海水养殖对沿岸生态环境影响的研究进展

综述国际上海水养殖对沿岸环境影响的研究进展 ,并结合中国实际探讨减少养殖污染和海水养殖业可持续发展的途径。海水养殖主要通过有机物和营养物的排放、化学药物的使用、养殖动物的逃逸、红树林的破坏等途径对沿岸生态环境产生负面影响。为减小这一影响 ,认为应采取提高人工饲料的质量、单一养殖系统结构优化和复合养殖系统的结构优化、处理养殖排放水、海岸带综合治理等措施。     

海洋强国背景下我国发展现代海水养殖业路径分析

海水养殖业是我国最重要的海洋支柱产业之一,在国民蛋白质供给、粮食安全保障和带动沿海经济社会发展等方面具有重要地位。发展现代海水养殖业是构建现代海洋产业技术体系,落实海洋强国战略的重要举措和有效途径。文章通过梳理世界海水养殖业发展轨迹,分析国外发达国家海水养殖业的产业发展现状和经验,厘清制约我国海水养殖业健康可持续发展的关键问题,提出了在当前建设海洋强国背景下推动我国海水养殖产业快速转型升级的路径对策建议,即加强产业顶层规划设计、构建完善法律法规体系、培育现代海洋种业、持续推动养殖模式升级和实施品牌化战略,提升产品附加值等。     

舟山养殖海域承载力评价研究

海水养殖是舟山开发利用海洋的主要经济活动,也是舟山的传统特色产业之一。为促进舟山更好地发展海水养殖业,文章运用熵权TOPSIS模型,基于2006-2018年舟山海水养殖的相关数据,对舟山养殖海域承载力进行评价。研究结果表明：舟山养殖海域承载力总体呈上升趋势;养殖资源承载力呈波动上升趋势,与养殖海域承载力的变化趋势基本一致;养殖环境承载力的变化幅度较大,并与海水水质的变化趋势相吻合。     

我国贝类产业技术的现状与发展趋势

中国海水养殖规模和产量稳居世界首位,海水贝类在海水养殖中占有重要地位。我国贝类产业在技术研发、应用推广等方面取得了显著成绩。本文介绍了贝类产业链中种质创新、生态养殖、高值化加工等产业技术取得的成果,分析了面临的挑战、亟需解决的产业问题及发展趋势,以期为我国贝类产业技术的发展提供参考,推动产业转型升级和提质增效,实现贝类产业的健康可持续发展。     

Development trajectories and impacts on coral reef use in Lingayen Gulf,Philippines

Management interventions to reduce pressures on coral reefs often include attracting fishers to non-extractive non-fishery supplemental livelihoods. We look at the case of coral reefs in Lingayen Gulf, Philippines to understand the impacts of local (i.e., aquaculture and tourism), regional, and national development on the artisanal fisheries sector. Using household surveys and a coral reef interaction index (CRII), we obtained relative levels of dependency and impacts of fisheries, aquaculture, and tourism on coral reefs for livelihood. Results show that overall dependency on coral reefs remains high despite its decreasing quality. Socio-economic profiles reveal steep hurdles in shifting fishers to aquaculture. Both aquaculture and fisheries will continue to grow and eventually compete for space if left unmanaged further resulting in reduced reef quality. Shifts of fishers to tourism-based and other low-capital requirement mariculture (e.g., sea ranching) are more realistic than the expectation of absorbing fishers into current aquaculture businesses. Strengthening local coastal governance capacity to improve proactive responses for micro–macro development interactive synergy will also help reduce the impacts of development on reefs. Improving safety nets for coastal communities through skills enhancement and supplemental livelihood options that facilitate stewardship and reef recovery is an imperative. Transforming the lessons learned at village level actions to sustain municipal scale programs and institutional cooperation among stakeholders such as through marine protected area networks remain a challenge. Sharing forums and joint financing of coastal resource management remain to be realized through public and private partnerships and expansion of development for investments in social enterprises.     

An analysis of livelihood projects and programs for fishing communities in the Philippines

Over the last 30 years, a range of different livelihoods have been provided and implemented in fishing and coastal communities in the Philippine with mixed success and sustainability by the fisher and household. This paper reports on an analysis of livelihood projects for fishing communities and households implemented in the Philippines and the identification of lessons learned and factors which can lead to an improved success and sustainability rate for livelihood projects and programs. The analysis identified primary factors that are critical to improving the success and sustainability rate of livelihood interventions.     

