的部分熔融和岩浆混合成因花岗岩的形成有可能与基性岩浆底侵作用有关。笔者选择东昆仑加鲁河这一典型的岩浆混合成因花岗岩体为例，对其岩石学、地球化学、同位素地球化学等特征进行了详细研究，认为幔源岩浆底侵作用是这类岩体形成的直接原因，并对幔源岩浆底侵作用和岩浆混合成因花岗岩之间的成因联系以及幔源岩浆底侵作用在东昆仑造山带三叠纪地壳生长和构造演化中所起的重要作用进行了讨论，构建了加厚陆壳背景下的断离-底侵-混合-拆沉作用模型。     

浆混花岗岩专题填图方法初探——以东昆仑加鲁河地区为例

东昆仑造山带花岗岩中广泛发育暗色微粒包体,含有丰富的壳幔岩浆混合作用的证据,被认为是研究岩浆混合作用的天然场所。适逢近阶段同源花岗岩谱系填图方案在造山带岩浆混合(浆混)花岗岩图区实践时深受质疑,本研究以东昆仑加鲁河地区浆混花岗岩为例,开展浆混花岗岩区专题填图试点工作,旨在探索一套适合浆混花岗岩填图的岩石单位划分方案。从野外地质、岩相学、岩石和矿物化学等不同角度论证了加鲁河花岗闪长岩及其内部包体形成于开放体系下的壳幔岩浆混合作用。在填图工作中,将图区内的岩浆岩划分为浆混花岗岩和非浆混花岗岩2个超单元。以岩浆混合作用为理论依据,将浆混花岗岩超单元划分为基性端元、酸性端元和浆混产物3个二级单位,对于2个端元岩石单位按照其矿物组成、结构构造等方面的差异(岩浆演化导致)再次划分最基本岩石单位——侵入体,对于浆混产物单位,建议可按照岩浆混合程度差异或者内部包体变化规律灵活划分基本岩石单位——浆混体。由此建立了一套可与同源花岗岩谱系单位相兼容的浆混花岗岩谱系单位划分方案,为岩浆混合花岗岩区开展填图工作提供了初步探索方案。     

花岗质岩石的基本问题

当代地球科学的两个前缘领域一个是地球的早期历史，一个是地球的深部过程，这两个问题都与花岗质岩石紧密相关。花岗质岩石主要由石英、斜长石和碱性长石组成，并因此具有较低的密度。这种性质决定了花岗质岩石具有正的浮力，记录了很长的地球演化历史。因此，花岗岩类是地质学最复杂的话题之一，因为其源区岩石多种多样和形成过程非常复杂。本文的目的是帮助普通旅游者识别花岗质岩石及其重要意义。通常，花岗岩（狭义）被定义为由石英（〉20％，按体积计算）和长石（碱性长石大于斜长石）组成的深成岩。但是，地质学家常常将特征与花岗岩（狭义）类似的深成岩称为花岗质岩石或花岗岩类，也就是广义花岗岩。因此，花岗岩类是深成岩的一个大类，包括象花岗闪长岩、二长花岗岩、正长花岗岩、英云闪长岩等这样的岩石。火成岩的多样性不仅仅取决于岩浆作用过程，而且也取决于岩浆形成过程。岩浆的产生是源区岩石部分熔融的结果，因而火成岩的化学成分取决于源区成分、熔融温度和压力、挥发分以及熔融程度。尽管岩浆作用过程对火成岩的成分具有重要影响，花岗质岩石多样性的关键因素却是部分熔融作用。基于此，岩石学家更注意花岗质岩浆的起源而不是它们的演化。花岗质岩浆虽然起源于地壳，却是受地幔热引擎的驱动。因此，花岗质岩石也记录了大量地球深部过程的信息。     

长江中下游铜陵及邻区中生代中酸性侵入岩地球化学特征及其深部岩浆作用探讨

长江中下游铜陵及其邻区的中生代侵入岩极其发育,岩石类型多样.本文通过对该区已获得的高精度成岩年龄数据的综合整理,结合系统的岩石地球化学测试数据,对长江中下游铜陵地区中生代侵入岩进行了岩带划分并提出了可能的岩浆作用模型.铜陵地区中生代中酸性岩浆侵入活动时间集中分段、空间分带明确,从北到南依次分为庐枞带、铜陵外带和铜陵内带...     