我国海水养殖生态效率影响因素分析

近年来,如何实现海水养殖经济与生态的协调发展逐渐引起学界的关注。前人研究海水养殖生态效率时,较多关注对环境非期望产出的衡量,较少考虑海水养殖的环境正外部效应。以海水养殖碳汇量作为衡量海水养殖环境正外部效应的期望产出,以海水养殖氮、磷污染产出量作为非期望产出,运用包含非期望产出的SBM模型对2008~2017年我国海水养殖生态效率进行测度,在此基础上运用Tobit回归模型,通过构建海水养殖专业化程度、规模化程度和集约化程度三个变量衡量海水养殖生态效率的内部影响因素,并综合考虑科技、经济、管理、外贸等外部影响因素,考察海水养殖生态效率的影响因素。研究表明: (1)考察期内我国海水养殖生态效率呈现出波动上升的趋势,但总体尚未达到最优状态; (2)不同海域海水养殖生态效率均值存在显著的阶梯式区域失衡; (3)海水养殖规模化程度与科技管理水平对海水养殖生态效率具有正向影响,海水养殖专业化程度、集约化程度、培训强度、经济发展水平和外贸依存度对海水养殖生态效率具有负向影响,海水养殖环境规制对海水养殖生态效率的影响不显著。在此基础上,从转变发展方式、加强科技研发与推广投入、加强海水养殖进出口与环境管理等方面提出了改善我国海水养殖生态效率的对策建议。     

Reconstructing tsunami run-up from the characteristics of tsunami deposits on the Thai Andaman Coast

Tsunamis can leave deposits on the land surface they inundate. The characteristics of tsunami deposits can be used to calculate tsunami run-up height and velocity. This paper presents a reconstruction of tsunami run-up from tsunami deposit characteristics in a simple mathematical model. The model is modified and applied to reconstruct tsunami run-ups at Ao Kheuy beach and Khuk Khak beach, Phangnga province, Thailand. The input parameters are grain-size and maximum run-up distance of the sediment. The reconstructed run-up heights are 4.16–4.91 m at Ao Kheuy beach and 5.43–9.46 m at Khuk Khak beach. The estimated run-up velocities (maximum velocity) at the still water level are 12.78–19.21 m/s. In the area located 70–140 m inland to the end of run-up inundation, estimated mean run-up velocities decrease from approximately 1.93 m/s to 0 m/s. Reasonably good agreements are found between reconstructed and observed run-up heights. The tsunami run-up height and velocity can be used for risk assessment and coastal development programs in the tsunami affected area. The results show that the area from 0 to 140 m inland was flooded by high velocity run-ups and those run-up energies were dissipated mainly in this area. The area should be designated as either an area where settlement is not permitted or an area where effective protection is provided, for example with flood barriers or forest.     

The existing law and policy framework for ocean energy development in Ireland

This paper considers the existing law and policy framework for ocean energy development in Ireland. As a nation, Ireland proposes to have 75 MW of ocean energy connected by 2012 and a further 500 MW by 2020. This has been supported by various policy documents and Government initiatives in recent years. Despite the obvious Government support for offshore renewable energy, the existing legal framework presents a veritable barrier to development progress. This paper provides a succinct overview of the existing applicable legal regime focusing on licensing and planning aspects. Specifically it examines the realities of the Foreshore Acts, Electricity Regulation Act, Planning and Development Acts and associated Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations and their role in wave energy development. This sets the context for a review of the problems associated with the existing legal regime, including delay and uncertainty, before presenting possible measures which may help address them. The latter discussion is framed within the context of developing and forthcoming European and national initiatives such as the Integrated Maritime Policy, Maritime Spatial Planning, Integrated Coastal Zone Management and Strategic Environmental Assessment.     

贝藻混养技术在我国海水养殖中的应用与研究

贝藻混养技术是一种极有发展前途的养殖方式 ,对改善目前我国海水养殖中存在的水质污染严重、养殖品种生长缓慢等问题 ,具有十分积极的作用。从几十年来我国海水养殖中贝藻混养技术的发展、应用及研究现状等几个方面 ,综合论述了这一技术的优点和发展动态 ,为我国海水养殖业的进一步健康发展提供参考     

海水养殖业资源与环境的可持续发展

概述了我国海水养殖业在快速发展过程中由于出现养殖产业规划滞后和养殖生态环境恶化而带来的若干问题。简要介绍"浙江省重点养殖海湾养殖生态和养殖容量研究"的立项背景和研究目的,鱼类、贝类和大型藻类的养殖容量研究方法以及相关的主要研究成果,展示了近海养殖生态和养殖容量的研究思路,为相关研究的进一步展开提供了一个范例。海水养殖的长远发展必须走可持续发展之路,良好的沿岸生态环境、资源与环境的和谐是支撑海水养殖业健康、持续发展的前提。总结了我国海水养殖业管理取得的进步并指出尚存在的问题。针对海水养殖业保持可持续发展的基本途径,提出了海水养殖业的规划管理和海水养殖技术改进等方面的科学建议。     