安徽铜陵典型矿区岩石包体研究及其岩浆——成矿作用过程探讨

铜陵地区岩浆岩中产有两类石包体,一类为属高于高角闪岩相的变质岩（残余）包体;另一类为属于二长岩－闪长岩类的岩浆岩包体,对这两类岩石包体进行了详细的岩石学和矿物学研究,并计算了了各类岩石包体的形成条件,在此基础上探讨了岩石包体与寄主岩浆岩之间的关系,分析了岩浆岩和有关矿床的物质来源和成岩成矿作用机制,提出了深部古老变质基底部分融－岩浆积聚,分异,并在不同层位就形,形成深位和浅位岩浆房－不同成分的岩浆混合－气液隐爆迁移沉淀这样一种与同熔型岩浆岩有关的新的层控矽卡岩矿床成矿模式。     

海南岛晚中生代屯昌岩体的成因类型及其构造意义

对海南岛屯昌岩体岩石学和岩石地球化学的研究结果表明，屯昌岩体是深部壳幔岩浆混合作用的产物，可将之归为含角闪石钙碱性花岗岩类(ACG)。海南岛晚中生代花岗岩的产生，与大规模发生的岩石圈伸展减薄、玄武岩浆的底侵作用密切相关，来自与洋壳俯冲作用有关的富集型地幔的玄武岩浆对花岗岩的形成具有热能和物质两方面的贡献。     

新疆尾亚地区石英二长闪长岩的岩浆混合成因

新疆东天山的尾亚钒钛磁铁矿矿区,在花岗岩中含有大量闪长岩包体,而且花岗岩与闪长岩相互包裹、渗透,并在花岗岩与闪长岩接触带形成二者混合的产物--岩浆混合岩.通过野外特征、岩相学和矿物成分对比,发现矿区中部的石英二长闪长（斑）岩体与岩浆混合岩完全相同,表明该岩体系岩浆混合成因.各类参与岩浆混合作用岩石的岩相学和矿物学表现出典型的岩浆混合作用特征.矿物不平衡组构主要有：钾长石的更长环斑结构、斑晶的环边结构、针状磷灰石发育、暗色矿物的聚晶团块、岩浆混合岩中出现钾长石“变晶”等等.各类岩石中斜长石和角闪石的主要氧化物成分对SiO2（%）表现出类似全岩哈克图解的线性关系.主要造岩矿物的化学成分以及钾长石巨晶的化学成分剖面,反映出本区岩浆混合作用有化学混合的参与.黑云母的化学成分表明,本区岩浆混合为以壳慢混源为基础的混合作用.     

花岗岩类岩石谱系单位的基本特点和有关问题的探讨

本文系统而全面地总结了花岗岩类岩石谱系单位填图的基本特点、原则和方法。提出确立岩浆事件和理顺侵入序次的重要性。并且对侵入作用和火山作用的相互关系；花岗岩类与基性岩类的共生组合；花岗岩类岩石谱系单位填图在时代和类型上的适用范围；均作了探讨，初步提出了处理意见。明确说明花岗岩类岩石谱系单位填图方法的真正核心，是把花岗岩类作为主要地质过程的代表，而不应单纯地把它看作是一种纯化学物质     

秦岭早中生代壳幔岩浆混合作用——来自东江口花岗岩体闪长质包体的地球化学证据

      东江口花岗岩及闪长质包体分别获得了218 Ma 和224 Ma 的形成年龄,闪长质包体中存在岩浆不平衡结构并发育与寄 主花岗岩相同的钾长石斑晶及淬冷形成的针状磷灰石,揭示了花岗岩形成过程中曾发生二元岩浆混合作用。这种混合作用 已造成寄主花岗岩和闪长质包体化学组成的趋同,同时使得它们的Sr-Nd-Pb 同位素组成发生强烈均一化。但暗色闪长质包 体锆石具有较宽的εHf（t ）值（-4.58~3.31）,保留了二端元岩浆源区的特征。秦岭早中生代同期闪长质包体锆石εHf（t ）＞ 10 及寄主花岗岩锆石εHf（t ）＜ -10 的差异表明,它们分别来自相对亏损地幔源区和中元古代滞留于地壳的幔源基性物质, 而两个源区的岩浆,自224 Ma 以来发生强烈混合作用,形成大规模的壳幔混合花岗岩体。     