山东长岛海水养殖碳汇核算与能力评估

为促进长岛碳汇渔业的发展和国家公园的建设,文章首次核算长岛海域养殖贝藻类的碳汇数据,综合评估长岛海水养殖的碳汇能力及其影响因素,并提出对策建议。研究结果表明：长岛海水养殖具有一定的碳汇能力,2016—2020年长岛海域养殖贝藻类的平均碳汇量为2.94万t,其中贝类尤其是扇贝的碳汇量显著高于藻类;养殖结构和养殖产量是长岛海水养殖碳汇能力的主要影响因素,其中养殖产量又受养殖规模、环境、方式和技术等因素的影响;未来长岛发展碳汇渔业应进一步优化海水养殖结构、建立海水养殖碳汇核算体系以及制定和实施相关政策。     

Effects of rapid livelihood transitions: Examining local co-developed change following a seaweed farming boom

This paper examines the development and effects of a rapid livelihood transition on households, and reflects on how it fits within historic trends of livelihood change for people living in highly variable and vulnerable environments. It also discusses the implications of livelihood dynamism for local governance of natural resources. In recent decades, seaweed cultivation has expanded exponentially in coastal communities across the Asia-Pacific. A case study is presented of a remote small-island community in eastern Indonesia where over the last ten years a dramatic shift in livelihood focus has occurred. Previous dependence on diverse low-productivity livelihood activities transitioned to a predominant focus on seaweed farming. The case shows how social, economic and cultural environments co-develop as people move out of conditions of collective poverty and into more nuclear household-oriented livelihood activities. Specific attention is given to the influence on a marine resource co-management program operating on the island to illustrate how local livelihood dynamics relate to broader paradigm-driven conservation and rural development initiatives. While alternative livelihood programs seek to relieve pressure on resource stocks and provide opportunities for coastal people, this case study provides timely insights into the kinds of unintended effects, trends and impacts that are associated with rapid change in the way people make a living. This study argues that, in addition to achieving higher standards of income and well-being, livelihood improvement interventions need to adequately ensure that conditions under which new livelihood arrangements come to function can be maintained locally.     

Temporal variation in abundance and fecundity of the invading copepod Eurytemora americana in Bahía Blanca Estuary during an unusual year

Eurytemora americana has been only reported as invader in Bahía Blanca Estuary, Argentina within the South Hemisphere. There are a few experimental researches under laboratory conditions done with this species and its reproductive behaviour around the world is very scarce. Consequently, it is still not possible to completely understand its population dynamics. In the present study, E. americana reproductive temporal behaviour and relationships among abundance, female size, egg production and hatching success were examined in the Bahía Blanca Estuary, during 2007 pulse. In order to determine the potential relationships between these variables and the environmental variables, experimental incubations were conducted in the laboratory simulating natural conditions. Spearman’s rank correlation was used to analyze the relationships among all variables. Temporal change of biotic and environmental variables was corroborated by a Mann–Whitney/Kruskal–Wallis non-parametric tests, with significant differences (p ? 0.01) in all variables throughout the study. Abundance population results showed very high values in relation to those recorded in recent years in Bahía Blanca Estuary. This response could be due to the unusual combination of environmental factors (polar wave with temperatures ≤6 °C and a drought period with high salinities, 32.7–36.6) recorded during the studied winter period. Significant positive correlations between abundance and salinity (p < 0.01, n = 226), and hatching success (p < 0.01, n = 25) as well as a significant negative correlation between abundance and chlorophyll a (p < 0.01, n = 226) were found. Although E. americana shows a k-strategy within its annual pulse, it presented two markedly distinct behaviours depending on temporal environmental variability. From July to early september, when the estuary evidenced high salinity, low temperature and high food availability, E. Americana showed large females, large clutch size and high hatching success. When environmental conditions became unfavorable from September to October, small females, small clutch size and very low hatching success were observed. The latter is associated with diapause egg laying which ensures population recruitment. According to our findings the particular combination of low temperatures, high salinities and high available food (i.e. variables which each year modulate its pulse) during 2007 winter–spring, favored the great development of E. americana. This invading species in its opportunistic role has managed to exploit a vacant niche in the estuary, developing two different behaviours within the k-strategy depending on change in environmental conditions.     

福建海水养殖业现状与可持续发展对策

本文分析了福建海水养殖快速发展取得的成就和存在布局不够合理、种质退化等问题。相应提出了开展养殖容量研究,加强对海水养殖业科学指导等５个方面的可持续发展对策 。     

基于绿色发展的我国近海渔业资源开发利用

为保护我国近海渔业资源,实现海洋渔业的绿色发展,文章梳理我国近海渔业资源开发利用状况,结合存在的问题及其对海洋生态环境的影响,提出对策建议。研究结果表明:2017年我国近海海水养殖产量同比略有提高,海洋捕捞产量同比略有降低;2008—2017年养殖空间有所优化,以筏式养殖和底播养殖为主,深水网箱养殖和工厂化养殖的产量显著提高,海洋捕捞以拖网捕捞为主;我国近海渔业资源开发利用存在海水养殖能力与养殖面积不相称、养殖空间日趋萎缩和超负荷、养殖低效以及海洋捕捞能力不均和强度较高等问题,给海洋生态环境带来污染海水环境、占用生态空间和破坏渔业资源等不利影响,亟须完善海洋生态补偿制度、促进渔业资源恢复和合理开发利用渔业资源。     

海水养殖环境污染及控制对策

随着我国海水养殖业的快速发展,养殖自身污染日益突出,并逐渐成为近岸海域的重要污染源。本文就海水养殖所带来的饵料污染、化学污染、生物污染及其环境效应等方面进行了综述,并重点从物理、化学、生物修复技术方面提出了海水养殖环境治理及控制对策。     

海水养殖对近岸海域环境影响的研究进展

本文综述了近几年国内外关于海水养殖对环境的影响及其相应的防治对策的研究进展,并提出加强管理是实现海水养殖业的可持续发展的关键。海水养殖对海域环境的影响主要包括:污染物的排放、养殖水体富营养化、野生鱼类资源的破坏、自然种群的基因污染以及对重要栖息地的破坏等。随着研究的深入,人们已经提出和采取了多种多样的防治措施,但解决问题的关键不是限制养殖业的发展,而是优化养殖业的管理。     

An overview of Calanus helgolandicus ecology in European waters

We review current knowledge and understanding of the biology and ecology of the calanoid copepod Calanus helgolandicus in European waters, as well as provide a collaborative synthesis of data from 18 laboratories and 26 sampling stations in areas distributed from the northern North Sea to the Aegean and Levantine Seas. This network of zooplankton time-series stations has enabled us to collect and synthesise seasonal and multi-annual data on abundance, body size, fecundity, hatching success and vertical distribution of C. helgolandicus. An aim was to enable comparison with its congener Calanus finmarchicus, which has been studied intensively as a key component of European and north east Atlantic marine ecosystems. C. finmarchicus is known to over-winter at depth, whereas the life-cycle of C. helgolandicus is less well understood. Overwintering populations of C. helgolandicus have been observed off the Atlantic coast between 400 and 800 m, while in the Mediterranean there is evidence of significant deep-water populations at depths as great as 4200 m. The biogeographical distribution of C. helgolandicus in European coastal waters covers a wide range of habitats, from open ocean to coastal environments, and its contribution to mesozooplankton biomass ranges from 6% to 93%. Highest abundances were recorded in the Adriatic and off the west coast of Spain. C. helgolandicus is generally found in 9-20 °C water, with maximum abundances from 13-17 °C. In contrast, C. finmarchicus is found in cooler water between 0 and 15 °C, with peak abundances from 0 to 9 °C. As water has warmed in the North Atlantic over recent decades, the range of C. helgolandicus and its abundance on the fringes of its expanding range have increased. This review will facilitate development of population models of C. helgolandicus. This will not only help answer remaining questions but will improve our ability to forecast future changes, in response to a warming climate, in the abundance and distribution of this important species.     

Changes in physical properties of a reservoir sandstone as a function of burial depth – The Etive Formation,northern North Sea

Rock physical properties, like velocity and bulk density, change as a response to compaction processes in sedimentary basins. In this study it is shown that the velocity and density in a well defined lithology, the shallow marine Etive Formation from the northern North Sea increase with depth as a function of mechanical compaction and quartz cementation. Physical properties from well logs combined with experimental compaction and petrographic analysis of core samples shows that mechanical compaction is the dominant process at shallow depth while quartz cementation dominates as temperatures are increased during burial. At shallow depths (<2000–2500 m, 70–80 °C) the log derived velocities and densities show good agreement with results from experimental compaction of loose Etive sand indicating that effective stress control compaction at these depths/temperatures. This indicates that results from experimental compaction can be used to predict reservoir properties at burial depths corresponding to mechanical compaction. A break in the velocity/depth gradient from about 2000 m correlates with the onset of incipient quartz cementation observed from petrographic data. The gradient change is caused by a rapid grain framework stiffening due to only small amounts of quartz cement at grain contacts. At temperatures higher than 70–80 °C (2000–2500 m) the velocities show a strong correlation with quartz cement amounts. Porosity reduction continues after the onset of quartz cementation showing that sandstone diagenesis is insensitive to effective stress at temperatures higher than 70–80 °C. The quartz cement is mainly sourced from dissolution at stylolites reflected by the fact that no general decrease in intergranular volume (IGV) is observed with increasing burial depth. The IGV at the end of mechanical compaction will be important for the subsequent diagenetic development. This study demonstrates that mechanical compaction and quartz cementation is fundamentally different and this needs to be taken into consideration when analyzing a potential reservoir sandstone such as the Etive Formation.