Evidence for hybridisation in the Tynong Province granitoids,Lachlan Fold Belt,eastern Australia

The role of mafic–felsic magma mixing in the formation of granites is controversial. Field evidence in many granite plutons undoubtedly implies interaction of mafic (basaltic–intermediate) magma with (usually) much more abundant granitic magma, but the extent of such mixing and its effect on overall chemical features of the host intrusion are unclear. Late Devonian I-type granitoids of the Tynong Province in the western Lachlan Fold Belt, southeast Australia, show typical evidence for magma mingling and mixing, such as small dioritic stocks, hybrid zones with local host granite and ubiquitous microgranitoid enclaves. The latter commonly have irregular boundaries and show textural features characteristic of hybridisation, e.g. xenocrysts of granitic quartz and K-feldspars, rapakivi and antirapakivi textures, quartz and feldspar ocelli, and acicular apatite. Linear (well defined to diffuse) compositional trends for granites, hybrid zones and enclaves have been attributed to magma mixing but could also be explained by other mechanisms. Magmatic zircons of the Tynong and Toorongo granodiorites yield U–Pb zircon ages consistent with the known ca 370 Ma age of the province and preserve relatively unevolved ?_Hf (averages for three samples are +6.9, +4.3 and +3.9). The range in zircon ?_Hf in two of the three analysed samples (8.8 and 10.1 ?_Hf units) exceeds that expected from a single homogeneous population (～4 units) and suggests considerable Hf isotopic heterogeneity in the melt from which the zircon formed, consistent with syn-intrusion magma mixing. Correlated whole-rock Sr–Nd isotope data for the Tynong Province granitoids show a considerable range (0.7049–0.7074, ?_Nd +1.2 to –4.7), which may map the hybridisation between a mafic magma and possibly multiple crustal magmas. Major-element variations for host granite, hybrid zones and enclaves in the large Tynong granodiorite show correlations with major-element compositions of the type expected from mixing of contrasting mafic and felsic magmas. However, chemical–isotopic correlations are poorly developed for the province as a whole, especially for ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr. In a magma mixing model, such complexities could be explained in terms of a dynamic mixing/mingling environment, with multiple mixing events and subsequent interactions between hybrids and superimposed fractional crystallisation. The results indicate that features plausibly attributed to mafic–felsic magma mixing exist at all scales within this granite province and suggest a major role for magma mixing/mingling in the formation of I-type granites.     

Enclaves in granitoids of north of Jonnagiri schist belt,Kurnool district,Andhra Pradesh: Evidence of magma mixing and mingling

Calc-alkaline, metaluminous granitoids in the north of Jonnagiri schist belt (JSB) are associated with abundant mafic rocks as enclave. The enclaves represent xenoliths of the basement, mafic magmatic enclaves (MME) and synplutonic mafic dykes. The MME are mostly ellipsoidal and cuspate shape having lobate margin and diffuse contact with the host granitoids. Sharp and crenulated contacts between isolated MME and host granitoids are infrequent. The MME are fine-grained, slightly dark and enriched in mafic minerals compare to the host granitoids. MME exhibits evidences of physical interaction (mingling) at outcrop scale and restricted hybridization at crystal scale of mafic and felsic magmas. The textures like quartz ocelli, sphene (titanite) ocelli, acicular apatite inclusion zone in feldspars and K-feldspar megacrysts in MME, megacrysts across the contact of MME and host and mafic clots constitute textural assemblages suggestive of magma mingling and mixing recorded in the granitoids of the study area. The quartz ocelli are most likely xenocrysts introduced from the felsic magma. Fast cooling of mafic magma resulted in the growth of prismatic apatite and heterogeneous nucleation of titanite over hornblende in MME. Chemical transfer from felsic magma to MME forming magma envisage enrichment of silica, alkalis and P in MME. The MME show low positive Eu anomalies whereas hybrid and host granitoids display moderate negative Eu-anomalies. Synplutonic mafic dyke injected at late stage of crystallising host felsic magma, display back veining and necking along its length. The variable shape, dimensions, texture and composition of MME, probably are controlled by the evolving nature and kinematics of interacting magmas.     

Interplay between geochemistry and magma dynamics during magma interaction: An example from the Sithonia Plutonic Complex (NE Greece)

Orogenic granitoids often display mineralogical and geochemical features suggesting that open-system magmatic processes played a key role in their evolution. This is testified by the presence of enclaves of more mafic magmas dispersed into the granitoid mass, the occurrence of strong disequilibrium textures in mineralogical phases, and/or extreme geochemical and isotopic variability.

In this contribution, intrusive rocks constituting the Sithonia Plutonic Complex (Northern Greece) are studied on the basis of mineral chemistry, whole-rock major, trace element geochemistry, and Sr and Nd isotopic composition. Sithonia rocks can be divided into a basic group bearing macroscopic (mafic enclaves), microscopic (disequilibrium textures), geochemical, and isotopic evidence of magma interaction, and an acid group in which most geochemical and isotopic features are consistent with a magma mixing process, but macroscopic and microscopic features are lacking.

A two-step Mixing plus Fractional Crystallization (MFC) process is considered responsible for the evolution of the basic group. The first step explains the chemical variation in the mafic enclave group: a basic magma, represented by the least evolved enclaves, interacted with an acid magma, represented by the most evolved granitoid rocks, to give the most evolved enclaves. The second step explains the geochemical variations of the remaining rocks of the basic group: most evolved enclaves interacted with the same acid magma to give the spectrum of rock compositions with intermediate geochemical signatures. A convection–diffusion process is envisaged to explain the geochemical and isotopic variability and the lack of macroscopic and petrographic evidence of magma interaction in the acid group.

The mafic magma is presumably the result of melting of a mantle, repeatedly metasomatized and enriched in LILE due to subduction events, whereas the acid magma is considered the product of partial melting of lower crustal rocks of intermediate to basaltic composition.

It is shown that Sithonia Plutonic Complex offers the opportunity to investigate in detail the complex interplay between geochemistry and magma dynamics during magma interaction processes between mantle and crustal derived magmas.     

西藏曲水碰撞花岗岩的混合成因：来自成因矿物学证据

西藏曲水碰撞花岗岩地处冈底斯构造-岩浆带中部,呈东西向平行雅鲁藏布缝合带分布.该岩体以花岗闪长岩、石英闪长岩为主,其次为石英二长闪长岩.岩体内普遍发育微粒镁铁质包体.对花岗闪长岩、石英闪长岩及微粒镁铁质包体的成因矿物学研究结果显示：（1）斜长石发育环带且边缘和核部偏基性,幔部酸性;（2）斜长石斑晶边缘常含有角闪石、黑云母等暗色矿物包体;（3）钾长石X射线结构分析显示自核部向边缘温度呈现逐渐升高的特点;（4）长石矿物中普遍含有较高的Cr、Ni、Co元素,明显不同于壳熔花岗岩;（5）角闪石、黑云母矿物MgO含量高于典型壳熔花岗岩;（6）包体中发育针状磷灰石和角闪石,显示为岩浆淬冷的结果.上述特征不可能用正常岩浆分异作用来解释,而更可能是壳-幔岩浆混合作用的结果.采用矿物温压计所得到的结果也符合混合后的岩浆演化特征.     

浙江普陀花岗杂岩体中的石英闪长质包体：斜长石内部复杂环带研究与岩浆混合史记录

浙江普陀花岗杂岩体包含若干石英闪长质包体,该类包体中存在三种不同类型的斜长石：正常环带的斜长石、筛孔构造的斜长石和酸性斜长石为核的“反环带”斜长石。根据斜长石的环带构造特征和成分分析,认为本区的岩浆演化过程大致如下：下部基性岩浆注入到上覆酸性岩浆中并进行混合作用,酸性岩浆中已结晶的富钠质斜长石晶体进入偏基性的混合岩浆中,部分熔融形成筛孔构造;随着端员岩浆的进一步混合,富钠质斜长石晶体与中性混合熔体仅形成粗糙的边界,而保留原先构造特征;同时混合岩浆可以直接结晶出正常环带斜长石,呈单颗粒或以膜的形式包围其它环带构造的长石。本文还通过与平潭角闪辉长岩杂岩体内筛孔斜长石的对比,认为斜长石的环带构造和成分可以反映岩浆源区特征和岩浆演化历史。     

安徽铜陵焦冲矿田侵入岩锆石U-Pb定年、Hf同位素特征及成因

安徽铜陵矿集区出露的侵入岩可划分为高钾钙碱性和橄榄安粗岩系列,作为铜陵7大矿田之一的焦冲地区是否也存在两个系列侵入岩?它们的时代及成因与整个铜陵地区的侵入岩是否相同?这些问题目前仍不清楚。本文选择铜陵焦冲矿田的侵入岩开展了岩相学、岩石地球化学、LA-ICPMS锆石U-Pb定年及原位Hf同位素地球化学研究。结果表明,焦冲矿田也存在高钾钙碱性系列和橄榄安粗岩系列侵入岩,前者的主要岩石类型为石英二长闪长岩、花岗闪长岩,后者为辉石二长闪长岩。LA-ICPMS锆石U-Pb定年结果显示,高钾钙碱性系列侵入岩年代与铜陵地区其他矿区同类岩石年代相同,约为142 Ma;而橄榄安粗岩系列侵入岩年代比铜陵地区其他矿区同类岩石年轻,约为136 Ma。总体上看,铜陵地区两个系列侵入岩具有多期次侵位的特征。焦冲高钾钙碱性系列侵入岩含有较多的老的继承性锆石,说明本区古老地壳卷入了岩浆形成过程。结合铜陵地区侵入岩的特征和焦冲矿田侵入岩岩石地球化学研究结果,笔者认为,焦冲矿田两个系列侵入岩成因与铜陵地区侵入岩相似,即橄榄安粗岩系列侵入岩是来自莫霍面附近深部位岩浆房富碱基性岩浆结晶分异后的产物,而高钾钙碱性系列侵入岩是深位岩浆房分异后的岩浆与浅位岩浆房长英质岩浆混合后的产物。     

Field Evidence of Magma Mixing from Microgranular Enclaves Hosted in Palaeoproterozoic Malanjkhand Granitoids, Central India

The Malanjkhand granitoids (MG) pluton (about 1500 sq km) occurs in the Balaghat district of Madhya Pradesh. The MG (~2400 Ma) represent an episode of Palaeoproterozoic felsic magmatism in Central India and hosts potential Cu (±Mo±Au) deposits. The enclaves hosted in MG can be broadly classified into two categories: microgranular enclaves (dark-coloured, fine-grained magmatic) and xenoliths of country rocks. The microgranular enclaves (ME) may be rounded, ellipsoidal, discoid, elongated, lenticular or tabular, and their size commonly reaches up to 2 metres across. The ME have sharp and in places, diffuse contacts with their host granitoids. The shape and size of ME indicate contemporaneous flow and mingling of partly crystalline felsic-mafic magmas. Some ME exhibit dark crenulated margins giving them a pillow-like form that has been attributed to undercooling of a ME magma as globules intruded into a granitoid magma. The presence of corroded felsic and mafic minerals (xenocrysts) in ME is interpreted as the result of mechanical transfer during the mafic-felsic magma interaction and mixing event. Mafic minerals (biotite) rim the quartz xenocrysts giving rise to ocellar texture, which exhibit signatures of resorption under hybrid (enclave) magma conditions. All these features suggest an origin for the calc-alkaline intermediate granitoid magma in Malanjkhand involving a magma mixing process.     

西藏冈底斯尼木后碰撞花岗岩的岩浆混合作用:显微结构证据

岩浆混合过程中不同熔体之间的相互作用会影响晶体的成核与生长,形成矿物内部复杂的成分变化,以及矿物之间的不平衡结构。尼木二长花岗岩位于冈底斯岩浆岩带中部,是代表性的形成于后碰撞构造演化时期的花岗岩体。本文对其中的斜长石与角闪石颗粒进行了详细的结构和成分分析,揭示了斜长石中的港湾状、浑圆状、筛孔状熔蚀结构以及斜长石成分的突然变化和角闪石包裹黑云母的不平衡结构,并探讨了它们的成因以及相关的岩浆混合作用。分析结果显示,斜长石中突变环带的An含量为37.6~40.6,熔蚀环带的An含量为48.2~59.5,均高于两侧斜长石的An含量(18.4~26.4),表明在形成这些结构时有外来基性岩浆的混合使得岩浆成分发生了突变。样品中的部分黑云母被自形的角闪石包裹,黑云母呈浑圆状并且具有港湾状的熔蚀边,这可能是基性岩浆的混合作用使得岩浆的温度升高导致黑云母发生部分熔融,混合后的岩浆在黑云母周围继续结晶形成角闪石。这些显微结构为揭示冈底斯岩浆岩带的岩浆混合作用提供了新证据。